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$Unique_ID{COW01749}
$Pretitle{239}
$Title{Indonesia
Development Achievements}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Department of Information Republic of Indonesia}
$Affiliation{Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC}
$Subject{million
rp
per
billion
rate
cent
foreign
exports
increase
interest}
$Date{1990}
$Log{Modern Hotel and Pool*0174901.scf
Table 9.*0174901.tab
Table 10.*0174902.tab
Table 11.*0174903.tab
Table 12.*0174904.tab
}
Country: Indonesia
Book: Indonesia 1990 an Official Handbook
Author: Department of Information Republic of Indonesia
Affiliation: Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC
Date: 1990
Development Achievements
[See Modern Hotel and Pool: Courtesy Embassy of Indonesia, Washington DC.]
STATE FINANCE
ECONOMIC GROWTH
As the country entered its Fourth Five-Year Development Plan
(REPELITA IV) in early 1983, prospects looked rather unfavorable for the
economy. Prices of its chief export commodity, oil, declined steeply as the
result of the world's oil chronic glut. In its endeavor to maintain
development momentum, the Indonesian Government has since 1983 taken a series
of steps as reformation, deregulation and debureaucratization in various
fields so as to increase domestic earnings and foreign exchange: Those steps
have proved to bring about encouraging results: domestic receipts from the
non-oil and-gas sector rose substantially during the period 1983/84-1988/89,
namely from Rp 4.9 trillion or 34% of the total domestic receipts to Rp 13.5
trillion or about 59% of the total receipts in 1988/89.
Meanwhile, the economy went up fairly, showing a rise from its worst
critical point in 1985. The economic growth rate during the period 1983-1988
noted an average increase of 5.1% per annum. With an annual population growth
rate of 2.1%, the country's real national product per capita grew at about
3.0%, whereas the economic growth rate in 1988 was 5.7%.
In the meantime, the average growth rate of agriculture was 3.5% per
annum, that of industry 13.2%, of trade 6.4%, of transport and
telecommunications 5.0%, of construction 2.2%, of mining and quarrying 0.02%
and of other sectors 6.0%.
GROSS DOMESTIC PRODUCT
Indonesia's gross domestic product (GDP) in 1987 at current market prices
totalled Rp 114,518.5 billion, and at 1983 constant prices it amounted to Rp
86,307.1 billion, whereas the country's GDP in 1985 was recorded at only Rp
94,720.8 billion at current market prices and Rp 80,119.6 billion at 1983
constant prices.
In 1987 the sector of agriculture still played a vital role in the
economy, accounting for 25.50% of gross domestic product at current prices.
Trailing behind were the sector of trade which contributed 16.81%, the sector
of industry 13.93%, the sector of mining and quarrying 13.14%, while
construction as well as transport and communications sectors shared 5.32% and
6.47% respectively.
Viewed from the use of gross domestic product, household expenditure in
1987 experienced a rise of 5.0% based on 1983 constant prices. On the
contrary, government expenditure fell by minus 0.2%. Formation of permanent
capital rose by 4.4% compared to that of the previous year. Meanwhile, exports
of commodities and services scored an increase of 6.1%.
DOMESTIC REVENUES
In facing the instability of the world economic situation and the fall of
oil prices in the world market which in turn have affected the country's
domestic revenue, the Government has made essential steps, among other things
by encouraging non-oil and-gas exports and imposing a new tax system which has
been implemented effectively since 1984.
Thanks to reformation measures, domestic revenues during the period
1983/84 to 1988/89 showed a sharp increase at an annual average of 9.8%, or
growing by Rp 8,571.6 million from Rp 14,432.7 million in 1983/84 to Rp
23,004.3 billion in 1988/89. Of the said amount, Rp 9,527.0 billion originated
from oil and gas receipts and Rp 13,477.3 billion from non-oil and-gas
earnings. It is encouraging that receipts from non-oil and-gas during the
period 1983/84 - 1988/89 noted a substantial rise of 22.4% per annum.
[See Table 9.: Domestic Revenues, 1983/84 -1988/89 in billion rupiahs]
ROUTINE EXPENDITURES
Policies and measures adopted in routine expenditure are aimed at
supporting the smooth running of development both at central and regional
level. To this end, various efforts have been taken, among other things
through the enhancement of welfare and working motivation of the government
apparatus, provision of operational funds for various governmental activities,
and maintenance of state properties as well as of price stability of a number
of principal goods. The policies and measures taken are designed to encourage
government savings and to promote the use of domestic products.
The amount of routine expenditure in fiscal year 1988/89 totalled Rp
20,739.0 billion, being 146.5% higher than that of fiscal year 1983/84. It
means that routine expenditures have risen at an annual average of 19.8%
during the said period. There are two key factors attributable to this
increase, first, the increased payment of interests and installments of
foreign debts in relation with the increase of exchange rates of some foreign
currencies to the US dollar, and second the increase of personnel expenditures
as the result of new recruitment, especially of teachers and para-medical
personnel, and increases in the salaries of civil servants and armed forces
personnel, Realization of routine expenditures during the period
1984/85 -1988/89 was consecutively Rp 9,428.9 billion in 1984/85; Rp 11,951.5
billion in 1985/86; Rp 13,449.3 billion in 1986/87; Rp 17,481.5 billion in
1987/88; and Rp 20,739.0 billion in 1988/89.
DEVELOPMENT FUNDS
The funds to finance development activities are derived from government
savings, foreign loans and foreign assistance.
The total amount of development funds in 1988/89 was Rp 12,256.0 billion,
originating from government savings amounting to Rp 2,265.3 billion or 18.5%
of the total amount; and from foreign loans and foreign assistance amounting
to Rp 9,990.7 billion or 81.5% of the total amount.
The realization of development funds during the period 1984/85 to 1988/89
was consecutively Rp 9,954.5 billion in 1984/85, Rp 10,873.9 billion in
1985/86, Rp 8,333.5 billion in 1986/87, Rp 9,479.8 billion in 1987/88 and Rp
12,256.0 billion in 1988/89.
DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURES
Expenditures on goods and services by central government and local
authorities fluctuated in real terms over the period 1984/85 to 1988/89: in
1984/85 the expenditure amounted to Rp 9,951.9 billion, and it rose to Rp
10,873.1 billion in 1985/86, but then fell to Rp 8,332.0 billion. The main
cause for this was the drop of world oil prices and increase of the country's
debt burden. In 1987/88, it totalled Rp 9,477.4 billion, and then jumped to
Rp 12,250.7 billion. The expenditure during REPELITA IV (1984/85-1988/89)
increased by 49% compared to that of REPELITA III.
[See Table 10.: Actual State Budget 1984/85-1988/89 (in billion rupiahs)]
BALANCE OF PAYMENTS
The country's balance of payments policy aims at anticipating various
economic constraints engulfing the world not only in the sector of foreign
trade and investment but in foreign loan as well.
The overall value of exports during the period 1983/84 to 1988/89 rose at
an average of 10.0% per annum, matching the target set for the period. This
was mainly caused by the fall of oil export values at an average of 16.1%
annually and, on the contrary, the increase of natural gas export values by
1.9% per annum and the sharp rise of non-oil and-gas export values of 17.8%
annually. It is indeed encouraging that during the period non-oil and-gas
export values noted an annual average increase of 17.8%, surpassing the target
of 15.8% set for the same period and making its contribution to total export
values rise significantly from 27.1% in 1983/84 to 61.5% in 1988/