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$Unique_ID{COW01391}
$Pretitle{418}
$Title{Gabon
People, Culture, Art}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Ministry of Tourism}
$Affiliation{Republic of Gabon}
$Subject{masks
gabon
traditional
carved
art
face
gabonese
small
tribes
crafts}
$Date{1990}
$Log{}
Country: Gabon
Book: Gabon Magazine
Author: Ministry of Tourism
Affiliation: Republic of Gabon
Date: 1990
People, Culture, Art
People
With a population of over a million people, Gabon has more open space
than any other country in West Central Africa. The capital, Libreville, is
the largest city, with 250,000 people, followed by Port-Gentil with 150,000.
Most citizens, however, live in rural areas. The national language is French
but there are over 40 ethnic groups in Gabon, each with its own language or
dialect. One of the largest groups, the Fang, claims over 180,000 members.
Other major tribes include the Bapounou, the Mienes, the Banjabi, the Bateke,
small groups of Pygmies, and some 30,000 French residents.
Most Gabonese, in and around the urban and industrial centers, work in
the developing economy. In much of the country, however, the people follow
traditional patterns of subsistence. What is traditional life in the forest
like? The Gabonese tribes have customarily lived by a combination of hunting,
gathering, cultivation, and small scale trade.
In the dry season, they live by the river, fishing, and in the rainy
season, they hunt. The forest provides fruit and edible plants for food. Many
collect rubber, ebony, and mahogany to sell. In January, the people begin
cultivation by going into the forest, cutting the bush, and felling large
trees. The plantation is set afire, clearing the area. The women then plant
bananas, manioc, and other crops.
To some extent, traditional life in Gabon has undergone modification as
old ways meet new ones. But many groups retain the traditional culture, and
life, albeit with some concessions to the modern world, goes on much as it
has for hundreds of years.
Religion And Culture
Almost half of the people in Gabon are Catholic or Protestant, and in
the last decade, Islam has become a second religion. Still, many Gabonese
hold the traditional animist beliefs that are the underpinnings of African
society. It is a world populated by spirits, genies, and powerful natural
forces, all of which hang in a delicate balance. These beliefs express
themselves in customs, rituals, and spiritual practices designed to maintain
or restore this balance and to encourage the harmony of life.
Masked and costumed dances, accompanied by music and singing, are the
most important ritual ceremonies, and take many forms. Dance ceremonies
attend most important events in life, including initiation into adult society,
funerals, and seasonal celebrations. Frequently the elders recite poems
telling tribal stories during the ceremonies.
Art Masks
Gabon is justly famous for the high quality and dramatic impact of its
traditional masks. Collectors and museum curators from all over the world come
seeking the best examples. Carved from wood or carved from the other natural
material by skilled craftsmen, masks are used by specialized religious
societies. The mask itself is considered a sacred work. Unlike much African
art that depicts animals or supernatural beasts, Gabonese masks usually show
the human face and form.
Styles range from carved wooden replicas of the face to the large head
dresses and helmets covering the entire head. There are six major types of
masks, each linked to divisions between tribes.
Fang
Fang masks are Gabon's most famous artworks. Characteristically
heart-shaped and painted red, white or black, they capture expressions of
serenity but may also be carved to express caricature or buffoonery. Spatial
relationships are harmonious, with full, rounded shapes.
There are five main styles: "Ngil," made of leaves and plant fibers,
combat the power of sorcerers. Wooden "Ngeuil" masks are long and slender.
"Ngontang," or helmet masks, drive away demons and evil spirits. They are
four-sided and show the human face on each side. "Bikerea" and "Ckekek" masks
depict demons, and white masks express the spirit world of the departed.
Masks from other tribes include:
White Masks
White masks are also made by other tribes of the middle Ogooue and the
coast, including the Mpongwe, Eshira, Tsogho, Bapounou, and Baloumou.
Distinguished by their color, round shapes, and carved decorative motifs,
they illustrate the complete face with prominent features and hair hanging in
lobes.
Bakwele
The Bakwele, another tribe from the north, represent both human and
animal forms in their masks. The head is often simplified and sometimes heart
shaped, with a concave face and long eyes. The Bakwele are also noted for
their four-sided helmet masks.
Bakota
Bakota masks are very abstract, with a high degree of symmetry reduced
to two dimensions. Animal designs or spotted leopard patterns are often used
for decoration.
Bateke
The Bateke, from the eastern edge of the country, use flat, square
shapes with rounded edges, or circular shapes covered with designs to depict
the face.
M'Bodi
M'Bodi masks, geometrical and stylized, are made by the Njabe, Adouma,
and Obamba tribes of the Ogooue bend.
Traditional Crafts
As in much of Africa, Gabonese crafts include most handmade objects,
from ritual items used in religious ceremonies, to baskets, weaving, musical
instruments, pottery, and utensils of everyday use.
Craft styles are based on ethnic tradition, regional variation, and
available materials. Craftsmen are found in every village, large or small.
Anyone who fashions objects for his or her own use or the use of others may
be considered a craftsperson but there are also many professional craft
workers whose services are very much in demand.
Crafts may be handed down within families, or taught through years of
apprenticeship that result in the creation of master craftsmen. The
distinction between art and craft is often blurred, but it is clear that the
best crafts are also works of art.
M'Bigou Sculpture
Probably the best-known Gabonese craft besides mask making is the
sculpture made from the soft grey stone of the M'Bigou region. The brown or
green tinted stone is carved into small statues or heads that take their form
from traditional Bakwele and Bandjabi carvings.
M'Bigou carvings can be bought in many places in Gabon, but the stone
workshops at the Village of Light in Lambarene and Alibadang or the Village
of Aviation near the Libreville Airport have wide selections and are a must
to visit.
Basket Making and Weaving
The making of baskets and the weaving of raffia mats are widespread,
and many everyday items are produced this way. Materials used for production
may be vines, pineapple fibers, pandanus reeds, bamboo or rattan.
Objects include food and carrying baskets, game pouches and other small
bags, articles of clothing, and floor coverings.
The area near Oyem has long been a center of basketry and weaving, but
other centers are found at Franceville, Kango, and the small villages in the
Ogooue-Ivindo and Nyanga provinces. Raffia weaving has traditionally centered
among the Bateke of the Nyanga, Ngounie and Haut-Ogooue regions.
Pottery
Pottery is mainly a woman's business in Gabon, although there are
exceptions. Pottery making is widespread in the northern, eastern and Nyanga
regions, and includes water jugs, pots of all sizes and shapes, jars, goblets
and other items. They are often decorated, and may be found for sale all over
the country.
Musical Instruments
These include many styles of drums and tom-toms made of wood and covered
in goat skin, as well as many kinds of stringed instruments, and kazoos, any
one of which makes a great collector's item.
What and Where To Buy
Masks and other crafts may be purchased from stalls in Libreville (wh