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** This book unites the Gospels to the Epistles. It contains
many particulars concerning the apostles Peter and Paul, and of
the Christian church from the ascension of our Saviour to the
arrival of St. Paul at Rome, a space of about thirty years. St.
Luke was the writer of this book; he was present at many of the
events he relates, and attended Paul to Rome. But the narrative
does not afford a complete history of the church during the time
to which it refers, nor even of St. Paul's life. The object of
the book has been considered to be, 1. To relate in what manner
the gifts of the Holy Spirit were communicated on the day of
Pentecost, and the miracles performed by the apostles, to
confirm the truth of Christianity, as showing that Christ's
declarations were really fulfilled. 2. To prove the claim of the
Gentiles to be admitted into the church of Christ. This is shown
by much of the contents of the book. A large portion of the Acts
is occupied by the discourses or sermons of various persons, the
language and manner of which differ, and all of which will be
found according to the persons by whom they were delivered, and
the occasions on which they were spoken. It seems that most of
these discourses are only the substance of what was actually
delivered. They relate nevertheless fully to Jesus as the
Christ, the anointed Messiah.

* Proofs of Christ's resurrection. (1-5) Christ's ascension.
(6-11) The apostles unite in prayer. (12-14) Matthias chosen in
the place of Judas. (15-26)

#1-5 Our Lord told the disciples the work they were to do. The
apostles met together at Jerusalem; Christ having ordered them
not to depart thence, but to wait for the pouring out of the
Holy Spirit. This would be a baptism by the Holy Ghost, giving
them power to work miracles, and enlightening and sanctifying
their souls. This confirms the Divine promise, and encourages us
to depend upon it, that we have heard it from Christ; for in Him
all the promises of God are yea and amen.

#6-11 They were earnest in asking about that which their Master
never had directed or encouraged them to seek. Our Lord knew
that his ascension and the teaching of the Holy Spirit would
soon end these expectations, and therefore only gave them a
rebuke; but it is a caution to his church in all ages, to take
heed of a desire of forbidden knowledge. He had given his
disciples instructions for the discharge of their duty, both
before his death and since his resurrection, and this knowledge
is enough for a Christian. It is enough that He has engaged to
give believers strength equal to their trials and services; that
under the influence of the Holy Spirit they may, in one way or
other, be witnesses for Christ on earth, while in heaven he
manages their concerns with perfect wisdom, truth, and love.
When we stand gazing and trifling, the thoughts of our Master's
second coming should quicken and awaken us: when we stand gazing
and trembling, they should comfort and encourage us. May our
expectation of it be stedfast and joyful, giving diligence to be
found of him blameless.

#12-14 God can find hiding-places for his people. They made
supplication. All God's people are praying people. It was now a
time of trouble and danger with the disciples of Christ; but if
any is afflicted, let him pray; that will silence cares and
fears. They had now a great work to do, and before they entered
upon it, they were earnest in prayer to God for his presence.
They were waiting for the descent of the Spirit, and abounded in
prayer. Those are in the best frame to receive spiritual
blessings, who are in a praying frame. Christ had promised
shortly to send the Holy Ghost; that promise was not to do away
prayer, but to quicken and encourage it. A little company united
in love, exemplary in their conduct, fervent in prayer, and
wisely zealous to promote the cause of Christ, are likely to
increase rapidly.

#15-26 The great thing the apostles were to attest to the world,
was, Christ's resurrection; for that was the great proof of his
being the Messiah, and the foundation of our hope in him. The
apostles were ordained, not to wordly dignity and dominion, but
to preach Christ, and the power of his resurrection. An appeal
was made to God; "Thou, Lord, who knowest the hearts of all
men," which we do not; and better than they know their own. It
is fit that God should choose his own servants; and so far as
he, by the disposals of his providence, or the gifts of his
Spirit, shows whom he was chosen, or what he has chosen for us,
we ought to fall in with his will. Let us own his hand in the
determining everything which befalls us, especially in those by
which any trust may be committed to us.
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* The descent of the Holy Spirit at the day of Pentecost. (1-4)
The apostles speak in divers languages. (5-13) Peter's address
to the Jews. (14-36) Three thousand souls converted. (37-41) The
piety and affection of the disciples. (42-47)

