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$Unique_ID{COW01654}
$Pretitle{221}
$Title{India
Statistical Profile on India}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Central Intelligence Agency}
$Affiliation{United States Government}
$Subject{km
party
india
billion
rate
indian
total
communist
government
growth}
$Date{1990}
$Log{National Anthem*60500010.aud
Map of India*0165401.scf
Flag of India*0165402.scf
}
Country: India
Book: CIA World Factbook
Author: Central Intelligence Agency
Affiliation: United States Government
Date: 1990
[Hear National Anthem]
[See Map of India]
[See Flag of India]
Statistical Profile on India
Geography
Total area: 3,287,590 km2; land area: 2,973,190 km2
Comparative area: slightly more than one-third the size of the US
Land boundaries: 14,103 km total; Bangladesh 4,053 km, Bhutan 605 km, Burma
1,463 km, China 3,380, Nepal 1,690 km, Pakistan 2,912 km
Coastline: 7,000 km
Maritime claims:
Contiguous zone: 24 nm;
Continental shelf: edge of continental margin or 200 nm;
Extended economic zone: 200 nm;
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Disputes: boundaries with Bangladesh, China, and Pakistan; water sharing
problems with downstream riparians, Bangladesh over the Ganges and Pakistan
over the Indus
Climate: varies from tropical monsoon in south to temperate in north
Terrain: upland plain (Deccan Plateau) in south, flat to rolling plain along
the Ganges, deserts in west, Himalayas in north
Natural resources: coal (fourth-largest reserves in the world), iron ore,
manganese, mica, bauxite, titanium ore, chromite, natural gas, diamonds, crude
oil, limestone
Land use: 55% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 23%
forest and woodland; 17% other; includes 13% irrigated
Environment: droughts, flash floods, severe thunderstorms common;
deforestation; soil erosion; overgrazing; air and water pollution;
desertification
Note: dominates South Asian subcontinent; near important Indian Ocean trade
routes
People
Population: 849,746,001 (July 1990), growth rate 2.0% (1990)
Birth rate: 30 births/1,000 population (1990)
Death rate: 10 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Net migration rate: 0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Infant mortality rate: 89 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Life expectancy at birth: 57 years male, 59 years female (1990)
Total fertility rate: 3.8 children born/woman (1990)
Nationality: noun--Indian(s); adjective--Indian
Ethnic divisions: 72% Indo-Aryan, 25% Dravidian, 3% Mongoloid and other
Religion: 82.6% Hindu, 11.4% Muslim, 2.4% Christian, 2.0% Sikh, 0.7% Buddhist,
0.5% Jains, 0.4% other
Language: Hindi, English, and 14 other official languages--Bengali, Telgu,
Marathi, Tamil, Urdu, Gujarati, Malayalam, Kannada, Oriya, Punjabi, Assamese,
Kashmiri, Sindhi, and Sanskrit; 24 languages spoken by a million or more
persons each; numerous other languages and dialects, for the most part
mutually unintelligible; Hindi is the national language and primary tongue of
30% of the people; English enjoys associate status but is the most important
language for national, political, and commercial communication; Hindustani, a
popular variant of Hindi/Urdu, is spoken widely throughout northern India
Literacy: 36%
Labor force: 284,400,000; 67% agriculture (FY85)
Organized labor: less than 5% of the labor force
Government
Long-form name: Republic of India
Type: federal republic
Capital: New Delhi
Administrative divisions: 24 states and 7 union territories*; Andaman and
Nicobar Islands*, Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Bihar,
Chandigarh*, Dadra and Nagar Haveli*, Delhi*, Goa and Daman and Diu*, Gujarat,
Haryana, Himachal Pradesh, Jammu and Kashmir, Karnataka, Kerala, Lakshadweep*,
Madhya Pradesh, Maharashtra, Manipur, Meghalaya, Mizoram, Nagaland, Orissa,
Pondicherry*, Punjab, Rajasthan, Sikkim, Tamil Nadu, Tripura, Uttar Pradesh,
West Bengal; note--Goa may have become a state with Daman and Diu remaining a
union territory
