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$Title{Table B.: Chronology of Belgian History, 1787-1984}
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Monarch Event
___________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________________
Emperor Joseph II of Austria
____________________________
1787 ..................... Total reform of general administration and justice system leads to massive opposition
1789-90 .................. Brabant Revolution-conservative and liberal democratic opponents of Austrian rule join forces and invade Belgium
Emperor Leopold II of Austria
_____________________________
1790 ..................... Declaration of Independence by United States of Belgium (January)
Restoration of Austrian rule (December)
1792 ..................... War between France and Austria; France occupies Austrian Netherlands after Battle of Jemappes (November)
1795 ..................... France annexes Austrian Netherlands and prince-bishopric of Liege
1798 ..................... Actions against Roman Catholic Church and imposition of consription lead to peasants' war in Flanders, Brabant,
the Kempenland, and Luxembourg
Emperor Napoleon Bonaparte of France
____________________________________
1815 ..................... Great powers create Kingdom of the United Netherlands out of the Dutch Republic (Holland) and the
Austrian Netherlands
William I of Holland becomes sovereign prince of Belgium.
Napoleon's defeat at Battle of Waterloo
King William I
______________
1815 ..................... New constitution establishes bicameral parliament with equal representation for both north and south
(formerly Dutch Republic and Austrian Netherlands)
1819 ..................... Government declares Dutch will be only official language in Flemish provinces after 1823
1828 ..................... Union of Oppositions-alliance of Liberals and Roman Catholics-founded to seek political reforms
and greater freedom
1830 ..................... Disturbances in Brussels and Liege escalate into revolutionary movement
Provisional Government proclaims independence
Election of the National Congress
Great powers begin conference in London to negotiate resolution of Belgian problem
1831 ..................... Ratification of new Belgian Constitution (February)
Leopold of Saxe-Coburg elected King of the Belgians (June)
King Leopold I (1831-65)
________________________
1831 ..................... Proposals of London Conference recognizing Belgian independence and establishing its "perpetual neutrality"
accepted by Belgians; rejected by William I
Dutch invasion of Belgium (August); Dutch withdraw when French intervene on side of Belgium
1838 ..................... Belgian bishops condemn Freemasonry, threaten excommunication of Catholic Masons
1839 ..................... King William recognizes Belgian independence
Great powers guarantee Belgian neutrality
1842 ..................... Legislation permitting Roman Catholic schools to be part of state education system
Right to use Flemish in primary schools established
1846 ..................... Liberal Party founded
1848 ..................... First extension of suffrage
1850 ..................... Legislation passed strengthening Liberal policy of secularization of education
1862 ..................... Flemish Meeting Party formed to protest fortifications and general conditions in Flanders
1863 ..................... First Roman Catholic Congress of Malines marks beginning of Catholic party organization
1864 ..................... Standardization of Flemish into Dutch
1865 ..................... Death of Leopold I; succession of Leopold II
King Leopold II (1865-1909)
___________________________
1873 ..................... First language legislation recognizing bilingualism in Flanders
1879 ..................... First School Conflict (until 1884) over church-state relations
1884 ..................... Catholic party established
Settlement of school conflict by compromise agreement
1885 ..................... Belgian Workers Party established
Congo Free State receives international recognition with Leopold II as sovereign
1886 ..................... Strikes and violent demonstrations in Wallonia
1887 ..................... First social legislation
1893 ..................... Revision of Constitution establishes universal male suffrage with plural votes for qualified electors
1898 ..................... Dutch recognized as an official language
1908 ..................... Congo Free State becomes Belgian colony
1909 ..................... Death of Leopold II; succession of Albert
King Albert (1909-34)
_____________________
1913 ..................... Introduction of mandatory conscription
1914 ..................... Introduction of compulsory education
World War I begins; German occupation of Belgium
1916 ..................... Opening of Dutch-language university at Ghent by Germans
1917 ..................... Administrative separation of Flanders and Wallonia under occupation regime
Organization of Flemish soldiers in "Front Movement"
Council of Flanders founded under occupation regime
1918 ..................... End of World War I
1919 ..................... Treaty of Versailles, annexation of eastern German-speaking cantons
Introduction of universal male franchise
1921 ..................... Second revision of Constitution to legalize new franchise regulations
1922 ..................... Belgium-Luxembourg Economic Union formed
1925 ..................... Locarno Treaties
1930 ..................... Dutch-language university at Ghent established by Belgium
1931 ..................... Great Depression begins in Belgium
1932 ..................... Language legislation introduces unilingual administration for each community granting concessions to
minority language groups
1934 ..................... Albert dies; succession of Leopold III
King Leopold III (1934-51)
__________________________
1936 ..................... Return to strict neutrality
1939 ..................... World War II begins
1940 ..................... German invasion (May)
1944 ..................... Liberation
Prince Albert (regent) (1944-51)
________________________________
Start of Royal Question
Royal decree establishes Social Security system
Benelux convention signed, formed 1948
1947 ..................... Language census provokes controversy
1948 ..................... Women given right to vote
1949 ..................... North Atlantic Treaty Organization (NATO) founded
1950 ..................... Second School Conflict begins
1951 ..................... Leopold III abdicates in favor of son, Baudouin
King Baudouin (1951- )
______________________
1958 ..................... School Pact ends Second School Conflict
European Economic Community established
1960-61 .................. Austerity budget (loi