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- REVIEWS, Page 80BOOKSWhere the Buck Stopped
-
-
- By WALTER ISAACSON
-
- TITLE: Truman
- AUTHOR: David McCullough
- PUBLISHER: Simon & Schuster; 1,117 pages; $30
-
- THE BOTTOM LINE: A relentlessly detailed biography
- celebrates America's favorite common-man President.
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- "Who knows," a young Harry Truman wrote to his future wife
- Bess, "maybe I'll be like Cincinnatus and be elected constable
- someday." The ideal of the noble citizen reluctantly laying down
- his plow to spend a few years cleaning up his government is
- deeply appealing to most Americans, especially now during this
- open season on professional politicians. Such sentiments account
- for the burst of enthusiasm greeting Ross Perot and for the
- best-sellerdom that inevitably awaits David McCullough's loving
- and richly detailed megabiography of Truman.
-
- In the search for historic analogies to the Perot
- phenomenon, Truman's name is often cited, sometimes by Perot
- himself. On the surface, the comparison makes sense. Both men
- were feisty bantams, unvarnished, blunt and unplagued by the
- shadows that afflict the excessively reflective. But there is,
- in fact, a fundamental difference: unlike the computocratic
- uncandidate, Harry Truman was an unabashed politician, one who
- relished all the trappings, from honest patronage to
- whistle-stop campaigning. A doggedly unsuccessful dirt farmer
- and failed haberdasher, he entered politics out of need for a
- job and rose from the county courthouse to the Senate clubhouse
- and finally the White House largely owing to the backing of T.J.
- Pendergast and other big-city bosses.
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- Indeed, Truman represented one of the last great triumphs
- of old-fashioned politics, and McCullough's tome serves as a
- reminder of how well the system worked in the bad old days
- before reformers blessed the nation with openness and primaries.
- In one of the most vivid of this book's procession of vivid
- tales, McCullough recounts how the Democratic bosses and party
- elders -- led by Ed Flynn of the Bronx -- concluded in 1944 that
- Franklin Roosevelt was unlikely to survive another term and that
- the overly progressive Henry Wallace had to be dumped from the
- ticket. In the proverbial smoke-filled rooms at the Chicago
- convention, with Roosevelt paying little heed from afar, they
- decided that the reliable Senator from Missouri -- an honest man
- of bright gray hues and appealing populist pugnacity -- was best
- suited to be the next President.
-
- And they were right. The scene of Vice President Truman,
- on the day Roosevelt died in 1945, getting the fateful summons
- from the White House while drinking bourbon in Speaker Sam
- Rayburn's hideaway has been colorfully retold many times, most
- notably in Truman's own folksy memoirs and Robert Donovan's
- delightfully readable two-volume history of the Truman years.
- What McCullough provides -- as he did for Teddy Roosevelt in
- Mornings on Horseback and for the Panama Canal in The Path
- Between the Seas -- is a sense of historic sweep. The onset of
- the cold war, the Marshall Plan, the seizure of the steel mills,
- the Korean War and the sacking of General Douglas MacArthur all
- read like chapters from an epic novel, and best of all is the
- wild whistle-stop campaign of 1948, where "Give 'Em Hell" Harry
- defied the pundits and drew tumultuous crowds to win the most
- famous upset in American history. McCullough also lovingly
- captures Truman's sparkle by drawing on the marvelous trove of
- letters he wrote.
-
- McCullough's main weakness is one he shares with Truman:
- he occasionally fails to wrestle with the moral complexities of
- policy. Truman took justifiable pride in his feel for right and
- wrong, but he was an unreflective man at times, a proudly
- untroubled non-Hamlet.
-
- Take, for example, Truman's crucial decision to allow the
- first and last wartime uses of the atom bomb. McCullough
- peremptorily dismisses the critics, saying that it was for
- Truman a simple judgment that use of the Bomb would eliminate
- the need to invade Japan and thus would, and did, save lives.
- That is probably true. But the juncture between personality and
- politics that is both interesting and troubling, though not so
- much to McCullough, is that Truman took this fateful step almost
- by default, with little agonizing or moral debate or formal
- consideration.
-
- There were complex alternatives that could have been more
- fully considered by the President, such as issuing a clear
- warning to Japan that the U.S. had created an atomic weapon,
- perhaps combined with a demonstration detonation and a surrender
- ultimatum that made clear that Japan could retain its Emperor.
- Likewise McCullough skirts the tortured debate on "atomic
- diplomacy," reducing it to the question of whether the Bomb was
- dropped in part to frighten the Soviets and then quickly
- dismissing this theory without exploring the complexities of
- revisionist arguments over the causes of the cold war.
-
- Like Truman, McCullough has little use for academic
- theorizing; instead his marvelous feel for history is based on
- an appreciation of colorful tales and an insight into
- personalities. In this compelling saga of America's greatest
- common-man President, McCullough adds luster to an old-fashioned
- historical approach that is regaining respect: the sweeping
- narrative, filled with telling details and an appreciation of
- the role individuals play in shaping the world.
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