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$Unique_ID{COW01340}
$Pretitle{367}
$Title{Finland
Foreign Policy}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Riitta da Costa}
$Affiliation{Otava Publishing Co.}
$Subject{finland
countries
nordic
policy
co-operation
foreign
finnish
treaty
un
security}
$Date{1990}
$Log{}
Country: Finland
Book: Facts About Finland
Author: Riitta da Costa
Affiliation: Otava Publishing Co.
Date: 1990
Foreign Policy
Since World War II Finnish foreign policy has been consolidated and has
won the undivided approval and support of all Finns, independent of their
political leanings. According to the Finnish form of government, foreign
policy is under the leadership of the President, and the political parties
implement foreign policy through participation in government. Finland's
present foreign policy is often called the Paasikivi-Kekkonen line, after the
Presidents who created it. The aim of Finnish foreign policy, as in other
countries, is to ensure the security and independence of the country and the
well-being of its citizens. The content and methods of this are based on
Finland's own experience and needs.
Finland and the other Nordic countries
Finland is one of the five Nordic countries of Europe, and she naturally
identifies herself with them. The Nordic countries are small nations, their
social conditions are similar, and a tight network of co-operation has been
developed between them. In matters of security policy they differ, in that
Iceland, Norway and Denmark belong to NATO, while Sweden and Finland each
pursue their own policy of neutrality, and in addition Finland has special
relations with the Soviet Union. Denmark belongs to the EC, the other Nordic
countries belong to EFTA. In spite of these differences, the Nordic countries
form a whole.
Numerous organs of co-operation, especially the parliamentary Nordic
Council and the Nordic Council of Ministers, are responsible for continuous
Nordic co-operation and integration. Nordic citizens can travel freely and
obtain jobs in other Nordic countries without passport or work permit. They
can enjoy more or less the same social benefits as the citizens of the Nordic
country in which they reside. They can take part in the local elections of
another Nordic country after residing there for two years. But co-operation in
the Nordic countries has no supra-national features; each country participates
retaining its own sovereignty.
In spite of various aspects of security policy, the foreign policy of
the Nordic countries has much in common. This is revealed especially in the
United Nations and other world organizations, and in their attitude to
disarmament, development co-operation and large-scale international
co-operation in general. The Nordic representatives in international
organizations and conferences often act together. The spadework for this
international co-operation is done at the meetings of Nordic foreign ministers
held twice a year.
The stability and lack of tension prevailing in the Nordic region is
based inter alia on the fact that Norway and Denmark observe voluntary
limitations in their relation to NATO: during peacetime they do not permit
military bases or nuclear weapons of foreign states within their territories.
Thus the Nordic countries have in fact remained a nuclear weapon-free area.
In order to consolidate this state of affairs, Finland has proposed the
establishment of a nuclear weapon-free zone. This idea is under lively
discussion in all Nordic countries, but unanimity amongst them has not been
achieved in order to implement it.
Finland and the Soviet Union
Relations with the Soviet Union have a vital position in Finnish foreign
policy. After having been at war with this neighbouring great power in 1939-40
and 1941-44, it was of utmost importance for Finland to build up lasting
peaceful relations of mutual trust with the Soviet Union. The first
foundations for these relations were the Armistice of 1944 and the Peace
Treaty of 1947. The Treaty of Friendship, Co-operation and Mutual Assistance
concluded in 1948 is of long-term significance. The fundamental idea of the
Treaty is, as President Paasikivi often emphasized, that it is of prime
importance for the Soviet Union to ensure security of its north-west frontier.
If Finland is able to ensure that there is not threat of an armed attact on
this Soviet frontier via Finnish territory, the Soviet Union's immediate need
for security in this direction has been satisfied. This is the main function
of the Treaty.
The Treaty puts Finland under obligation to take defensive action if
there is an attack on Finland or on the Soviet Union via Finnish territory. In
such case Finland may if needed obtain assistance from the Soviet Union. Thus
the Treaty only applies to Finnish territory, and makes no claims on Finland
should threats or attacks be directed towards Soviet territory elsewhere.
Since in addition assistance depends on the mutual understanding of both
parties, it is clear that the Treaty also meets Finland's own security
requirements, and in particular - as is stated in the preamble to the
Treaty - Finland's endeavour " to remain outside the conflicting interest of
the Great Powers". The Treaty has a preventive and stabilizing significance.
It shows in advance how Finland will behave in a given crisis situation, and
thus contributes to reducing the probability of such a crisis arising. The
Treaty is a permanent factor of the security policy situation in Northern
Europe. The validity of the Treaty has been prolonged three times for twenty
years at a time, without changing a word of its content, in 1995, 1970 an
1983.
On the basis of the mutual trust inspired by the Treaty, the relations
between Finland and the Soviet Union have consolidated and flourished. Both
countries have together officially stated many times that their mutual
relations are not affected by fluctuations in international politics. Thus it
has been possible to develop peaceful interaction between the two countries to
the mutual benefit of both parties. The Soviet Union has become one of
Finland's biggest trading partners, her share of Finnish foreign trade being
nearly one quarter. In many fields Finland has been forerunner in developing
new forms of cooperation that have later been adopted between the Soviet Union
and other western countries. In 1955 an agreement was made on scientific and
technical co-operation which makes possible continuous and diverse interaction
in many fields of basic research and applied science. The economic commission
set up in 1967 between the two countries has given the incentive for several
important jointly implemented projects, including some in the construction
and mining industries.
Relations with other countries
True to her policy of neutrality, Finland has friendly relations with all
European countries. Trade, tourism and cultural relations unite Finland with
the European nations, based on traditions going back for centuries. The
Conference on Security and Co-operation in Europe has had a special
significance in Finnish foreign policy since the signing of its Final Act in
Helsinki in 1975. At the follow-up meetings of the CSCE in Belgrade in 1977,
in Madrid in 1980-83 and in Vienna from 1986, the participating States have
exchanged views on the implementation of the provisions of the CSCE and
developed further the process. The Conference on Confidence-and
Security-building Measures and Disarmament in Europe adopted, in 1986 in
Stockholm, concrete measures aimed at lessening the risk of war in Europe.
During the CSCE process Finland has worked in especially close
co-operation with the other neutral and non-aligned countries in Europe.
The idea envisaged in the CSCE Final Act of undivided security and need
for co-operation in Europe irrespective of opposing military alliances,
tallies closely with the aims of Finnish foreign policy. In her foreign trade
policy too, Finland has striven to safeguard her own interests and to remo