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$Unique_ID{COW01399}
$Pretitle{373B}
$Title{Unified Germany
Focus on the German unification process}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{German Embassy, Washington DC}
$Affiliation{German Embassy, Washington DC}
$Subject{gdr
german
federal
republic
germany
states
east
west
berlin
germans}
$Date{1990}
$Log{Map of Germany*0139901.scf
Flag of Germany*0139902.scf
}
Country: Unified Germany
Book: Focus on the German Unification Process
Author: German Embassy, Washington DC
Affiliation: German Embassy, Washington DC
Date: 1990
[See Map of Germany]
[See Flag of Germany]
Focus on the German unification process
1. The Revolution in East Germany
The images are familiar: the once-feared Berlin Wall, for 28 years the
most brutal symbol of Cold War division, swarms with laughing, dancing people
from East and West Berlin, while East German border guards watch. East
Berliners pour through the newly-opened Wall by car and on foot and are
greeted with showers of champagne and hugs on the Western side. Unreal scenes
and yet quite tangibly real.
The joyous celebrations of November 9, 1989 were preceded by grimmer
scenes: the long swelling of discontent in the German Democratic Republic
culminated in mass emigration in early 1989, after Hungary had begun to
dismantle its borders to Austria. On September 11, Hungary allowed some
15,000 East Germans, who were massed at the Hungarian-Austrian border, to
leave for the Federal Republic. Large numbers of East Germans wishing to
emigrate also occupied the West German embassy in Prague, as well as smaller
numbers in Warsaw and in the Permanent Mission of the Federal Republic in
East Berlin, and few could be persuaded to return to the GDR. By the beginning
of October, when an agreement was reached between the governments of the two
German states, Poland, and Czechoslovakia permitting emigres to leave the
CSSR, some 25,000 East Germans had entered the Federal Republic through
Hungary and Austria.
The developments in the GDR must be seen in the context of general
upheaval in Eastern Europe, with the overthrow of communist governments in
Hungary, Poland and Czechoslovakia, and in view of the reform policies of
Mikhail Gorbachev. Gorbachev explicitly supported the changes in Eastern
Europe, and his famous sentence "Life punishes those who come too late,"
spoken at the 40th anniversary of the founding of the GDR, sent a signal to
the forces of reform in the GDR.
Meanwhile, many East Germans who chose to remain in the GDR demonstrated
for change openly and in increasing numbers. Instrumental in the articulation
of calls for change were such grassroots citizens' groups as New Forum and
Initiative for Peace and Human Rights. These groups had previously existed in
the shelter of the churches and this influence was evident in the commingling
of Green/alternative and Christian/socialist ideas and in the number of
pastors among the politically committed. They called for a government
responsive to their needs, independent parties, freedom of speech, freedom of
the press and freedom of travel. On October 18, 1989, only twelve days after
celebrating "40 years of the GDR," SED Politburo member Erich Honecker was
forced to resign after 18 years as head of state and party leader. His
successor, Egon Krenz, failed to inspire trust, however, and after a month of
mass demonstrations and a new wave of emigration through Czechoslovakia, this
GDR government also resigned on November 7.
CHRONOLOGY OF EVENTS:
1949:
Founding of the Federal Republic of Germany (FRG, West Germany) and the
German Democratic Republic (GDR, East Germany).
June 17, 1953:
Strikes by construction workers expand to a full-scale revolt
in East Berlin and other cities in the GDR and is put down by Soviet troops.
August 13, 1961:
The borders around West-Berlin are closed by the GDR to
prevent skilled workers and professionals from leaving; the "Berlin Wall" is
built.
September 11, 1989
Hungary opens its borders to Austria; within days, some 15,000 GDR
citizens leave for the Federal Republic.
October 9, 1989
The largest demonstration in the GDR since 1953 takes place; the
demonstrators call "Wir sind das Volk" ("We are the people").
October 18, 1989
Erich Honecker resigns from all offices and is replaced by Egon Krenz.
November 8, 1989
The Politburo and the GDR government resign. Krenz remains General
Secretary of the Central Committee of the SED.
November 9, 1989
The GDR opens its borders to the Federal Republic and West Berlin.
November 13, 1989
Hans Modrow becomes the Prime Minister of an interim government until
elections are held.
December 3, 1989
The Central Committee under Egon Krenz resigns. Demonstrators call for
quick unification of the two German states.
December 7, 1989
At the suggestion of the churches, "round table" talks begin.
January 15, 1990
150,000 people demonstrate in Leipzig for unification.
February 13, 1990
Chancellor Kohl and Prime Minister Modrow meet in Bonn and announce the
establishment of a commission to draw up a treaty for a currency and economic
union.
March 3, 1990
The "round table" draws up a "social charter," which calls for a
constitutionally-guaranteed right to work, right to housing and gender
equality in the constitution of a united Germany.
March 18, 1990
Elections to the Volkskammer are held; the conservative alliance is
victorious.
May 6, 1990
Regional elections are held.
May 18, 1990
The finance ministers of the two German states sign an agreement on a
currency, economic and social union, to go into effect on July 1, 1990.
Two days later, during a period when no government was actually in
office, the Wall was suddenly opened. Hans Modrow, who had been the party
leader in the district of Dresden for the Socialist Unity Party (SED), became
the new prime minister and leader of the "caretaker government" until
elections could be held. Although this transitional government at first
followed the traditional pattern, consisting of SED and the so-called "bloc
parties," Modrow then agreed, on January 28, to allow representatives of
opposition groups into the cabinet. Thus, for example, Tatiana Bohm of the
feminist group Independent Women's League became a minister without portfolio.
The elections, originally planned for May, were moved up to March 18, 1990.
The period between Modrow's assumption of office on November 13 and the
elections on March 18 was one of continued rapid change. On November 22, the
Politburo offered the opposition parties and groups the chance for discussion
at a "round table"; these frequently impassioned discussions between five
former bloc parties, the opposition groups and the union federation continued
until the elections. The Social Democratic Party, which had merged with the
Communist Party in 1946 to form the Socialist Unity Party (SED), was founded
again as an independent party, DDR/SDP, on October 7, 1989; in January 1990
it renamed itself SPD. Ibrahim Bohme was elected the first chairperson. Many
other groups constituted themselves as parties and registered for the GDR
elections; some thirty were found by the election commission, which was headed
by a twenty-five-year old student, to have satisfied the requirements and were
placed on the ballot. All travel restrictions for East Germans were dropped.
The Volkskammer (People's Chamber) deleted the passage in the GDR constitution
giving a leading role to the Socialist Unity Party. Egon Krenz lost his last
post, that of party leader. The party changed its name to "Party of Democratic
Socialism" and elected the 41-year-old Gregor Gysi party leader.
Despite all turbulence, it appeared during the months of October and
November 1989 that there was a strong feeling among GDR citizens, perhaps
among a majority, that a politically reformed, but socialist East German state
should continue to exist. Thi