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$Unique_ID{COW00401}
$Pretitle{235A}
$Title{Bhutan
Public Finance}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Central Statistical Office}
$Affiliation{Royal Government of Bhutan}
$Subject{development
government
million
nu
finance
expenditure
expenditures
revenue
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{Table 12.1.*0040101.tab
Table 12.2.*0040102.tab
Table 12.3.*0040103.tab
Table 12.4.*0040104.tab
}
Country: Bhutan
Book: Statistical Yearbook of Bhutan 1989
Author: Central Statistical Office
Affiliation: Royal Government of Bhutan
Date: 1990
Public Finance
The system of modern public finance practices in Bhutan is of very recent
origin. Traditionally taxes were being collected in kind; the levy on
agricultural produce being on an average one fourth of the production of each
farming family and labour contribution amounting to about two months labour
for every adult. By 1960, as the government began to grow,
institutionalization of public finances became a necessity.
In 1963, the position of a Finance Secretary was created in the Royal
Secretariat and in 1968 the Ministry of Finance, one of the first new
Ministries, was formed. In 1970 the system of payment of taxes in kind was
largely dispensed with to be taken up by the system of cash taxes based on the
type of land holding.
The first budget on modern lines was presented by the Ministry of Finance
in 1971. It was called the 'Civil' budget as it covered only the needs of the
Ministries of Finance, Home Affairs and Foreign Affairs. The requirements of
development oriented Ministries like Communications and Tourism, Trade,
Industry, Forests and Development were provided under a separate 'Development'
budget administered first by the Development Secretariat, and then by its
successor, the Planning Commission. With the commencement of the Fifth Five
Year Plan the classification of the Government budgets into 'Civil' and
'Development' was replaced by the concepts of 'Maintenance' and 'Development'
expenditures. 'Maintenance' or 'current' expenditures reflected mostly the
current or consumption expenditures of the Government, while 'development'
expenditures were identified largely with the expenditures of the Government
on fixed capital formation.
Main Features
Government domestic revenue rose from Nu. 119.6 million in 1981/82 to Nu.
753.3 million in 1987/88. Of this, Nu. 232.3 million was met from tax revenue,
while Nu. 491.6 million and Nu. 29.2 million were met from non-tax revenue and
other sources of revenue. Current expenditure in 1987/88, which is the
beginning of Sixth Five Year Plan, totaled Nu. 774.6 million (an increase of
48 per cent over 1986/87), while development expenditure totaled Nu. 965.1
million (an increase of 38 per cent over the same period).
The Budget deficit in 1987/88 was Nu. 56.7 million, following a deficit
of Nu. 98.3 million recorded in the previous year. Domestic revenue amounted
to 43 per cent of total expenditure in 1987/88, with grants from India
accounting for 41 per cent.
[See Table 12.1.: CURRENT BUDGETARY EXPENDITURE OF THE GOVERNMENT BY MINISTRY,
1981/82 TO 1987/88]
[See Table 12.2.: BUDGETARY DEVELOPMENT EXPENDITURE OF THE GOVERNMENT BY
MINISTRY, 1981/82 TO 1987/88]
[See Table 12.3.: BUDGETARY RECEIPTS OF THE GOVERNMENT BY SOURCE, 1981/82 TO
1988/89]
[See Table 12.4.: SUMMARY OF BUDGETARY OPERATIONS, 1981/82 TO 1987/88]