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- A GLOSSARY FOR BEGINNERS
- THE CHEAT SHEET
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- Address. Location of a specific piece of computer information in
- computer RAM memory. Also a specific cell location in a spreadsheet
- (e.g., address A22 in a spreadsheet: meaning the cell at
- intersection of column A, row 22.)
-
- [Alt] key. The key labeled Alt at the left of your keyboard.
- This key is often used by holding down Alt and hitting another
- key.
-
- Autoexec.bat. The batch file runs automatically when you start
- your computer it is a text file containing a list of DOS
- commands.
-
- Batch file (bat file). A text file containing a list of DOS
- commands to be carried out or executed.
-
- Cell. A single box in a spreadsheet used for data entry.
-
- Clock/calendar. An optional circuit which keeps the correct time
- and date. Many computers contain the circuit as standard
- equipment.
-
- Command line. The DOS command line where you type in a DOS
- command to cause work to be done. Example: c>Diskcopy a: b:
- is a command line.
-
- [Ctrl] key. The key labeled Ctrl at the left of your keyboard.
- This key is often used by holding down Ctrl and hitting another
- key. Also called control key.
-
- Cursor. The flashing bright square your screen which shows where
- information will appear when you press a key.
-
- Cylinder. A set of disk tracks at a specific location of a hard
- drive platter or set of platters which can be read or written
- simultaneously by the read/write heads. Conceptually, a cylinder
- looks something like an empty tin can with the top and bottom
- removed.
-
- Database. An organized collection of records or information.
-
- Default. A standard computer setting when nothing otherwise is
- specified. Can be changed in many programs temporarily or
- permanently. If you are not sure of a setting in a program, it
- may supply a default value automatically.
-
- Directory. An imaginary storage space on your disk which
- contains files.
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- DOS. Disk Operating System. DOS allows you to input information
- from the keyboard to the computer,run programs, prepare files
- for disks and other necessary tasks.
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- [Enter] key. The large key to the right of your keyboard. On
- many computers, this is labeled [Return].
-
- [Esc] key. The key on your computer labeled Esc, meaning Escape.
- This key allows you to abort many computer entries and
- operations.
-
- Extension. The last part of a filename, preceded by a dot which
- frequently shows the file type.
-
- External commands. DOS commands such as FORMAT (and others)
- which are retained only on disk and are temporarily loaded into
- ram for use then disappear from ram after a task is complete.
-
- Field. An area of the screen (frequently a database program)
- where data or text is entered. A field is essentially a category
- of information.
-
- File. A collection of data on a disk or in memory which has been
- grouped together. This can be the text of a document, numbers
- and formulas in a spreadsheet, or codes to run a program or
- application.
-
- Floppy or floppy drive. A permanent magnetic storage medium for
- retaining data when the computer is off. Similar to a tape
- cassette. It stores data, can be erased and re-used and
- modified.
-
- Function keys. The keys labeled F1 - F10 on your keyboard. Some
- computers have 12 function keys.
-
- Heads. A reference to the read/write heads of a floppy or hard
- drive. They are small electromagnetic coils attached to an arm
- which moves freely over the surface of the spinning platter or
- disk. Electric pulses to these coils creative small fields of
- magnetism on the spinning surface below the heads.
-
- High level formatting. Is a process performed to a hard disk
- after low level formatting (see below). This high level format
- creates the directory structure of the disk (or file allocation
- table area) which DOS will later use.
-
- Interleave factor. The spacing of non-consecutive sectors around
- the track of a hard disk. Usually this is given as a ratio.
- Optimal interleave spaces these non-consecutive sectors for
- optimum speedy data retrieval from the hard disk.
-
- LAN. Local area network. Circuits to allows several or many
- computers to talk to each other and share data. Of interest to
- business and office computer users, but of only passing interest
- to home and home/office users having only one machine.
-
- Low level format. A preliminary process which is usually done to
- a hard drive to prepare it for accepting data. Low level
- formatting establishes tracks and sectors on the disk so the
- drive can accept data and locate it for later retrieval.
- Normally this will destroy all previous data!
-
- Macro. A sequence of keystrokes or commands that can be recorded
- and played back to execute a program or task of data entry thus
- saving you keystrokes.
-
- Operating system. Another name for DOS. The essential "core"
- software which itself runs other programs and talks to the
- keyboard and printer.
-
- Parameter. Information sent to a program. Example: /p is the
- parameter of the DOS command dir/p.
-
- Parking the heads. Refers to the process of running a software
- program to cause the read/write heads of a hard disk mechanism
- to move to a track area of the disk which is of low use or is a
- designated safe zone. Somewhat like lifting the needle from a
- phonograph record and placing it on the "needle rest." This
- prevents the possibility that the heads will drop or otherwise
- gouge into the soft magnetic surface of the platters below. The
- heads are usually parked while the disk is spinning and once
- parked the machine is turned off. A few expensive hard drives
- automatically park the heads, but this is not common for most
- hard drive units.
-
- Partition. A subdivision which is created by the FDISK utility
- of DOS. A partition can be used to subdivide a hard disk into
- more than one logical drive (e.g., C: and D:) or run various
- operating systems from the same disk such as DOS and Unix. It is
- usually established after a preliminary high-level format
- process.
-
- Path. A list of subdirectories where DOS searches for
- information. You can set this with the DOS PATH command. The
- path command is usually set within the AUTOEXEC.BAT file
- mentioned above.
-
- Password. A word or phrase which must input at the keyboard
- before a program or operation can begin.
-
- Platter. The physical disk medium of a hard drive or floppy
- system onto which data is recorded and read back. Usually a
- platter refers to a hard drive disk which is aluminum and coated
- with a metallic iron oxide.
-
- RAM. Temporary memory in your computer (random access memory).
- When you turn the computer off, all RAM contents are lost until
- replaced from data stored on a disk.
-
- Record. A set of information elements in a database. For example
- the data Mr. Smith including his address, income, telephone
- number and occupation would together constitute a single record.
-
- Resident commands. DOS commands such as COPY, TYPE, DIR, DEL
- which are retained in RAM instead of disk. Also called internal
- commands.
-
- Resident program. Program(s) which are loaded into your computer
- temporarily and remain available until the computer is turned
- off. Resident programs are also known as TSR programs (terminate
- and stay resident.)
-
- Sector. The smallest unit of storage on a hard or floppy disk
- consisting of 512 bytes - typically there are either 17 or 26
- sectors per track on a hard drive.
-
- Track. Concentric rings or circles of data sectors on a disk
- platter which contain data and mark position points for the
- read/write heads.
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