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1991-06-24
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$Unique_ID{COW00448}
$Pretitle{266}
$Title{Bolivia
Jobless Tin Miners in the Tropics}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Peter McFarren}
$Affiliation{Embassy of Bolivia, Washington DC}
$Subject{miners
now
tin
government
social
}
$Date{1989}
$Log{}
Country: Bolivia
Book: The Cultural Guide of Bolivia
Author: Peter McFarren
Affiliation: Embassy of Bolivia, Washington DC
Date: 1989
Jobless Tin Miners in the Tropics
They struggle to survive in sweltering, mosquito-infested jungle
radically different from the chilly, dry highland where they and their
ancestors lived for centuries.
Visions of a new life have drawn thousands of tin miners to the tropics,
only to find a future that is often bleaker than the underground where they
spent their youth and lost their health. And they complain of being abandoned
by the government, which fired most of them.
"I've given the best of my life to the mines since I was 19, and what has
it all been worth?" said Luis Lugarini Balcazar, 38, who is of Aymara Indian
descent.
He worked in the state-run Caracoles mine for 18 years until he was laid
off in June 1986. He was among 21,000 of 27,500 state employed tin miners who
were fired when slumping tin prices and declining yields forced the
debt-ridden government to shut down 14 of its 21 mines.
An additional 5,000 privately employed miners also lost their jobs in the
industry wide crisis.
The layoffs prompted a migration to the cities and to the largely untamed
lowlands, where the government was providing free land to settlers.
With the equivalent of 1,200 dollars in severance pay from Comibol, the
state mining company, Lugarini Balcazar, his wife and their six children
boarded an open truck with their few belongings and traveled over bumpy, dirt
roads for three days to the tropical village of Yucumo, near Rurrenabaque and
about 150 miles north of La Paz, the capital city.
Yucumo has no electricity, running water or health facilities. According
to the ex-miners, malaria, yellow fever and other infections and parasites are
rampant.
Lugarini Balcazar and 86 other miners from Caracoles hacked a path to
forested lands granted them by the government, where they cleared small plots
and cultivated plantain, rice, manioc and other crops.
Life proved too hard for many settlers.
"After four months, my family left for La Paz because they could no
longer stand the mosquito bites and intense heat," Lugarini Balcazar said
while in Rurrenabaque to buy supplies.
His wife and children now live on a monthly welfare check equivalent to
40 dollars, plus whatever they can earn in the city and the little money he
can send them now and then, he said.
He lives alone in the family's windowless, thatched-roof hut. He walks 15
minutes to fetch water and two hours to reach Yucumo and the nearest road.
During his years in the mine he contracted silicosis from inhaling
mineral dust. The disease often leads to tuberculosis and contributes to a
life expectancy of 45 years among Bolivian tin miners.
Although he should receive regular medical attention, he doesn't because
the nearest doctor is 60 miles away.
"Besides, I cannot afford a doctor since everything I received from
Comibol has been spent in moving, basic tools and food", he said.
"I'm willing to make a go at it here in the tropics, but what I need
now are some small loans to buy equipment and technical assistance."
The government's social emergency fund, using 170 million dollars from
the World Bank, the U.S. Agency for International Development, European
nations, the United Nations and the Inter American Development Bank, is
providing temporary jobs for about 8,000 ex-miners and other unemployed
workers who are building and repairing roads, digging sewers and planting
trees. This program which has become a model for other third world nations,
helped defuse a potentially volatile social situation. The Social Emergency
Fund has now been replaced by Social Investment Fund which is geared towards
improving the education and health situation of Bolivians.
Nonetheless, the jobless rate remains at 22 percent according to
government statistics, and 25 percent according to the Roman Catholic Church.
Many former miners must get by on their own or with assistance from private
charities. Thousands of farmers have set up cooperatives which are producing
large quantities of gold, tin and other minerals but miners do not have any
social security or health benefits.
Of the 1,800 families that migrated to the Yucumo area since 1985, only
600 remain.
"To work in this area, the bugs, infection and extreme heat affects their
ability to survive even at a subsistence level," said Bruce Harris, former
field director for Save the Children Federation, a U.S. based fosterparent
program that worked in the area.
"Miners have not had any support to help them through the first year,"
Harris said in an interview in Rurrenabaque. "The problem also is that, after
their second crop, the topsoil in the tropic loses its nutrients and farmers
must clear new forests to survive."
"I now earn five pesos (about $1.50) a day doing construction work," said
42-year-old Cecilio Laura Castellanos, an ex-miner now in La Paz and also
suffering from silicosis. "With that, I cannot feed my eight children."