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- AMERICA ABROAD, Page 61Why the People Cheer the Bad Guys in a Coup
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- By Strobe Talbott
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- For about a decade, Democracy has been on a roll. The
- revolution began in Latin America, as one junta after another
- gave way to an elected civilian government. Then, with the
- collapse of Soviet communism, people power spread to Eastern
- Europe and much of Eurasia. In several areas of Africa and the
- Far East too, despotism and minority rule are on the defensive
- or in retreat.
-
- Recently, however, there have been stirrings of
- counterrevolution. Again the early warning signs are in Latin
- America. In February an obscure Venezuelan army officer, Lieut.
- Colonel Hugo Chavez Frias, came within a hairbreadth of toppling
- President Carlos Andres Perez. Three weeks ago, President
- Alberto Fujimori of Peru pulled off an auto-golpe, or self-coup,
- and in effect imposed martial law.
-
- What was most disturbing, and certainly most paradoxical,
- about both these flagrantly antidemocratic actions was that they
- had widespread local support. Just before he was hauled off to
- jail, Chavez, resplendent in his uniform, was allowed to make
- a televised valedictory. He was a great hit, not just in the
- fetid barrios around Caracas but in many middle-class households
- as well. Likewise, when Fujimori threw in his lot with his own
- restless colonels and put many legislators under house arrest,
- his popularity initially skyrocketed.
-
- There's a lesson here: to sustain a stable democracy, a
- country needs more than elections and a parliament; it also
- needs a strong state. Once elected, politicians must be able to
- provide basic services to the population as a whole and to stand
- up to special interests such as Big Labor, the military
- establishment, the monied elite and organized crime. Otherwise,
- regardless of how legitimately they came into office, leaders
- will lose that legitimacy where it matters most, in the eyes of
- their own constituents.
-
- That's what happened in Peru, a country burdened with
- appalling poverty, gaping social and racial inequalities, and
- a brutal, beleaguered military that is fighting two guerrilla
- movements and the personal armies of various drug lords. When
- so much of the populace fears death by starvation, disease or
- gunfire, the state is not just weak -- it has virtually ceased
- to exist. When the people see themselves as victims rather than
- beneficiaries of the system, they have little use for the ballot
- box and little regard for constitutional procedure. All they
- want is a modicum of safety, equity and discipline, which is
- what Fujimori and the Peruvian military are promising.
-
- Venezuela is a more complicated case. It is one of the
- oldest democracies in Latin America. It is also, not
- coincidentally, one of the most prosperous nations in the
- region. While Peru is cursed with the deadliest of exports,
- cocaine, Venezuela is blessed with vast petroleum reserves.
-
- But therein, ironically, lies part of the reason for the
- February coup. In the '70s, when Perez first served as
- President, the world price of oil tripled. Suddenly awash in
- petrodollars, Perez's government splurged on public works and
- inefficient state-owned enterprises. Kickbacks, bribes and
- currency scams became fairly common business practices. The
- middle class could patronize private clinics and schools. Since
- almost everyone had a piece of the action, few complained.
-
- When Perez returned to the presidency a little more than
- three years ago, the boom was over, and he was like a reformed
- alcoholic preaching fiscal temperance. He cut government
- spending, moved to privatize industries and embarked on what was
- in many ways a model program for the developing world.
-
- But like the consolidation of democratic rule, the
- transition from socialism to a free-market economy requires a
- strong state. Venezuela today barely qualifies. Perez II is
- saddled with the legacy of Perez I. Many of those
- high-visibility projects that he unveiled in his first term have
- become rusted and potholed monuments to governmental
- incompetence. The reputation for corruption that many
- bureaucrats, businessmen, bankers, judges and journalists
- acquired back in the '70s and '80s now feeds cynicism and
- alienation in those sectors of society that are feeling the
- crunch of austerity. No longer able to afford expensive
- alternatives, the middle class has had to reacquaint itself with
- the inadequacies of public health and education.
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- It's against that backdrop that so many Venezuelans,
- otherwise a sophisticated people, could hail as a hero a
- banana-republic primitive like Colonel Chavez.
-
- Something similar could happen elsewhere, and not only in
- Latin America. Throughout the former Soviet bloc, the new
- leaders are asking their citizens to pay for the sins of the old
- regime; they are embarked on free-market reforms that entail
- massive hardships in the short and middle run. And they are
- doing all this without the benefit of a strong state. For
- decades, the Soviet-style state was identified with a defunct
- ideology and with corrupt, repressive institutions, notably the
- Communist Party. Now those institutions have self-destructed,
- opening the way for both freedom and its dark underside, which
- is anarchy.
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- In such conditions, a character like Chavez could emerge
- any day from the barracks, or one like Fujimori from the
- presidential palace, to proclaim himself the champion of the
- people's fears and frustrations. And it's all too easy to
- imagine the crowds cheering.
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