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- BUSINESS, Page 28Are America's Corporate Giants a Dying Breed?
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- The bigger they come, the harder they fall. Such corporate
- Goliaths as IBM and General Motors once dominated American
- industry. Now they hemorrhage billions of dollars in a single
- year. What happened? Like the dinosaurs that once roamed the
- earth, they failed to keep up with the times. "Nothing is
- forever," says Louis Lataif, dean of the Boston University
- School of Management. "None of us today could name the 50
- largest companies in America in 1900, but everyone alive at the
- time thought they would all go on forever."
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- Yet the turmoil that grips GM, IBM and other behemoths
- including Sears and American Express, is more than a matter of
- size and the inevitable cycles of change. Many giants manage to
- avoid hardening of the arteries. Du Pont, which is nearly 200
- years old, remains an industry leader in synthetic materials.
- Philip Morris started as a tobacco shop in 1847 but is now a $55
- billion-a-year company that sells everything from beer to
- breakfast cereal. General Electric managed to grow from light
- bulbs to jet engines, and Motorola from car radios to
- microchips.
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- Giants begin to falter when their managers, swollen with
- arrogance and complacency, allow themselves to lose touch with
- their customers. This happens most often at firms that maintain
- a rigid, top-down management style. "Big companies find that the
- challenges of keeping up with what's going on in the marketplace
- become infinitely greater as the companies get larger," says
- Walter Scott, a professor at Northwestern University's Kellogg
- Graduate School of Management. "The layers of management and
- perks isolate executives too much."
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- GM is an example of a firm that grew so rich and powerful
- that it became oblivious to the signals of changing times.
- Despite the oil crises of the 1970s and the Japanese challenge
- of the '80s, GM never put its heart into developing smaller,
- high-quality cars. It took a new division, Saturn, to develop
- GM's first winning U.S. small car. "When you're on top of the
- heap, there's a disdain for change, a disdain for new ideas,"
- says Lawrence Hrebiniak, a professor at the Wharton School. "It
- just goes with the territory, because you are No. 1."
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- Some Goliaths have stumbled by getting hooked on growth
- and expanding far afield from their core business. Sears took
- its eye off retailing in the 1980s to venture into stocks and
- bonds and real estate. As Sears diversified, highly focused
- retailers ate its bread and butter. Wal-Mart offered low prices,
- while Nordstrom boasted personal service. Now, with its flagship
- Sears stores in trouble, the company is getting back to basics
- by selling its Dean Witter brokerage house and most of its
- Coldwell Banker real estate firm. Sears is not the only
- respected name to get burned in the financial-services business;
- Westinghouse is painfully extricating itself from a fling in
- that industry that has cost it about $3 billion in losses.
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- Sometimes big companies need full-scale crises to force
- changes in their old habits. Ford came back from near bankruptcy
- in the 1980s by cutting costs and creating teams of workers and
- managers to design and build new cars. Such teamwork produced
- the Ford Taurus, which now vies with the Honda Accord for the
- title of best-selling car in the U.S.
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- To remain atop their industries, some large companies are
- trying to act more like flexible, small firms. GE holds regular
- sessions in which employees are invited to make suggestions for
- improving everything from products to packaging. It's not just
- talk; the bosses are expected to respond. Today's management
- buzz word is "horizontal structure," meaning that power is
- spread across a company rather than held by a few top managers
- in the traditional, vertical style. "The large companies in this
- country were built on a model that copied the military," says
- Margaret Blair, a Brookings Institution economist. But today,
- with global competition transforming the marketplace almost
- daily, Blair says, the old structures are too ponderous to work.
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- The real task for giant companies is to make change a
- welcome aspect of corporate life. "Doing well means continually
- challenging the premises of your business," says Kellogg's
- Scott. "It means having a vision and being restless and
- discontented with the status quo." If those guidelines sound
- daunting, the dangers of standing pat are painfully clear. Says
- Raymond Miles, a business professor at the University of
- California, Berkeley: "The world used to wait for the next IBM
- computer or the next Chevy. But no one is waiting now."
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- By John Greenwald. Reported by Kathryn Jackson Fallon and
- Jane Van Tassel/New York
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