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$Unique_ID{COW03479}
$Pretitle{441}
$Title{Sweden
The Swedish Political Parties}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Swedish Institute}
$Affiliation{Swedish Embassy, Washington DC}
$Subject{party
social
parties
swedish
political
democrats
left
election
sweden
public}
$Date{1990}
$Log{Ten Swedish Designers*0347901.scf
Table 3.*0347901.tab
Table 4.*0347902.tab
Table 5.*0347903.tab
}
Country: Sweden
Book: Fact Sheets on Sweden
Author: Swedish Institute
Affiliation: Swedish Embassy, Washington DC
Date: 1990
The Swedish Political Parties
[See Ten Swedish Designers: Poster. Courtesy Swedish Embassy, Washington DC.]
The Swedish party system is one of the most stable in the western world.
At the 1921 election to the Riksdag, or Parliament, when universal suffrage
applied for the first time, five parties captured the seats. Not until the
1988 election was this quintet-Social Democrats, Communists, Moderates
(Conservatives), Liberals and Centrists-joined by a newcomer in the form of
the Green Party.
The stability of Swedish parliamentary politics is also due to the
balance between the two party blocs: the socialist (Social Democrats and the
Left Party-formerly Left Party Communists) and the nonsocialist (Moderates,
Liberals and Centrists). The result of the 1988 election, however, called into
question the vitality of the two-bloc model. The future will show whether
there will be a "green bloc", based on the Greens, the Centrists and the Left
Party.
Abroad, the Swedish political scene is known for having had the longest
period of social democratic rule anywhere. The Social Democratic Party had an
unbroken run in office from 1932 to 1976 (apart from a three-month interregnum
in 1936), then returned to power in 1982.
[See Table 3.: Governments since 1945]
The birth of the original parties
Liberals and Conservatives
The Swedish party system has its beginnings in the two-chamber Parliament
that in 1866 replaced the Diet of parliamentary estates previously governing
the country. At this time, however, real power is increasingly in the hands of
free coalitions and groupings. In the 1880s, industrialization and the
attendant urbanization of the Swedish population together fuel the first
mass-political splits, those between rural conservatism and urban radicalism.
Sweden never had a clear-cut, implacable division between a conservative
and a liberal party. While the Danish and Norwegian peasantry uphold the
liberal opposition, Swedish peasants to a great extent become the grass-roots
of conservatism, joining the industrial bourgeoisie, the civil service, the
nobility and the military. The formation of liberal parties in Sweden takes
place amongst the free tradesmen and craftsmen of the cities, supported in the
countryside by the small farmers and rural craftsmen with the encouragement of
the free-church and temperance movements. Today's liberal and conservative
parties themselves set their dates of inauguration at 1902 and 1904,
respectively.
Social Democrats
The third force in Swedish politics, soon to become the largest, is the
labour movement. The trade unions provide the popular base on which the Social
Democratic Party is formed in 1889. Almost from the start, Swedish social
democracy models itself ideologically on German Marxist social democracy
rather than Franco-British utopian socialism. But unlike their German brothers
the Swedish Social Democrats establish ties with temperance lodges, and at
times even with nonorthodox churches out in the countryside. As a result,
Swedish social democracy also gains a good deal of sympathy in rural areas.
But, to continue the comparison with Germany, the absence of antisocialist
legislation of the Bismarckian kind was an even more important reason for the
success of the Swedish Social Democrats' efforts to build up the party. They
were facing a state executive ready to compromise and whose continuous
concessions to Liberals and Social Democrats on such issues as the franchise
helped to blunt labour radicalism.
Communists
The social democratic youth movement as well as the party intellectuals
took a dim view of the political pragmatism that led to a more moderate stance
on ideological questions of principle. Via participation in the campaign of
protest against World War I, in which Sweden was neutral, and inspired by the
Russian Revolution of 1917, this group breaks away to form the Communist
Party, officially recognized as such by the Third International in 1921.
Agrarians
As late as the turn of the century, every second Swede is living off the
soil. At the same time, the political inclinations of this section of the
population are multifarious. To a certain extent, the farmers' traditionally
good access to political channels had impeded the emergence of a radical
peasantry in Sweden. The farmers had made up one of the estates in the old
Diet before 1866, and in dealing with local affairs they had been able to take
advantage of the considerable authority that rested with the municipalities.
But with the growth of industrialization the farmers find it increasingly
difficult to make themselves heard, for example in the conservative camp. In
1910, the official year of birth of what was to become the Centre Party,
farmers' representatives begin to break away from other parties. In 1922, the
party emerges in its present form under the name of the Agrarian Party.
Present party labels of the six parties
represented in Parliament
___________________________________________
Socialdemokratiska Arbetarepartiet, S
the Social Democratic Party
Vansterpartiet, V
the Left Party (formerly Left Party
Communists, VPK)
Moderata Samlingspartiet, M
the Moderate Party (formerly Conservative)
Folkpartiet, FP
the Liberal Party
Centerpartiet, C
the Centre Party (formerly Agrarian)
Miljopartiet De Grona, MP
the Green Party of Sweden
___________________________________________
The Swedish peasantry never suffered the yoke of feudalism, being
traditionally entitled to free ownership of land and forest. Wage labour on
big landed estates is extremely rare, thereby precluding political conflict
between a socialist rural proletariat and conservative landowners.
Grounds for political conflict
In Sweden, as elsewhere in Europe, the party system "froze" in the 1920s
into a form that expressed the main political division in society. However,
the confrontation between right and left, between the nonsocialist and the
socialist blocs, never paralyzed Swedish democracy. In the wake of the
economic crisis of the 1930s, the social democratic and agrarian parties in
the Nordic countries came to terms and formed the "red-and-green" coalitions.
The foundations were laid for the modern welfare state.
The Swedish party system is still characterized by the battle over
distribution of wealth. The single strongest factor in determining how people
vote is their class affiliation. Eight workers out of ten vote for the Social
Democrats and the Left Party; eight businessmen out of ten vote non-socialist.
The key to the balance between the two political blocs is held by the large
group of middle-class voters.
The original five parties have a solid core of voters whose loyalty
brings to mind the political idyll of the 1950s, when less than 10% of the
electorate seriously considered changing party allegiance on election eve.
Organized industrial workers of the older generation, raised in working-class
homes, are today the Social Democrats' most dependable supporters. The
proportion of workers' votes in the Left Party has shrunk, and its typical
voter nowadays is the highly educated white-collar employee under 40, often to
be found in that part of the public sector which is responsible for care,
education or cultural activities. Liberal voters are the hardest of all to
label except to say that the party recruits support from the white-collar
professions. As may be expected, the Centre Party's mainstay is the family