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LS(1L) LS(1L)
NNAAMMEE
ls, dir, vdir - list contents of directories
SSYYNNOOPPSSIISS
llss [-abcdfgiklmnpqrstuxABCFGLNQRSUX1] [-w cols] [-T cols]
[-I pattern] [--all] [--escape] [--directory] [--inode]
[--kilobytes] [--numeric-uid-gid] [--no-group] [--hide-
control-chars] [--reverse] [--size] [--width=cols] [--tab-
size=cols] [--almost-all] [--ignore-backups] [--classify]
[--file-type] [--full-time] [--ignore=pattern] [--derefer-
ence] [--literal] [--quote-name] [--recursive]
[--sort={none,time,size,extension}] [--for-
mat={long,verbose,commas,across,vertical,single-column}]
[--time={atime,access,use,ctime,status}] [--help] [--ver-
sion] [path...]
DDEESSCCRRIIPPTTIIOONN
This manual page documents the GNU version of llss. ddiirr and
vvddiirr are versions of llss with different default output for-
mats. These programs list each given file or directory
path. Directory contents are sorted alphabetically. For
llss, files are by default listed in columns, sorted verti-
cally, if the standard output is a terminal; otherwise
they are listed one per line. For ddiirr, files are by
default listed in columns, sorted vertically. For vvddiirr,
files are by default listed in long format.
OOPPTTIIOONNSS
_-_a_, _-_-_a_l_l
List all files in directories, including all files
that start with `.'.
_-_b_, _-_-_e_s_c_a_p_e
Quote nongraphic characters in file names using
alphabetic and octal backslash sequences like those
used in C.
_-_c_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_c_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_s_t_a_t_u_s
Sort directory contents according to the files'
status change time instead of the modification
time. If the long listing format is being used,
print the status change time instead of the modifi-
cation time.
_-_d_, _-_-_d_i_r_e_c_t_o_r_y
List directories like other files, rather than
listing their contents.
_-_f Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. The same
as enabling _-_a and _-_U and disabling _-_l_, _-_s_, and _-_t_.
_-_-_f_u_l_l_-_t_i_m_e
List times in full, rather than using the standard
FSF GNU File Utilities 1
LS(1L) LS(1L)
abbreviation heuristics.
_-_g Ignored; for Unix compatibility.
_-_i_, _-_-_i_n_o_d_e
Print the index number of each file to the left of
the file name.
_-_k_, _-_-_k_i_l_o_b_y_t_e_s
If file sizes are being listed, print them in kilo-
bytes. This overrides the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT.
_-_l_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_l_o_n_g_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_b_o_s_e
In addition to the name of each file, print the
file type, permissions, number of hard links, owner
name, group name, size in bytes, and timestamp (the
modification time unless other times are selected).
For files with a time that is more than 6 months
old or more than 1 hour into the future, the times-
tamp contains the year instead of the time of day.
_-_m_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_c_o_m_m_a_s
List files horizontally, with as many as will fit
on each line, separated by commas.
_-_n_, _-_-_n_u_m_e_r_i_c_-_u_i_d_-_g_i_d
List the numeric UID and GID instead of the names.
_-_p Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type.
_-_q_, _-_-_h_i_d_e_-_c_o_n_t_r_o_l_-_c_h_a_r_s
Print question marks instead of nongraphic charac-
ters in file names.
_-_r_, _-_-_r_e_v_e_r_s_e
Sort directory contents in reverse order.
_-_s_, _-_-_s_i_z_e
Print the size of each file in 1K blocks to the
left of the file name. If the environment variable
POSIXLY_CORRECT is set, 512-byte blocks are used
instead.
_-_t_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_t_i_m_e
Sort directory contents by timestamp instead of
alphabetically, with the newest files listed first.
_-_u_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_t_i_m_e_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_a_c_c_e_s_s_, _-_-_t_i_m_e_=_u_s_e
Sort directory contents according to the files'
last access time instead of the modification time.
If the long listing format is being used, print the
last access time instead of the modification time.
FSF GNU File Utilities 2
LS(1L) LS(1L)
_-_x_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_a_c_r_o_s_s_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_h_o_r_i_z_o_n_t_a_l
List the files in columns, sorted horizontally.
_-_A_, _-_-_a_l_m_o_s_t_-_a_l_l
List all files in directories, except for `.' and
`..'.
_-_B_, _-_-_i_g_n_o_r_e_-_b_a_c_k_u_p_s
Do not list files that end with `~', unless they
are given on the command line.
_-_C_, _-_-_f_o_r_m_a_t_=_v_e_r_t_i_c_a_l
List files in columns, sorted vertically.
_-_F_, _-_-_c_l_a_s_s_i_f_y
Append a character to each file name indicating the
file type. For regular files that are executable,
append a `*'. The file type indicators are `/' for
directories, `@' for symbolic links, `|' for FIFOs,
`=' for sockets, and nothing for regular files.
_-_G_, _-_-_n_o_-_g_r_o_u_p
Inhibit display of group information in a long for-
mat directory listing.
_-_L_, _-_-_d_e_r_e_f_e_r_e_n_c_e
List the files linked to by symbolic links instead
of listing the contents of the links.
_-_N_, _-_-_l_i_t_e_r_a_l
Do not quote file names.
_-_Q_, _-_-_q_u_o_t_e_-_n_a_m_e
Enclose file names in double quotes and quote non-
graphic characters as in C.
_-_R_, _-_-_r_e_c_u_r_s_i_v_e
List the contents of all directories recursively.
_-_S_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_s_i_z_e
Sort directory contents by file size instead of
alphabetically, with the largest files listed
first.
_-_U_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_n_o_n_e
Do not sort directory contents; list them in what-
ever order they are stored on the disk. This
option is not called _-_f because the Unix llss _-_f
option also enables _-_a and disables _-_l, _-_s, and _-_t.
It seems useless and ugly to group those unrelated
things together in one option. Since this option
doesn't do that, it has a different name.
FSF GNU File Utilities 3
LS(1L) LS(1L)
_-_X_, _-_-_s_o_r_t_=_e_