#1-4 We cannot forget how often, while their Master was with
them there were strifes among the disciples which should be the
greatest; but now all these strifes were at an end. They had
prayed more together of late. Would we have the Spirit poured
out upon us from on high, let us be all of one accord. And
notwithstanding differences of sentiments and interests, as
there were among those disciples, let us agree to love one
another; for where brethren dwell together in unity, there the
Lord commands his blessing. A rushing mighty wind came with
great force. This was to signify the powerful influences and
working of the Spirit of God upon the minds of men, and thereby
upon the world. Thus the convictions of the Spirit make way for
his comforts; and the rough blasts of that blessed wind, prepare
the soul for its soft and gentle gales. There was an appearance
of something like flaming fire, lighting on every one of them,
according to John Baptist's saying concerning Christ; He shall
baptize you with the Holy Ghost, and with fire. The Spirit, like
fire, melts the heart, burns up the dross, and kindles pious and
devout affections in the soul; in which, as in the fire on the
altar, the spiritual sacrifices are offered up. They were all
filled with the Holy Ghost, more than before. They were filled
with the graces of the Spirit, and more than ever under his
sanctifying influences; more weaned from this world, and better
acquainted with the other. They were more filled with the
comforts of the Spirit, rejoiced more than ever in the love of
Christ and the hope of heaven: in it all their griefs and fears
were swallowed up. They were filled with the gifts of the Holy
Ghost; they had miraculous powers for the furtherance of the
gospel. They spake, not from previous though or meditation, but
as the Spirit gave them utterance.

#5-13 The difference in languages which arose at Babel, has much
hindered the spread of knowledge and religion. The instruments
whom the Lord first employed in spreading the Christian
religion, could have made no progress without this gift, which
proved that their authority was from God.

#14-21 Peter's sermon shows that he was thoroughly recovered
from his fall, and thoroughly restored to the Divine favour; for
he who had denied Christ, now boldly confessed him. His account
of the miraculous pouring forth of the Spirit, was designed to
awaken the hearers to embrace the faith of Christ, and to join
themselves to his church. It was the fulfilling the Scripture,
and the fruit of Christ's resurrection and ascension, and proof
of both. Though Peter was filled with the Holy Ghost, and spake
with tongues as the Spirit gave him utterance, yet he did not
think to set aside the Scriptures. Christ's scholars never learn
above their Bible; and the Spirit is given, not to do away the
Scriptures, but to enable us to understand, approve, and obey
them. Assuredly none will escape the condemnation of the great
day, except those who call upon the name of the Lord, in and
through his Son Jesus Christ, as the Saviour of sinners, and the
Judge of all mankind.

#22-36 From this gift of the Holy Ghost, Peter preaches unto
them Jesus: and here is the history of Christ. Here is an
account of his death and sufferings, which they witnessed but a
few weeks before. His death is considered as God's act; and of
wonderful grace and wisdom. Thus Divine justice must be
satisfied, God and man brought together again, and Christ
himself glorified, according to an eternal counsel, which could
not be altered. And as the people's act; in them it was an act
of awful sin and folly. Christ's resurrection did away the
reproach of his death; Peter speaks largely upon this. Christ
was God's Holy One, sanctified and set apart to his service in
the work of redemption. His death and sufferings should be, not
to him only, but to all his, the entrance to a blessed life for
evermore. This event had taken place as foretold, and the
apostles were witnesses. Nor did the resurrection rest upon this
alone; Christ had poured upon his disciples the miraculous gifts
and Divine influences, of which they witnessed the effects.
Through the Saviour, the ways of life are made known; and we are
encouraged to expect God's presence, and his favour for
evermore. All this springs from assured belief that Jesus is the
Lord, and the anointed Saviour.

