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$Unique_ID{COW02374}
$Pretitle{361}
$Title{Mauritania
Chapter 5A. National Security}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Robert E. Handloff}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{mauritania
morocco
mauritania's
mauritanian
government
sahara
polisario
western
military
moroccan}
$Date{1987}
$Log{Mounted Color Guard*0237401.scf
Figure 11.*0237402.scf
}
Country: Mauritania
Book: Mauritania, A Country Study
Author: Robert E. Handloff
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1987
Chapter 5A. National Security
[See Mounted Color Guard: Artist's rendition.]
Since gaining Independence in 1960, Mauritania has faced a number of
serious external and internal threats. Until 1969, the majority of Arab states
refused to recognize Mauritania's sovereignty and supported Morocco's
irredentist claims to the entire nation. Only in 1969 did Morocco extend
official recognition to the Nouakchott government. Although the two countries
signed a treaty of friendship the following year, Mauritanian leaders have
treated their stronger neighbor to the north with caution, relying heavily on
French protection. The dispute over sovereignty of the Spanish Sahara in the
early 1970s raised further security problems. Negotiations among Morocco,
Algeria, Mauritania, and Spain failed to resolve the issue, and in 1976 war
erupted in the area known as the Western Sahara. As that conflict dragged on,
Mauritania's economy faltered and antigovernment opposition groups emerged,
threatening the stability of the military regime that replaced Mokhtar Ould
Daddah's civilian government in July 1978.
Subsequently, internal coups and innumerable cabinet shuffles plagued the
government from 1978 through 1984 when the Maaouya Ould Sid'Ahmed Taya regime
came to power. In 1987 government security forces, consisting of military,
paramilitary, and police units, were small and equipped only for maintaining
internal security. Military forces under the Ministry of Defense included an
army, navy, and air force, and two paramilitary units: the nomad security
guard (or camel corps) and the gendarmerie. The ministry of interior,
telecommunications, and information controlled the police and national guard,
the customs corps and the presidential guard. Mauritania's various heads of
state in turn reorganized the security forces and shuffled personnel to
facilitate troop deployment and to prevent any one individual or group from
acquiring too much power. As a result, force readiness and strength suffered.
External Security Perceptions and Policies
War in the Western Sahara From the 1960s through 1987, Mauritania's
foreign policy was directed toward protecting the country's national
sovereignty (see Foreign Relations, ch. 4). Mauritania at first sought and
received French support to prevent Morocco from attempting to annex the
country. Then, after Morocco recognized Mauritanian sovereignty, Mauritania
distanced itself from France and cultivated ties with various Arab countries,
including Algeria and Morocco, in hopes of avoiding regional disputes. Yet by
1976, Mauritania was again involved in regional conflict. Along with Morocco,
Mauritania claimed part of the Spanish Sahara (now generally called Western
Sahara). As Polisario's (see Glossary) struggle for sovereignty in the Western
Sahara escalated, it became clear that Mauritania's armed forces were
incapable of either asserting its territorial claims in the Western Sahara or
defending its own territory. Mauritania sought assistance from France and
Morocco in its struggle to defend itself against Polisario guerrillas. After
relinquishing its claims in 1978, the regime again sought foreign military
support from France and also Morocco.
As the Western Sahara war continued into the mid-1980s, Moroccan advances
forced Polisario guerrillas into Mauritanian territory. In response,
Mauritania placed troops along its northern border. In 1987, when Mauritania
found itself unable to defend its 2,500- kilometer border with Western Sahara,
the country feared it would be dragged back into a conflict from which it had
extricated itself nine years earlier.
Regional Security Concerns
[See Figure 11.: Nouadhibou and Vicinity, 1987.]
Since independence Mauritania confronted several potential challenges to
its national security. Problems in addition to the Western Sahara war included
Moroccan irredentist claims, Senegalese meddling in racial disputes, and
Libyan interference.
Morocco
Moroccan threats to Mauritania originated in the seventeenth century and
continued into the twentieth century. In 1956 and 1957, Mauritanian and
Moroccan members of the Army of Liberation (Armee de Liberation--AL), the
military wing of the Mauritanian National Liberation Front headquartered in
Morocco, raided Mauritania's northern region. With no military forces of its
own to defend the frontiers, the pre-independence transition government called
on France for aid.
In February 1958, a joint Franco-Spanish land-air operation destroyed the
AL in the Spanish Sahara and stopped the southward infiltration of Moroccan-
supported guerrillas. In the 1960s Morocco continued to support irredentist
groups in Mauritania, especially the Reguibat Maures of the far north, who
claimed allegiance to the king of Morocco. Following their revolt in 1962-63,
the French again sent troops to the troubled area. Threats from the north
subsided for a short time when, in 1969, Morocco officially recognized
Mauritania. Soon after, Mauritanian suspicions of Morocco revived when
Mauritania had to call on Moroccan troops for defense against Polisario
guerrilla attacks. The stationing of Moroccan soldiers inside Mauritania
aroused suspicion that in providing military aid, Morocco was trying to
resuscitate its old idea of a "Greater Morocco ."
In addition, the Mauritanian military (15,000 to 17,000 troops) resented
its role as a back-up force to the Moroccan troops (estimated at 10,000)
garrisoned in Mauritania. At the same time, Mauritania feared that if it
abandoned its claims to Tiris al Gharbiyya (that part of the Western Sahara it
claimed), Moroccan troops would immediately occupy it, removing the buffer
territory which insulated Mauritania from Morocco. In 1979, that fear was
confirmed when King Hassan annexed Tiris al Gharbiyya several days after
Mauritania's August 5 peace treaty with the Polisario Front (see Appendix B).
Consequently the government of Khouna Ould Haidalla again sought French
support. French President Valery Giscard d'Estaing ordered a paratroop unit to
Nouadhibou to defend Mauritania against a possible Moroccan invasion and to
prevent the Polisario from using the nearby territory as a rear base for
attacking Moroccan armed forces in the Western Sahara (see Foreign Military
Assistance, this ch.). Mauritania expelled several Moroccan diplomats and
withdrew the passports of pro-Moroccan politicians. In 1980 as relations
worsened between the two countries, Nouakchott renounced the
Mauritanian-Moroccan defense pact and ordered Morocco to withdraw its troops
from Mauritanian territory. Morocco initially refused to evacuate its troops
and tried to make the removal of its last garrison at Bir Moghrein in northern
Mauritania contingent on the withdrawal of Mauritanian forces from La Guera in
the Western Sahara.
Mauritania refused this request because it believed that continued
administration of La Guera, with easy access to the iron ore port at
Nouadhibou, was vital for security. The government claimed that a Moroccan
presence only five kilometers from the port would invite Polisario attacks
inside Mauritania and give King Hassan a potential stranglehold over the
Mauritanian economy. The two countries broke off relations in March 1981 when
Mauritania accused Morocco of instigating a coup to establish a pro-Moroccan
Mauritanian government. In 1983 relations deteriorated further when Mauritania
officially recognized the government-in-exile established by the Polisario,
the Saha