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$Title{Table 4.: Evolution of Greek Language}
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Period
Description
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First half of second millennium B.C.
Greek speakers arrive in southern Balkan Peninsula
Second half of second millennium B.C.
Greek first written, but syllabary lost after Mycenaean downfall around 1100
B.C.
Late eighth century B.C.
Phoenician alphabet adopted and modified
Sixth century B.C.
Establishment of Greek literary tradition
Up to mid-fourth century B.C.
Mutually intelligible dialects from each city-state and several literary variants
used depending on genre
404 B.C.
Dominance of Athens until this date makes Attic lingua franca and literary
language
323 B.C.
Death of Alexander the Great ends spread of Attic by means of Macedonian
empire
Third century B.C. to fourth century A.D.
Common language (koine) for Greeks develops for international use in trade,
politics, and administration
A.D. 330
Christian church adopts educated form of koine as official language
Late first century B.C. to third century A.D.
Schools try to revive Attic Greek
Sixth century A.D. to fifteenth century
Byzantine period; difficult to document evolving spoken form differing from
written form of texts
Seventh century
Demotic assumes modern morphological and syntactic form
Seventh to ninth centuries
During struggles against Arabs no use of Attic literary model
Ninth to fifteenth centuries
Revivals of use of Attic model
1261-1453
"Declassicized" texts simplify literary form for uneducated
Early fourteenth century
Vernacular literature approximates spoken form (poetry)
Late sixteenth to early seventeenth centuries
Cretan vernacular used in drama and poetry
Late eighteenth century
Language becomes politicized in Greek communities in Ottoman Greece,
Danubian principalities, and Western Europe with Enlightenment influence
1748-1833
Adamantios Korais, originator of katharevousa
1834, 1836
Katharevousa adopted as official state language in Greece
1854-1929
Yannis Psiharis, champion of demotic
1885-1957
Nikos Kazantzakis, writer important in the demotic literary movement
1888
Psiharis publishes My Journey, which serves as example for demotic literary
movement
1901
Riots in Athens over demotic New Testament translation; government falls
1917
Use of demotic in lower grades of elementary school
1967-74
Junta attempts to reinstate katharevousa in the schools at all levels
1970s-1980s
Loss of regional dialects in many parts of Greece
1976
Demotic of Athens becomes official language called common or standard Greek
(Neohelliniki)
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