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- SPECIAL ISSUE: MILLENNIUM -- BEYOND THE YEAR 2000 LOOKING BACK, Page 21Why China Missed Its Big Chance
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- When Father Matteo Ricci and his fellow Jesuit missionaries
- visited Beijing in 1601, they brought two clocks of Italian
- design as gifts for the Emperor Wan Li. The larger of the two
- astounded his courtiers, Ricci later wrote, because it was "a
- work the like of which had never been seen, nor heard in Chinese
- history."
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- In fact, as historian Daniel J. Boorstin recounted in The
- Discoverers, 500 years earlier a civil servant named Su Sung
- had built a remarkably accurate astronomical clock for his
- Emperor. But when a new ruler was crowned in 1094, officials,
- according to custom, decreed that his predecessor's calendar had
- been faulty. Su Sung's 30-ft.-tall "heavenly clockwork" was
- abandoned. By the 17th century, it was a legend known to only a
- few scholars.
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- Su Sung's clock points to a great historical puzzle. Why
- did China, where so many things were invented, exploit its
- creativity so poorly? The Chinese discovered paper and movable
- type, yet the country was virtually illiterate until the 20th
- century. Gunpowder was also invented in China, yet its cannons
- were inferior to those made by Europeans. China's bustling
- cities, despite their vitality, never stimulated the
- intellectual ferment that in Europe led to innovation.
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- Part of the explanation is the dominant role in China's
- history played by the bureaucracy, which was intensely
- conservative, and by Confucian philosophy, which emphasized
- order, continuity and stability. Ricci noted that the Chinese
- word for their country, Thienhia, meant "everything under the
- heavens." Believing that China was superior to other nations,
- officials of the imperial court were leery of innovation and
- humiliated to learn that something had been done better
- elsewhere. Like its artists, historian J.M. Roberts notes,
- China's governing elite "strove to imitate and emulate the
- best, but the best was always past."
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