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$Unique_ID{COW00891}
$Pretitle{226}
$Title{Colombia
Front Matter}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Howard I. Blutstein}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{percent
country
foreign
international
major
states
united
colombia
political
area}
$Date{1977}
$Log{}
Country: Colombia
Book: Colombia, A Country Study
Author: Howard I. Blutstein
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1977
Front Matter
Authors:
J. David Edwards, Kathryn Therese Johnson, David S. McMorris, James D. Rudolf
Foreword
This volume is one of a series of handbooks prepared by Foreign Area
Studies (FAS) of The American University, designed to be useful to military
and other personnel who need a convenient compilation of basic facts about
the social, economic, political, and military institutions and practices of
various countries. The emphasis is on objective description of the nation's
present society and the kinds of possible or probable changes that might be
expected in the future. The handbook seeks to present as full and as balanced
an integrated exposition as limitations on space and research time permit. It
was compiled from information available in openly published material. An
extensive bibliography is provided to permit recourse to other published
sources for more detailed information. There has been no attempt to express
any specific point of view or to make policy recommendations. The contents of
the handbook represent the work of the authors and FAS and do not represent
the official view of the United States government.
An effort has been made to make the handbook as comprehensive as
possible. It can be expected, however, that the material, interpretations,
and conclusions are subject to modification in the light of new information
and developments. Such corrections, additions, and suggestions for factual,
interpretive, or other change as readers may have will be welcomed for use in
future revisions. Comments may be addressed to:
The Director
Foreign Area Studies
The American University
5010 Wisconsin Avenue, N. W.
Washington, D.C. 20016
Preface
Colombia in the mid-1970s was experiencing rapid expansion of its
economic system amid relative internal security from past partisan political
violence. Most of the benefits of the growth, however, were accruing to a
minority of the population that traditionally held economic and political
power and successfully co-opted challengers of the system. Pressures for
social and economic change were increasing nevertheless, and the government of
President Alfonso Lopez Michelsen was attempting to defuse them by undertaking
policies designed to change income distribution and increase employment in a
democratic, orderly manner. Several centuries of tradition under which power
was shared by two political parties, the Liberals and Conservatives, appeared
to be a barrier to any alteration of the social order within a short time; and
it appeared that many years would elapse before the government's ambitious
goals could be achieved.
This book attempts to provide a compact and objective exposition and
analysis of the dominant social, political, and economic characteristics of
Colombian society. The study is based chiefly on published materials although
consultants having firsthand knowledge of the country have provided data not
available in print. Data from official Colombian, United States, and
international agency sources have been identified as such.
This study supersedes the Area Handbook for Colombia researched and
written by Jan Knippers Black, Kenneth W. Martindale, David S. McMorris,
Frederick P. Munson, and Kathryn E. Parachini under the direction of Thomas
E. Weil. It results from the combined efforts of a Foreign Area Studies
multidisciplinary team of researchers assisted by the organizational research
support staff. The team was chaired by Howard I. Blutstein, who wrote chapters
12, 13, and 14, contributed to chapter 1, and coordinated the contributions
of the other authors. J. David Edwards wrote chapters 9, 10, and 11 and
contributed to chapter 1; Kathryn Therese Johnston wrote chapters 4, 5, and 8
and contributed to chapter 1; David S. McMorris wrote chapters 2, 6, and 7;
and James D. Rudolph wrote chapters 3, 15, and 16. Foreign Area Studies
wishes to acknowledge the assistance of Dr. Jan Knippers Black, who as the
outgoing chairperson coordinated the original preparations for this study and
of Dr. John Martz and Dr. John Pollock for their valuable information on
recent trends.
Spanish words and phrases, used only when adequate English equivalents
are lacking, are defined at first appearance and are based on Appleton's New
Cuyas Dictionary (fifth edition). The spelling of place names conforms to the
rulings of the United States Board on Geographic Names. Unless otherwise
stated, production and commodity figures are given in metric tons. A glossary
of Colombian and other terms is provided for the convenience of the reader.
Country Profile
COUNTRY
Formal Name: Republic of Colombia.
Short Form: Colombia.
Term for Nationals: Colombians.
Preindependence Political Status: Formerly Spanish colony, under
viceroyalty of New Granada, Independence date celebrated as July 20, 1810,
but Republic of Gran Colombia not formed until 1819.
Capital: Bogota.
GEOGRAPHY
Size: About 440,000 square miles; fifth largest country in Latin
America; 200 miles jurisdiction claimed over adjacent territorial waters.
Topography: Three Andean mountain ranges separated by two major rivers.
Highland interior; Atlantic and Pacific coastal lowlands; extensive eastern
plains.
Climate: Varying elevations result in wide diversity of climatic
conditions, from semidesert in far north to rainfall exceeding 300 inches
annually in Pacific Lowlands.
SOCIETY
Population: Approximately 25 million in 1976, growing at estimated
rate of 2.4 percent; urban growth rate twice that of rural. More than
half of population residing in urban areas, mainly in ten cities with
populations in excess of 200,000.
Nationals Abroad: Estimated 500,000 residing in neighboring Venezuela,
mostly illegal.
Ethnic Groups and Languages: Mestizos (white-Indian mixture) and
mulattoes make up 75 percent of population and whites about 20 percent;
blacks and Indians constitute 4 percent and 1 percent respectively. Spanish
is official language.
Health: Illness and death frequently related to dietary deficiency;
malnutrition principal or contributing cause of much infant mortality.
Influenza and other respiratory ailments among prevalent health hazards.
Shortages of medical personnel in rural areas.
Education and Literacy: Lack of facilities limits access to schooling;
about 40 percent of rural and 20 percent of urban children of primary school
age did not attend school in early 1970s. Literacy for age fifteen and over
estimated at 73 percent in 1975.
Religion: 95 percent of population are Roman Catholics; small numbers
of Protestants and Jews.
GOVERNMENT AND POLITICS
Form: A unitary republic established by the 1886 Constitution and
reinforced by amendments. President elected to four-year term. Congress
consists of Senate and House of Representatives.
Administrative Subdivisions: Country divided into twenty-two departments
and eight national territories; four of the territories are intendencies and
four commissaryships. Departments and territories are divided into
municipalities. Bogota is part of a special district.
Politics: Conservative and Liberal parties have dominated politics
since early nineteenth century. In 1957 they joined in a cooperative agreement
to create the National Front to govern until 1978. The National Popular
Alliance was the only other party of importance, reaching its peak of
popularity in 1970 presidential election but diminishing with death of its
founder, General Gustavo Rojas Pinilla, in 1974.
Legal System: Supreme