Countries of the World/COUNTRYS.BIN/dp/0291/02910.txt

Text File | 1991-06-25 | 9KB | 181 lines

$Unique_ID{COW02910}
$Pretitle{272}
$Title{Philippines
Glossary}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Melinda W. Cooke}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{international
value
bank
ibrd
loans
countries
states
foreign
manila
national}
$Date{1983}
$Log{}
Country:     Philippines
Book:        Philippines, A Country Study
Author:      Melinda W. Cooke
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date:        1983

Glossary

     barangay-Malay term for boat; also came to be used for the communal
settlements established by migrants who came from the Indonesian archipelago
and elsewhere. The term replaces the word barrio, formerly used to identify
the lowest political subdivision in the Philippines.

     Colorum(s)-Folk Christian religious communities, derived from the 1839-41
Cofradia de San Jose movement, which spread through the islands thereafter and
were the focus of resistance to American rule in the early twentieth century.
Term derived from Latin phrase per omnia saecula saeculorum (world without
end), which Catholic priests use to close their prayers.

     debt-service ratio-In international finance, common measure of a nation's
indebtedness, calculated as the ratio of long-term debt repayments (of
interest and principal) to the total export earnings in a given year. A ratio
of 20 percent is generally considered to be the upper limit of prudence,
depending on the circumstances of the economy concerned. By Philippine law,
the Central Bank must keep debt-service payments at less than 20 percent of
the previous year's export earnings.

     Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ)-A wide belt of sea and seabed adjacent to
the national boundaries where the state claims preferential fishing rights
and control over the exploitation of mineral and other natural resources.
Boundary situations with neighboring states sometimes prevent the extension of
the EEZ to the full limits claimed. The Philippines claims a 200-nautical-mile
EEZ.

     fiscal year (FY)-Year ending June 30 through 1975; year ending December
31 thereafter. The transition period from July 1, 1975, through December 31,
1975, was a special fiscal period and has been added to FY 1975 in most cases.

     grant element-The present value of a loan minus the discounted value of
its contractual debt-service payments divided by the present value of the
total loan. Generally, debt-service payments are discounted at a 10-percent
rate of interest, and loans carrying a grant element of 25 percent and more
are defined as concessional.

     gross domestic product (GDP)-The total value of all final (consumption
and investment) goods and services produced by an economy in a given period,
usually a year.

     gross national product (GNP)-GDP (q.v.) plus the income from overseas
investments and wages, minus the earnings of foreign investors and workers in
the home economy.

     Huk-Short form of Hukbalahap, itself the abbreviated form of the Tagalog
name for the guerrilla force established in 1942, known as the People's
Anti-Japanese Army (Hukbong Bayan Laban sa Hapon). In 1946 renamed the
People's Liberation Army (Hukbong Mapagpalaya ng Bayan).

     International Monetary Fund (IMF)-Established along with the World Bank
(q.v.) in 1945, the IMF is a specialized agency affiliated with the United
Nations and is responsible for stabilizing international exchange rates and
payments. The main business of the IMF is the provision of loans to its
members (including industrialized and developing countries) when they
experience balance of payments difficulties. These loans frequently carry
conditions that require substantial internal economic adjustments by the
recipients, most of which are developing countries. In late 1983 the IMF had
146 members.

     kainginero(s)-Filipino term for one who practices shifting cultivation
(q.v.). Originally referred to the upland tribal peoples but often used to
refer to all peoples, including immigrants from the lowland areas, who
practice this kind of farming.

     KKK (Kilusang Kabuhayan at Kaunlaran-National Livelihood
Program)-Government program under the guiding hand of Imelda Romualdez Marcos,
through which concessional loans are made available to farmers and fishermen
to help them improve their livelihoods.

     Manila Pact-Synonymous with the Southeast Asia Collective Security Treaty
establishing the Southeast Asia Treaty Organization (SEATO), signed in Manila
in September 1954 by Australia, Britain, France, New Zealand, Pakistan, the
Philippines, Thailand, and the United States.

     mestizo-The offspring of Filipino and non-Filipino marriages; includes
those of Spanish-Filipino parentage (Spanish mestizos) and Chinese-Filipino
parentage (Chinese mestizos).

     Metro Manila-Metropolitan Manila; also called the National Capital
Region. Includes the cities of Manila, Pasay, Caloocan, and Quezon City and
several other major population centers.

     money supply-The value of cash, demand deposits, and some other forms
of bank deposits (depending on the analytical definition). In the text of this
study, the money supply includes quasi-money, i.e., savings deposits.

     Moro-Spanish word for Moor; name given by Spanish to Muslim Filipinos and
still used. Moros mostly inhabit southern and western Mindanao, the Sulu
Archipelago, and Palawan and have not become assimilated into the mainstream
of Philippine society.

     Nonaligned Movement-Launched in 1961 as a loose grouping of nations
seeking an independent foreign policy, supporting national liberation and
independence movements, and not participating in any bilateral or multilateral
military alliances involving the United States or the Soviet Union.

     offshore bank-A foreign bank authorized to conduct only international
transactions in foreign currencies.

     Organization of the tslamic Conference-Established in 1971 to promote
consultation, solidarity, and multifaceted cooperation among Islamic nations
of the world.

     PANAMIN (Presidential Assistant for National Minorities)-Government body
assigned to protect the interests of all non-Muslim minority ethnic groups.

     peso (P)-Philippine currency, subdivided into 100 centavos. The value
of the currency is quoted in terms of the United States dollar and since 1980
has been allowed to fluctuate basically according to transactions on the
Manila foreign exchange market. One major exception occurred in June 1983,
when the Central Bank announced that the peso had been devalued by 7.3 percent
over one night. Average exchange rates per United States dollar were 7.51
pesos in 1980, 7.90 pesos in 1981, 8.54 pesos in 1982, 11.00 pesos in June
1983, and 11.02 pesos in late August 1983.

     Samahang Nayon(s)-Originally constituted as village-level
pre-cooperatives in 1973; recognized in 1983 as full cooperatives. A Samahang
Nayon is typically composed of smallholder farmers having fewer than seven
hectares of property and residing within the same barangay (q.v.). Membership
must be at least 25 persons. In early 1982 there were some 22,000 Samahang
Nayons, some of which had been authorized to operate as commercial
enterprises.

     shifting cultivation-Farming characterized by the rotation of fields
rather than crops, the use of short cropping periods and long fallow periods,
and the maintenance of fertility by allowing natural vegetation to regenerate
on fallow land. Clearing of newly or previously cropped land is often
accomplished by burning. Also called slash-and-burn, swidden, or land
rotation agriculture, which may refer to particular subtypes of shifting
cultivation. Land ownership or rights of usufruct usually apply only while
the cultivator is actually working the plot.

     value added-The value of goods and services produced by an enterprise or
economic sector minus the cost of raw materials, components, and services
purchased from other firms or sectors.

     World Bank-Informal name used to designate a group of three affiliated
international institutions: the International Bank for Reco