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- REVIEWS, Page 68ARTTelling an Inner Life
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- By ROBERT HUGHES
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- EXHIBIT: EVA HESSE: A RETROSPECTIVE
- WHERE: Hirshhorn Museum, Washington
- WHAT: More than 100 Sculptures and Other Works
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- THE BOTTOM LINE: By making Minimalism personal and female,
- Hesse became a pivotal figure in American sculpture.
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- The retrospective of the work of Eva Hesse organized by
- the Yale University Art Gallery and now in its last weeks at
- the Hirshhorn Museum in Washington (it runs through Jan. 10) is
- one of the sleepers of the fall season. It deserves attention
- from anyone who cares about the history of art made by women in
- America -- and, in general, of sculpture since the 1960s. Hesse
- died of brain cancer in 1970 at 34, an age at which most
- artists' careers are barely under way. Yet no American sculptor
- in her generation has more to tell us, through her work, about
- being a woman. To an astonishing degree, she personalized
- Minimalism, the artistic context to which she belonged, taking
- it out of the constraints of theory and system and making it an
- instrument of feeling -- of telling an inner life.
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- If one had to pick a single object that epitomized the
- difference between Hesse's work and other images of the
- Minimalist movement, it would be Accession II, 1969. Quick first
- glimpse: a gray metal-mesh cube, 30 inches on a side, sitting
- on the museum floor like the rest of the industrially fabricated
- boxes -- Donald Judd's, for instance -- that typify Minimal
- sculpture. But a few seconds later, how differently it reads!
- Every pair of holes in the mesh has a strand of gray plastic
- tubing threaded through it, the ends pointing inward. The whole
- inside of the cube is lined with these enormous glossy hairs.
- You can't not see it as organic: sea anemone, vagina. And it
- refers back culturally too, since its obvious predecessor is
- that icon of oral sex in the Museum of Modern Art, Meret
- Oppenheim's fur-lined cup and spoon. What happens then to the
- famous hands-off character of Minimalism -- austere objects
- fabricated by remote control, factory-made to specifications
- issued by the artist?
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- Mental arithmetic, faced by this weird plastic plush --
- seven inches or so of tube per hole, 80 holes on each side --
- yields about 3 1/2 miles of plastic tubing; one imagines Hesse,
- who couldn't afford studio assistants, subjecting herself to a
- routine of repetitious semi-craftwork as punishing as any
- weaver's or assembly-line slave's, all in the interest of one
- restrained, tough, unappealing image that seems to oscillate
- between fear and desire, irony and alarm. There are boxes and
- boxes, but not many are as powerful as this one.
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- Probably Hesse's leaning to the personal, the bodily and
- the autobiographical would have come out in her art anyway --
- she began as a painter of Expressionist heads, vaguely along
- the lines of Munch's The Scream -- but it was certainly helped
- by a year's visit to the German city of Dusseldorf in 1964-65.
- There Hesse came to know the work of Joseph Beuys and the
- post-Dada Fluxus group. From that point on -- accelerated by her
- admiration for artists like Dubuffet and Claes Oldenburg -- she
- grew more and more interested in whatever did not pertain to
- sculpture as commonly understood. She backed away from
- sculpture's "male" rigidity, idealism and rhetorical clarity,
- which included the high-style rhetoric of Minimalism, and
- allowed her fascination with the female and the inward, not
- excluding the grotesque and the pathetic, to enlarge and
- eventually take over her growing image bank.
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- Even when Hesse's work seems entirely abstract, it refers
- to bodily functions. Hang Up, 1966, looks at first like a trope
- about illusion and reality -- the big rectangular frame hanging
- on the wall with nothing in it, but with a loop of steel tube
- spilling onto the gallery floor and connecting the frame's
- top-left to its bottom-right corner. But again, there's a fleshy
- metaphor -- both tube and frame are wrapped in cloth, like
- bandaged parts of a patient, and the tube seems to be
- recirculating some kind of fluid. Blood? Lymph? Fantasies? Even
- in absence, the body is somehow there, not as a simple metaphor
- but as an ironically suffering presence.
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- Since her death, Hesse has been the object of some
- mythmaking. She kept diaries, mostly fragmentary. These served
- her not only as a way of working out ideas but also as a dump
- for emotional neediness, frustration, the difficulty of
- achieving clarity in her work, the fear of madness, pain and
- death. As an "explanation" of Hesse's art, they have limited
- value. It's not uncommon to run across people who imagine that
- Hesse, a highly intelligent artist with deep wells of melancholy
- and self-doubt, actually committed suicide or was in some way
- immolated on the altars of a sexist art world. But she wasn't
- an art martyr, and this sort of lumpen-feminist romanticism is
- totally beside the point of Hesse's life. She was avid to live
- and knew that the cancer was killing her just at the moment that
- her work was reaching its full eloquence. This knowledge was
- unbearable, but she refused to let it paralyze her as an artist.
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- Her images are more than mere enactments of illness, still
- less of oppression. She left a deep mark on American sculpture,
- which this show documents, but she never wanted to see her work
- snugly categorized as women's art. Quite the contrary: she was
- a sculptor who, like all serious artists, wanted her work to
- join the general argument of modern images, uncramped by gender
- or race niches. "The best way to beat discrimination in art is
- by art," she brusquely replied to a list of questions a
- journalist sent her for an article on women artists. "Excellence
- has no sex."
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- Very old-fashioned of her, by the standards of cultural
- complaint we have in the early '90s. Nevertheless, she marked
- out a territory of feeling that has been assiduously mined by
- others since. Thus the work of her brief maturity still looks
- new. More than 20 years after her death, it is easy to see what
- was evident to only a few people during her life -- that Hesse
- was a marvelously gifted artist and a pivotal figure in American
- sculpture.
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