Independence: 15 August 1947 (from UK)
Constitution: 26 January 1950
Legal system: based on English common law; limited judicial review of
legislative acts; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations
National holiday: Anniversary of the Proclamation of the Republic, 26 January
(1950)
Executive branch: president, vice president, prime minister, Council of
Ministers
Legislative branch: bicameral Parliament (Sansad) consists of an upper house
or Government Assembly (Rajya Sabha) and a lower house or People's Assembly
(Lok Sabha)
Judicial branch: Supreme Court
Leaders: Chief of State--President Ramaswamy Iyer VENKATARAMAN (since 25 July
1987); Vice President Dr. Shankar Dayal SHARMA (since 3 September 1987);
Head of Government--Prime Minister Vishwanath Pratap SINGH (since 2 December
1989)
Political parties and leaders: Janata Dal Party, Prime Minister V. P. Singh;
Congress (I) Party, Rajiv Gandhi; Bharatiya Janata Party, L. K. Advani;
Communist Party of India (CPI), C. Rajeswara Rao; Communist Party of India/
Marxist (CPI/M), E. M. S. Namboodiripad; Communist Party of India/
Marxist-Leninist (CPI/ML), Satyanarayan Singh; All-India Anna Dravida Munnetra
Kazagham (AIADMK), a regional party in Tamil Nadu, Jayalalitha; Dravida
Munnetra Kazagham, M. Karunanidhi; Akali Dal factions representing Sikh
religious community in the Punjab; Telugu Desam, a regional party in Andhra
Pradesh, N. T. Rama Rao; National Conference (NC), a regional party in Jammu
and Kashmir, Farooq Abdullah; Asom Gana Parishad, a regional party in Assam,
Prafulla Mahanta
Suffrage: universal at age 18
Elections: People's Assembly--last held 22, 24, 26 November 1989 (next to be
held by November 1994, subject to postponement); results--percent of vote by
party NA; seats--(544 total), 525 elected--Congress (I) Party 193, Janata Dal
Party 141, Bharatiya Janata Party 86, Communist Party of India (Marxist) 32,
independents 18, Communist Party of India 12, AIADMK 11, Akali Dal 6, Shiv
Sena 4, RSP 4, Forward Bloc 3, BSP 3, Telugu Desam 2, Congress (S) Party 1,
others 9
Communists: 466,000 members claimed by CPI, 361,000 members claimed by CPI/M;
Communist extremist groups, about 15,000 members
Other political or pressure groups: various separatist groups seeking greater
communal autonomy; numerous senas or militant/chauvinistic organizations,
including Shiv Sena (in Bombay), Anand Marg, and Rashtriya Swayamsevak Sangh
Member of: ADB, AIOEC, ANRPC, CCC, Colombo Plan, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO,
G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, ILZSG, IMF,
IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, IWC--International Wheat Council,
NAM, SAARC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador-designate Abid HUSSEIN; Chancery at 2107
Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 939-7000; there
are Indian Consulates General in Chicago, New York, and San Francisco;
US--Ambassador William CLARK; Embassy at Shanti Path, Chanakyapuri 110021, New
Delhi; telephone (91) (11) 600651; there are US Consulates General in Bombay,
Calcutta, and Madras
Flag: three equal horizontal bands of orange (top), white, and green with a
blue chakra (24-spoked wheel) centered in the white band; similar to the flag
of Niger which has a small orange disk centered in the white band
Economy
Overview: India's Malthusian economy is a mixture of traditional village
farming and handicrafts, modern agriculture, old and new branches of industry,
and a multitude of support services. It presents both the entrepreneurial
skills and drives of the capitalist system and widespread government
intervention of the socialist mold. Growth of 4% to 5% annually in the 1980s
has softened the impact of population growth on unemployment, social
tranquility, and the environment. Agricultural output has continued to expand,
reflecting the greater use of modern farming techniques and improved seed that
have helped to make India self-sufficient in food grains and a net
agricultural exporter. Howe