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- COVER STORIES, Page 42THE NEW RUSSIA: POLICYA $2 Trillion Wish List
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- Russia requires money and expertise beyond what even the richest
- donor nations can provide. But the West should still do more.
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- By J.F.O. MCALLISTER/WASHINGTON - With reporting by James O.
- Jackson/Bonn and Ann M. Simmons/Moscow
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- Americans want to concentrate on American problems. But
- as Bill Clinton acknowledged during the campaign, they can
- afford to do so only to the extent that the rest of the world
- remains stable. The more successful Russia is at remaking itself
- into a free-market democracy, the more time and treasure
- Clinton can devote to domestic needs. That will require, as
- Clinton has noted, a substantial U.S. investment in Russia's
- future up front.
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- Other Western governments agree that Boris Yeltsin needs
- a visible helping hand to survive. But the experts keep debating
- how best to extend it. A few call for pumping in more money
- faster, even if Russia fails to reach basic economic reform
- targets right away. Some even favor subsidizing selected state
- firms until they learn to make things the market wants. The
- trouble is that easing up on reform only prolongs the pain of
- converting people and resources to productive uses, and fuels
- the inflation that is so corrosive to democratic government.
- "Successful economic reform can't be turned on and off for
- political reasons," says a U.S. official.
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- Nor is there widespread agreement on how much to give.
- West Germans were shocked at the $100 billion annual tab for
- integrating their 16 million formerly communist kinsmen; even
- though eastern Germany can plug into a ready-made legal and
- commercial system, economic parity could take 20 years. A
- comparable effort for the former Soviet republics would cost
- $1.8 trillion a year.
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- Nevertheless, ensuring a stable and prosperous Russia is
- of vital interest to the whole world. The republics have more
- than 2 million soldiers, a score of Chernobyl clones, the
- potential to flood Poland and Germany with hundreds of thousands
- of refugees -- and to become a big market and political partner
- if things work out right. But with recession gripping the West,
- generosity comes hard, especially when donors fear that Russia's
- economic chaos will simply swallow up limitless funds.
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- Most Russians still feel they are not getting enough.
- "We're pretending to reform, and you're pretending to help us,"
- goes the Moscow saying. But both the reform and the aid are
- real, if short of ideal. Together, Europe, Japan, Canada and the
- U.S. have given or loaned $81 billion to the 10 members of the
- Commonwealth of Independent States since 1990. More than
- two-thirds comes from Bonn, eager to finance the departure of
- Soviet soldiers. The U.S. share of $9.2 billion includes $5.5
- billion in loans for Russian purchases from American farms.
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- This year's pledge from the major industrialized countries
- was $24 billion, half in direct grants and credits and half
- from the International Monetary Fund, World Bank and official
- debt rescheduling. Moscow should collect nearly $18 billion
- directly from donor countries by the end of the year, but the
- multilateral agencies have stalled. They require Russia to meet
- rigorous reform targets -- like 9% monthly inflation, vs. the
- real 30% rate -- that the country is nowhere near attaining.
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- The mismatch between the needs of the republics and the
- foreign resources available is no excuse for a stingy hand on
- the purse strings. Western humanitarian aid during the past year
- provided food and medicine to hungry Russians who might
- otherwise have turned into an angry mob.
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- Now donors must look to long-term assistance that will
- help the new countries build the basic institutions of market
- economies and learn how to run them. One hundred Peace Corps
- volunteers arrived in Moscow last week; half have M.B.A.s, and
- several are company presidents. They will spend two years
- staffing small business advisory centers all over Russia.
- Officials from the republics are taking Capitalism and Democracy
- 101 at a Vienna institute. Donors are shifting resources to "hoe
- and shovel people" who will immerse themselves in teaching
- Russians how to solve their own problems.
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- But nothing that has been done so far relieves Western
- governments of the responsibility of -- and self-interest in --
- doing more. Clinton's advisers recognize the importance of
- helping Yeltsin with hard cash as well as rhetoric, but have not
- reached any decision on whether to back an expanded aid program
- or how tightly to tie payouts to reforms. The new Administration
- will try to thread this needle by pushing for the fastest
- possible delivery of aid already in the pipeline, emphasizing
- technical help in regions where reform is percolating fastest
- and raising public awareness of how much America has at stake
- in Russia.
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- Even if the West becomes much more charitable, the
- enormous scale of the problem means that Lenin's heirs will have
- to right their economy largely by themselves. But it is
- important to convince Russians that they do not bear their
- burdens alone.
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