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- MAN OF THE YEAR, Page 42CON MEN OF THE YEARMasters of Deceit.
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- By S.C. Gwynne
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- They were both self-made men who built their empires on
- the ill-placed confidence of lenders and investors. One of the
- con men was a Pakistani banker who exercised influence from
- Washington to Beijing but was in fact running a financial
- supermarket for criminals. The other was a 300-lb. tabloid
- tycoon whose fatal plunge into the Atlantic was one of the most
- bizarre finales in business history. When their empires came
- crashing down in 1991, the debacles raised pointed questions
- about the laxity of financial regulations around the world.
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- Agha Hasan Abedi, founder of the Bank of Credit & Commerce
- International, ranks as one of the great criminal minds of his
- time, a man who built a financial web that is unlikely ever to
- be completely understood. In fact, B.C.C.I. might have endured
- longer had Abedi not fallen gravely ill in the late 1980s. The
- frail 68-year-old could only watch from his estate in Karachi
- when the branches of his bank were seized in 69 countries last
- July.
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- Of B.C.C.I.'s $20 billion or more in assets last year,
- less than $2 billion is recoverable, the bank's liquidators
- say. Most of that money disappeared in outright theft,
- uncollectible loans, bribes and losses on trading. The bank's
- collapse has meant disaster for more than 1 million depositors.
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- Abedi made connections with power elites worldwide, from
- corporations like BankAmerica to officials like former President
- Jimmy Carter, whose charitable foundations received $10 million
- in donations. On its darker side, B.C.C.I. provided services for
- Panamanian leader Manuel Noriega, the Medellin cocaine cartel
- and terrorist organizations around the world. The most nefarious
- aspect of B.C.C.I. was its "black network," which engaged in
- terrorism, intimidation and paramilitary actions.
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- The most prominent victim of Abedi's flimflam operation
- was the man whose wealth helped finance B.C.C.I.: Sheik Zayed
- bin Sultan al-Nahayan of Abu Dhabi, President of the United
- Arab Emirates. Investigators say approximately $2 billion of
- Zayed's own money, along with $7 billion in Abu Dhabi state
- funds, has disappeared into the bank's black hole. In the U.S.,
- B.C.C.I.'s secret ownership of Washington's largest bank, First
- American, implicated former Defense Secretary Clark Clifford.
- As chairman of First American, Clifford had denied that B.C.C.I.
- controlled the Washington bank; he and his partner, Robert
- Altman, now face possible criminal indictment. On Dec. 19,
- prosecutors and liquidators reached an agreement for B.C.C.I.
- to plead guilty to U.S. racketeering charges; it will also
- forfeit $550 million to shore up American banks it owned and
- reimburse depositors and creditors in other countries.
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- The Robert Maxwell case was stranger than most tabloid
- tales. The Czechoslovak-born press baron had created an empire
- financed largely through illusion, yet his holdings included the
- London Daily Mirror, New York City's Daily News and Macmillan,
- the U.S. book publisher. In assembling his web of 400
- companies, Maxwell piled up debts, apparently without unduly
- alarming the dozens of banks and other lenders that let him
- borrow a sum now estimated at $7 billion.
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- Suddenly, just as creditors were beginning to wise up,
- Maxwell disappeared from his 180-ft. yacht and was found
- floating near the Canary Islands. An autopsy ruled that he died
- of either a heart attack or drowning, or a combination of the
- two. But as investigators sifted through the mess he left
- behind, the suspicion grew that "Cap'n Bob" had deliberately
- abandoned ship. The most shocking discovery was that he had
- secretly and improperly "borrowed" $1 billion from worker
- pension funds to keep his companies afloat. While Maxwell's son
- Kevin struggles to manage what's left of the family holdings,
- most of the legacy is likely to be liquidated.
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- How could the financial cops have allowed two such blatant
- scandals to take place? Part of the answer is that the
- international financial system is rife with offshore tax havens,
- secrecy laws and virtually unregulated banking zones. Maxwell's
- family trusts were incorporated in Liechtenstein, and B.C.C.I.
- was incorporated in Luxembourg. Both countries are known for
- their lax regulation. In each case, the con men made billions
- of dollars disappear through the world's cracks and loopholes.
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