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$Unique_ID{COW00567}
$Pretitle{405}
$Title{United Kingdom
Housing}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington DC}
$Affiliation{Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington DC}
$Subject{housing
local
scotland
areas
authorities
england
wales
ireland
northern
public}
$Date{1990}
$Log{}
Country: United Kingdom
Book: Planning and the Environment in Britain
Author: Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington DC
Affiliation: Embassy of the United Kingdom, Washington DC
Date: 1990
Housing
The pattern of housing tenure has changed considerably in recent years,
with a substantial increase in owner-occupation and a decline in privately
rented accommodation. Between the end of 1971 and 1987 the proportion of
dwellings that were owner-occupied in Great Britain rose from 51 to 64 per
cent, while the proportion rented from a local authority or new town authority
fell from 31 to 26 per cent, and the proportion of other types of tenure fell
from 19 to 10 per cent. The fall in the last category reflected the decline in
privately rented dwellings, while the number of housing association dwellings
increased substantially during this period. There are variations, however, in
the distribution of tenure between different parts of the country;
owner-occupation ranges from 42 per cent in Scotland to 70 per cent in
south-west England. The encouragement of further home ownership and the
regeneration of the independent rented sector are major aims of the
Government's housing policy, while the emphasis of public sector housing
policy has shifted from new building to modernisation, improvement and making
better use of existing dwellings.
There are over 22.6 million dwellings in Britain, houses being much
more common than flats (the ratio is roughly four to one), and around 50 per
cent of families live in a post-1945 home. Throughout this century pressure on
housing accommodation has been increased more by the rapid rise in the
number of separate households than by the increase in population. While the
number of people has increased by about two-fifths, the number of households
has more than doubled.
New house construction is undertaken by both public and private sectors
but over the past few years the private sector has built many more dwellings
than the public sector. In 1987, 5 per cent of new building was carried out
by voluntary housing associations. Private interests build mainly for sale to
owner-occupiers while public sector dwellings are provided mainly for
renting, although tenants do have the right to buy the property in which
they live after a qualifying period.
Administration
As with environmental planning, responsibility for formulating housing
policy and supervising the housing programme is borne by the Secretary
of State for the Environment in England and by the Secretaries of State for
Wales, Scotland and Northern Ireland. Although the policies are broadly
similar throughout Britain, provisions may differ slightly in Northern
Ireland and Scotland from those in England and Wales.
The construction or structural alteration of housing is subject to
building regulations laid down by the Government. Building in the private
sector is regulated by an independent organisation, the National
House-Building Council, which sets standards and enforces them by inspection
and certification. Almost all new private houses are covered by the Council's
insurance scheme which provides ten-year guarantees against major structural
defects. A two-year guarantee is also given against faulty workmanship. Most
lenders will only make a loan for purchase of a new house if it is covered
by the Council's certificate.
Local authorities are responsible for the payment of house renovation
grants and the implementation of housing renewals programmes. (In Northern
Ireland the Northern Ireland Housing Executive has these responsibilities.)
Many have housing advisory centres to provide information on aspects of
housing.
Home Ownership
The number of people owning their own homes has more than trebled in
the last 35 years, and the number of owner-occupied dwellings in Great
Britain amounted to over 14 million at the end of 1986, compared with 4
million in 1951. Most public sector tenants have the right to buy the
homes they occupy at discounts which vary according to the length of their
occupancy. Local authorities have been asked to encourage low-cost home
ownership by selling land to builders to construct homes for `first-time'
buyers, or to individuals or groups to build their own `first-time' homes
in partnership with private builders; by improving homes for sale; by
selling dilapidated homes for improvement by the purchaser ('homesteading');
by offering shared ownership (part owning, part renting); and by using local
authority guarantee powers to facilitate lending by building societies and
other financial institutions.
In Northern Ireland shared ownership has been developed in the public
sector by the Northern Ireland Housing Executive and in the private sector
by the Northern Ireland Co-ownership Housing Association. The Executive
has offered most of its homes for sale to tenants; almost 35,000 have been
sold.
Mortgage Loans
Most people buy their homes with a mortgage loan (for which the
properties are regarded as securities) from such sources as building
societies, banks, insurance companies, industrial and provident societies,
and local authorities. Some companies also make loans for house purchase
to their own employees.
Building societies are the largest source of such loans, although banks
and other financial institutions are taking an increasing share of the
mortgage market. For first-time buyers a lender will usually advance about
90 per cent of the valuation of a property with the help of an appropriate
insurance guarantee, but it is possible to borrow up to 100 per cent. Loans
are normally repayable over periods of 20 or 25 years (up to 30 or 35 years
in certain circumstances) by equal monthly installments to cover capital and
interest. Ordinary mortgage loans from building societies are usually
available to purchasers on average income or above. People with insufficient
income to obtain a mortgage for outright purchase may be able to participate
in a scheme in which a housing association buys the home and sells a share
in it to them, allowing them to rent the remainder and to purchase it later
if they wish.
Owner-occupiers are entitled to tax relief on interest payments arising
from their mortgage loans on up to 30,000 Pounds a property (on their main
home only). Under the Homeloan Scheme first-time home buyers who have
saved for two years and are buying a home in the lower price range may
qualify for an extra loan of 600 Pounds interest-free for up to five years,
and a tax-free bonus of up to 110 Pounds.
Public Sector Housing
Most of the public housing in Great Britain is provided by 460 local
housing authorities. The authorities are: in England (outside London) and
Wales, the district councils; in London, the London borough councils and the
Common Council of the City of London; and in Scotland, the district and
islands councils. Other public housing authorities are the new town
authorities, the Scottish Special Housing Association, which supplements
building by local authorities in Scotland, and the Development Board for
Rural Wales. The Northern Ireland Housing Executive is responsible for the
provision and management of public housing in Northern Ireland. Public
housing authorities own about 6 million houses and flats. The number of
homes owned by each authority varies widely, from 141 homes in the Isles
of Scilly to 165,000 in Glasgow. Most authorities own between 2,500 and 15,000
dwellings. The Northern Ireland Housing Executive owns almost 175,000 homes.
Local authorities meet the capital costs of new house construction
and of modernisation of their existing stock by raising loans on the open
mark