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- CULTURE, Page 72THE TOMB OF QUEEN NEFERTARIMummy Dearest
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- Damaged by humidity and humanity, the wall paintings
- memorializing the favorite wife of King Ramses II are gloriously
- restored
-
- By DEAN FISCHER/LUXOR
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- Of the several queens of the legendary Egyptian Pharaoh
- Ramses II (1290-1223 B.C.), none outshone Nefertari. She was
- Ramses' favorite wife, and by all accounts his loveliest. For
- her death, Ramses commissioned a subterranean tomb in the Valley
- of the Queens near Thebes, where she was portrayed in lustrous
- wall paintings by the leading artists of the kingdom.
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- Nefertari's tomb, lost for three millenniums, was
- discovered in 1904. Its treasures had been looted, probably in
- antiquity, and its wall paintings had deteriorated. By 1940, in
- fact, the decay had become so severe that Egyptian authorities
- closed the tomb to the public. It seemed to have become yet
- another endangered landmark of ancient Egyptian civilization.
- But in 1986 the Egyptian Antiquities Organization and the Getty
- Conservation Institute of Santa Monica, Calif., embarked on a
- $4 million restoration project. The dramatic results were
- unveiled last week. Although access to the tomb will be limited
- for two years to scientists, scholars and visiting dignitaries
- while the heat and humidity of the tomb are monitored, the joint
- E.A.O.-Getty effort has retrieved a priceless cultural heritage
- and, where the paintings are concerned, one of the finest
- artistic achievements of the Pharaonic Age.
-
- The work was carried out under the supervision of the
- Getty's director, Miguel Angel Corzo, a Spaniard. When he began
- six years ago, he faced a formidable task. Paint was flaking
- and chunks of plaster were detached from the limestone walls.
- Insects nested in corners. Egyptian officials had glued large
- squares of cloth to the walls to prevent them from collapsing
- and had suspended a net to catch portions of falling ceiling
- plaster.
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- Corzo's scientific experts identified the two primary
- causes of damage to the tomb: humidity and humanity. They
- theorized that the deterioration before the tomb's discovery was
- the result of a flood that occurred between 100 B.C. and A.D.
- 100. The scientists' studies also showed that the presence of
- 17 people inside the tomb for a mere half an hour could raise
- the relative humidity from 30% to 50%, more than high enough to
- allow bacteria to grow.
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- Corzo brought in a celebrated Italian husband-and-wife
- team of art restorers, Paolo and Laura Mora, who led six
- Italian and four Egyptian conservators in a year-long emergency
- campaign. They applied 10,000 strips of Japanese mulberry-bark
- paper to the walls and ceilings like Band-Aids, to keep plaster
- from crumbling and paint from flaking. Then began the
- painstaking work of restoration. The conservators swabbed every
- square inch of the tomb with distilled water, gently removing
- the accumulation of 3,000 years of dust and soot. In some areas,
- they chiseled the layers of plaster and paint from the wall,
- using the mulberry-bark strips as hinges, to clean the limestone
- walls of the cave and repair salt fractures.
-
- The conservation process took four years. No retouching of
- the original paint was allowed; the purpose was to preserve
- rather than enhance. Areas where paint and plaster had
- disappeared were left bare. But many of the murals are
- remarkably intact, the colors as rich and vivid as if they had
- been applied yesterday.
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- Corzo notes that the artisans who labored in the tomb
- three millenniums ago left unexpected evidence of their
- fallibility. The rows of stars in the funerary ceiling were kept
- straight by strings stretched from wall to wall. In the
- sarcophagus chamber, conservators discovered a row of
- fingerprints left along a string line by a careless craftsman.
- In one corner, a contractor had scratched in hieroglyphics his
- accounting of work completed. And on one pillar, Nefertari's
- flesh-toned cheek is splotched with blue ceiling paint. Could
- it be that she died before the tomb was completed and the
- artisans in their haste failed to remove the blemish? Rather
- than a distraction from Nefertari's beauty, the imperfection
- serves as a bridge of human identification spanning the ages.
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