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$Unique_ID{COW01354}
$Pretitle{416}
$Title{France
Physical Data}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{French Embassy, Washington DC}
$Affiliation{French Embassy, Washington DC}
$Subject{france
french
new
republic
miles
coast
de
ft
north
ocean}
$Date{1991}
$Log{Bastille Day Festival*0135401.scf
Francois Mitterrand*0135402.scf
}
Country: France
Book: Fact Sheets on France
Author: French Embassy, Washington DC
Affiliation: French Embassy, Washington DC
Date: 1991
Physical Data
[See Bastille Day Festival: Courtesy French Information Service, New York.]
Location
France lies between latitude 51 degrees and 41 degrees North--roughly
equidistant from the North Pole and the equator--and between longitude 4
degrees West and 8 degrees East, and forms part of Europe's western peninsula.
It covers an area of 212,918 square miles.
Boundaries
Most of France's frontiers are natural ones: the North Sea and English
Channel, the Atlantic Ocean, the Pyrenees, the Mediterranean, the Alps, the
Jura and the Rhine.
Topography
France presents the following features:
- Plains: mostly in the north, the Paris Basin and the southwest (basin
of Aquitaine);
- Plateau regions: rarely exceeding 1,600 feet (the Ardennes, the Monts
d'Arree, and the northern and western parts of the Massif Central);
- Low mountains: the Vosges (Ballon de Guebwiller at 4,670 ft.); the
central and eastern parts of the Massif Central (Puy de Sancy at 6,185 ft.);
and the Jura (Cret de la Neige at 5,640 ft.).
- High mountains: the Alps (Mont Blanc at 15,767 ft., the highest point
in western Europe); the Pyrenees (Vignemale at 10,820 ft.); in Corsica (Mont
Cinto at 8,880 ft.).
Climate
Climate is temperate with clearly defined seasons. Average winter
temperatures rarely fall below freezing point; summer temperatures seldom rise
above 77F. Precipitation is moderate the year round, with some regional
variations; only the Mediterranean coast has a dry season in the summer.
Rivers
These are numerous, not very long and mostly navigable. The principal
rivers are:
- the Loire, France's longest river (630 miles long);
- the Seine (480 miles long);
- the Garonne, which originates in Spain near the border (400 miles
long);
- the Rhone, whose headwaters are in Switzerland, but two-thirds of
which -- or 325 miles -- flows through France;
- the Rhine (820 miles long), 112 miles of which flow between France and
Germany.
Coastlines
Along the North Sea, the coast is flat and straight, and lined with
shoals. The English Channel is mostly lined with chalky cliffs cut by broad
estuaries like that of the Seine. The coast is rugged, deeply indented and
fringed by reefs in northern Brittany.
The Atlantic is bordered by low cliffs cut by wide bays (Gulf of
Morbihan) along Brittany's southern coast; thereafter the land is flat as it
runs straight down to the Pyrenees, with dunes and lagoons for some 125 miles
in the Landes. It becomes rocky and steep again near the Spanish frontier.
The land bordering the Mediterranean is mountainous and lined with capes
and bays near the Spanish frontier, and again from beyond the Rhone delta to
the Italian border. Between the two mountainous areas, it is low, flat and
bordered by lagoons.
In Corsica, the western coast is mountainous, the eastern coast, low and
straight.
January 1989
Territorial Composition of the French Republic
The French Republic is composed of:
- 96 Metropolitan Departments
- 4 Overseas Departments:
- Guadeloupe (in the Caribbean) together with its dependencies (Marie-
Galante, Saint Barthelemy, half of Saint Martin, La Desirade and Les Saintes);
- French Guiana (South America);
- Martinique (in the Caribbean);
- Reunion (Indian Ocean) along with Juan de Nova, Bassas da India,
Tromelin, Europa, Glorieuses Islands.
- 4 Overseas Territories:
- New Caledonia (South Pacific);
- French Polynesia (South Pacific);
- Wallis and Futuna (South Pacific);
- French Southern and Antarctic Lands which comprise: Adelie Land on the
mainland of Antarctica, the Kerguelen and Crozet Archipelagos, and two main
islands, St. Paul and Amsterdam (southern Indian Ocean).
- 2 Territorial Collectivities:
- Mayotte (Indian Ocean);
- Saint-Pierre et Miquelon (Atlantic Ocean near Newfoundland).
Principality of Andorra
The President of France is co-Prince, with the Bishop of Urgel (Spain),
of the Principality of Andorra (in the Pyrenees).
July 1989
History of France
Prehistory
The history of France goes back to the prehistoric period: cave
paintings--the most famous are found in the grottos of Lascaux in the south of
France--prove the existence of an already advanced civilization 30,000 years
ago. Gaul, from the name given by the Romans to the area lying between the
Alps, the Pyrenees, the Atlantic Ocean and the Rhine, roughly corresponded to
modern France. The different tribes living there united to oppose the advance
of the Roman legions, but after the defeat of Vercingetorix by Julius Caesar
at Alesia (Burgundy) in 52 BC, Gaul was integrated into the Roman Empire.
The Middle Ages
In the centuries after the collapse of the Roman Empire, Gaul was invaded
several times by different tribes, many of whom settled there. Among them were
the Franks whose influence became so dominant that Gaul ended up becoming
known as France--the country of the Franks. By the beginning of the fifth
century, they had conquered most of Gaul and founded the Merovingian dynasty.
The Merovingians were followed by the Carolingians (751-989).
Charlemagne, the most outstanding among them, considerably enlarged the
kingdom and became emperor in the year 800. On his death, the empire collapsed
and the invasions resumed.
The Capetian dynasty, founded by Hugues Capet in 987 reigned until 1328
when it was supplanted by the Valois. The King of England claimed the throne
of France in 1337, thereby triggering the Hundred Years' War. An inspired
young peasant girl, Joan of Arc, spurred the French to fight the English.
She was eventually captured and burned at the stake in 1431 as both a heretic
and apostate. By 1453 the English had left France.
The Renaissance and the Seventeenth Century
During this period, the Kings of France consolidated the throne and, in
spite of wars and punitive expeditions against vassal powers, the arts
flourished, trade developed, cities became prosperous and French navigators
embarked on the exploration of the recently discovered New World. The French
Court, especially under Francois I, attracted many foreign artists, one of
whom was Leonardo da Vinci. The Wars of Religion between Catholics and
Protestants began in 1562. They continued intermittently until 1598, the
year King Henri IV signed the Edict of Nantes granting Protestants civil
and religious freedoms.
After Henri IV, founder of the Bourbon dynasty, his son Louis XII became
King and chose as his premier, Cardinal Richelieu, who took a series of
measures to promote trade, create a colonial empire and secure the
establishment of an absolute monarchy. This policy reached its peak under the
reign of Louis XIV, the "Roi Soleil"--or "Sun King"--who was considered the
most powerful sovereign of his time.
The French Revolution and the Nineteenth Century
In 1789 the people of France rose up in rebellion and on July 14th, to
shouts of "liberty, equality, fraternity," Parisians stormed the Bastille,
an ancient fortress, symbol of the arbitrary power of the Ancient Regime.
Peasants shared out land among themselves, nobles lost their privileges, and
King Louis XVI, his throne and then his life. Those who were suspected of
being opposed to the Revolution were condemned to death and guillotined
during the Reign of Terror.
The First Republic replaced the monarchy, but the new ideas of lib