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-
- ABOUT THIS PROGRAM
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- Name : Simpson
- Version : 1.00 (10 Mar 1996)
- Purpose : Approximate integration using Simpson's Rule
- Author : © Andrew Berry, 1996
- Licence : Freeware. Please see conditions at the end of this file.
-
- Simpson supports Interactive Help.
-
-
- PURPOSE
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- Simpson is a program to calculate integrals using Simpson's rule. Although
- Simpson's rule is, in theory, an approximate method, it is usually accurate
- to 2 or 3 significant figures when 3 or 5 ordinates are used, becoming
- accurate to about the 6th significant figure when using many more
- ordinates.
-
- This program will be useful when calculating the integrals of functions
- which you are unable to integrate. You could use Simpson's rule by hand,
- but this becomes very tedious for any more than 5 or 7 ordinates,
- restricting accuracy to around 3 significant figures. The results given
- by this program are certainly comparable to those obtained by most
- graphical calculators. Indeed, the CASIO fx-9700GE actually uses Simpson's
- rule for calculating integrals, but takes much longer than this program!
- It can, however, use up to 512 ordinates, a feature which I'm planning to
- add in the future.
-
-
- USING
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- The main window is opened by clicking on the Simpson icon on the icon bar.
- The top of the window shows the symbols used to represent the limits and
- the function itself. The answer will appear to the right of this.
-
- Apologies for the quality of the display in medium resolution modes, but
- I was unable to represent the necessary notation using the system font.
-
- The function to be integrated is entered in the first writeable icon. It
- should be a function in x, entered using lower case 'x' thoughout, in a
- format understood by the Basic EVAL command. This can be summarised by
- the following table.
-
-
- Term to be entered Enter as.....
- ==========================================================
- 2x 2*x
- x² x^2
- (x+3)(x+5) (x+3)*(x+5)
- root x x^0.5
- sin x SINx [ x in radians ]
- |x| ABSx
- pi PI
- log x LOGx
- ln x LNx
- e^x EXPx
-
-
- I think this covers everything! The limits for the integral are entered
- in the two writeable icons below, x0 being the lower limit and xn being the
- upper limit. The number of ordinates determines the accuracy of the answer,
- although 3 to 9 is usually adequate, giving at least 3 s.f. accuracy. The
- number of ordinates, odd only, can be altered using the arrows.
-
- Once the values have been entered, click on Calculate or press Return in
- the last writeable icon, and the answer will appear at the top of the
- window.
-
- For certain functions, accuracy may decrease very slightly as the number of
- ordinates increases. For example, f(x)=x³ from -10 to 10 gives 0 (as
- expected) with 3 or 5 ordinates, but gives a very small negative value
- (around 1E-6) for higher numbers of ordinates. This is due to the fact that
- Simpson's rule is only an approximation - as far as I know this isn't a
- failure of the program, but I'm not working out the result by hand with 99
- ordinates just to make sure! It's possible that rounding errors are being
- introduced by the use of EVAL and STR$, but I don't know a way round this
- and any error won't be significant for most situations.
-
-
- HISTORY
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- 1.00 (10 Mar 1996) : • The first version.
-
-
- FOR A FUTURE VERSION
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- • Allow limits to be entered as expressions as well as numbers. This will
- enable, for instance, an upper limit of PI or ln 3 to be used rather than
- the somewhat inaccurate 3.1415927 or 1.0986123.
- • Add support for more (up to 512) ordinates.
-
-
- DISTRIBUTION NOTES
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- This program is Freeware, NOT public domain. This means that I retain the
- copyright but give everyone the right to distribute it by any means, as
- long as all files are supplied and I am fully credited.
-
- If you would like to include this program on a magazine cover disc then
- please contact me first to obtain the latest version. If you run a PD
- library and did not obtain this program from me, then you may like to write
- and I'll send you the latest versions of all my programs followed by
- regular updates as they become available.
-
-
- PLEASE NOTE
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- Although this program has been fully tested, I (the author) cannot be held
- responsible for any loss or damage caused by the use or misuse of this
- program. It is used entirely at your own risk.
-
-
- CONTACT
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- Please write to me at the address below. I would be interested to hear if
- you have ideas for improving the program or have found any bugs.
-
- New versions of all my programs are always sent first to APDL and
- The Datafile or can be obtained by writing to the below address, enclosing
- either a cheque for £1.00 or a disc and return postage.
-
- The file !Simpson.Docs.Others contains details of my other programs.
-
- Please write to:
-
- Andrew Berry
- 39 Lancaster Avenue
- Sandiacre
- Nottingham
- NG10 5GW
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