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- TRAVELER'S NOTES, Page 13There Is Hope for Africa
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- By Jimmy Carter
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- While on a visit to the Carter Center projects in 10
- African countries, I read TIME concerning "The Agony of Africa."
- This was a heartrending description of the continent, with
- which I agree. It is true that much of the suffering is
- self-inflicted and some African leaders have betrayed their own
- people. It is also true that many of the catastrophic conditions
- have been caused and are being perpetuated by the greed of
- debtors, the inefficiency of international agencies and the
- priorities of most major donors who now concentrate their
- support on Eastern Europe and the fragmented Soviet Union. But
- the courageous struggles of the African people toward peace,
- democracy and a better life deserve recognition and support.
-
- I had not been to Africa since last October, when our
- center led an international group that monitored a successful
- multiparty election in Zambia. The new government is typical of
- a rapidly growing number of democracies in Africa that are
- struggling to establish free markets and new opportunities for
- the people despite natural disasters and treasuries robbed or
- wasted by predecessor regimes.
-
- We began this trip in Ethiopia. I have been to Addis Ababa
- many times, but am always surprised at the lush greenness and
- precision farming around the capital city. After overthrowing
- the communist regime of Mengistu Haile Mariam, acting President
- Meles Zenawi is attempting to implement a free-market system,
- protecting human rights, forming an independent judiciary and
- sharing political power in this poorest of all nations. With
- some degree of luck and moderate assistance, Ethiopia can become
- the most dramatic example of progress in recent history.
-
- We went to Togo, where opposing leaders had ended months
- of violence by announcing a political accord and a firm
- election schedule the day I arrived. I consulted for hours with
- President Gnassingbe Eyadema, Prime Minister Joseph Kokou
- Koffigoh and leaders of the major political parties. Although
- accused of serious human-rights violations in the past, Eyadema
- led all the others in urging me to help assemble a body of
- international observers to ensure that honest elections are held
- as scheduled in December. This is an encouraging sign that often
- delayed plans for multiparty democracy will be completed. Togo
- will soon become the third African country to mount Guinea-worm
- eradication programs in all endemic villages.
-
- Cotonou, Benin, is a city already transformed by
- democratic elections and new freedoms, despite the country's
- continuing poverty. The formerly drab and relatively lifeless
- streets bustled with activity during our visit. President
- Nicephore Soglo, who won a free election last year, is
- struggling to reform the nation's economy by privatizing
- industry, promoting free trade and rebuilding the agricultural
- system.
-
- After a two-hour drive northward, we visited one of our
- Global 2000 agricultural projects. At the end of their second
- year in this program, farmers were weighing, storing and
- treating their corn harvest to prevent insect damage. Still
- produced with rudimentary hand tools, their yields were three
- times as large as any they had seen before. Directed by Nobel
- laureate Norman Borlaug, the staff of one Senegalese scientist
- has trained and supervises 131 native agricultural-extension
- workers. We have found the 150,000 farmers in this program in
- six African countries to be eager to learn, hardworking, regular
- in paying their debts and examples for their neighbors to
- emulate.
-
- Mali has a new democratic government, but in Niamey,
- Niger, there is neither a free democracy nor an exuberant
- spirit. A military general is the head of state, but has been
- stripped of most of his power by a national assembly. Political
- leaders seem convinced that a move to democracy, perhaps next
- year, is the only hope for peace and a better future. Peace in
- both Mali and Niger is threatened by Tuareg rebels, pastoral
- nomads who have suffered from years of drought and feel that
- their plight has been ignored by their central governments.
-
- In Dakar, Senegal, we completed a two-day session of the
- International Negotiation Network, analyzing with African
- leaders the dozen existing wars and five other emerging
- conflicts that threaten peace and prog ress on the continent.
- I discussed this work with President Abdou Diouf, whose
- coalition government will be facing the voters in February 1993.
- Diouf, who is presently chairman of the Organization of African
- Unity, supports a stronger role for the organization in
- peacekeeping and in the monitoring of democratic elections.
-
- As is true in other West African nations, Senegal's
- primary international concern is Liberia's lack of progress
- toward peace and the threat of further expanding the present
- conflict into neighboring states. Recently, Liberian troops
- moved from Sierra Leone into the northwestern parts of Liberia,
- occupying territory formerly controlled by Charles Taylor and
- his National Patriotic Front of Liberia forces. International
- troops from several West African nations were supposed to
- maintain the status quo and perpetuate a shaky cease-fire, but
- the distrust and hatred of Taylor, his equal lack of confidence
- in the neutrality of the international troops and the almost
- total lack of communications among the opposing forces are
- likely to transform this tenuous stalemate into another major
- war.
-
- These experiences in the sub-Saharan region of Africa
- demonstrate vividly the poverty of the continent, but also the
- possibility of a better life as democracies emerge and people
- are able to realize benefits from free trade and improved health
- and food production. Unless human suffering is alleviated, the
- continent is threatened by a rejection of democracy and
- increasing conflicts, like those among the competing ethnic
- groups of Ethiopia, the nomadic Tuaregs and the skirmishing
- military powers in Liberia. These are the kinds of civil wars
- that are rarely addressed by the United Nations or even noticed
- in much of the industrialized world. With understanding and
- help, the agony in Africa can be alleviated.
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