#37-41 From the first delivery of that Divine message, it
appeared that there was Divine power going with it; and
thousands were brought to the obedience of faith. But neither
Peter's words, nor the miracle they witnessed, could have
produced such effects, had not the Holy Spirit been given.
Sinners, when their eyes are opened, cannot but be pricked to
the heart for sin, cannot but feel an inward uneasiness. The
apostle exhorted them to repent of their sins, and openly to
avow their belief in Jesus as the Messiah, by being baptized in
his name. Thus professing their faith in Him, they would receive
remission of their sins, and partake of the gifts and graces of
the Holy Spirit. To separate from wicked people, is the only way
to save ourselves from them. Those who repent of their sins, and
give up themselves to Jesus Christ, must prove their sincerity
by breaking off from the wicked. We must save ourselves from
them; which denotes avoiding them with dread and holy fear. By
God's grace three thousand persons accepted the gospel
invitation. There can be no doubt that the gift of the Holy
Ghost, which they all received, and from which no true believer
has ever been shut out, was that Spirit of adoption, that
converting, guiding, sanctifying grace, which is bestowed upon
all the members of the family of our heavenly Father. Repentance
and remission of sins are still preached to the chief of
sinners, in the Redeemer's name; still the Holy Spirit seals the
blessing on the believer's heart; still the encouraging promises
are to us and our children; and still the blessings are offered
to all that are afar off.

#42-47 In these verses we have the history of the truly
primitive church, of the first days of it; its state of infancy
indeed, but, like that, the state of its greatest innocence.
They kept close to holy ordinances, and abounded in piety and
devotion; for Christianity, when admitted in the power of it,
will dispose the soul to communion with God in all those ways
wherein he has appointed us to meet him, and has promised to
meet us. The greatness of the event raised them above the world,
and the Holy Ghost filled them with such love, as made every one
to be to another as to himself, and so made all things common,
not by destroying property, but doing away selfishness, and
causing charity. And God who moved them to it, knew that they
were quickly to be driven from their possessions in Judea. The
Lord, from day to day, inclined the hearts of more to embrace
the gospel; not merely professors, but such as were actually
brought into a state of acceptance with God, being made
partakers of regenerating grace. Those whom God has designed for
eternal salvation, shall be effectually brought to Christ, till
the earth is filled with the knowledge of his glory.
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* A lame man healed by Peter and John. (1-11) Peter's address to
the Jews. (12-26)

#1-11 The apostles and the first believers attended the temple
worship at the hours of prayer. Peter and John seem to have been
led by a Divine direction, to work a miracle on a man above
forty years old, who had been a cripple from his birth. Peter,
in the name of Jesus of Nazareth, bade him rise up and walk.
Thus, if we would attempt to good purpose the healing of men's
souls, we must go forth in the name and power of Jesus Christ,
calling on helpless sinners to arise and walk in the way of
holiness, by faith in Him. How sweet the thought to our souls,
that in respect to all the crippled faculties of our fallen
nature, the name of Jesus Christ of Nazareth can make us whole!
With what holy joy and rapture shall we tread the holy courts,
when God the Spirit causes us to enter therein by his strength!

#12-18 Observe the difference in the manner of working the
miracles. Our Lord always spoke as having Almighty power, never
hesitated to receive the greatest honour that was given to him
on account of his Divine miracles. But the apostles referred all
to their Lord, and refused to receive any honour, except as his
undeserving instruments. This shows that Jesus was one with the
Father, and co-equal with Him; while the apostles knew that they
were weak, sinful men, and dependent for every thing on Jesus,
whose power effected the cure. Useful men must be very humble.
Not unto us, O Lord, not unto us, but to thy name, give glory.
Every crown must be cast at the feet of Christ. The apostle
showed the Jews the greatness of their crime, but would not
anger or drive them to despair. Assuredly, those who reject,
refuse, or deny Christ, do it through ignorance; but this can in
no case be an excuse.

#19-21 The absolute necessity of repentance is to be solemnly
charged upon the consciences of all who desire that their sins
may be blotted out, and that they may share in the refreshment
which nothing but a sense of Christ's pardoning love can afford.
Blessed are those who have felt this. It was not needful for the
Holy Spirit to make known the times and seasons of these
dispensations. These subjects are still left obscure. But when
sinners are convinced of their sins, they will cry to the Lord
for pardon; and to the penitent, converted, and believing, times
of refreshment will come from the presence of the Lord. In a
state of trial and probation, the glorified Redeemer will be out
of sight, because we must live by faith in him.

#22-26 Here is a powerful address to warn the Jews of the
dreadful consequences of their unbelief, in the very words of
Moses, their favourite prophet, out of pretended zeal for whom
they were ready to reject Christianity, and to try to destroy
it. Christ came into the world to bring a blessing with him. And
he sent his Spirit to be the great blessing. Christ came to
bless us, by turning us from our iniquities, and saving us from
our sins. We, by nature cleave to sin; the design of Divine
grace is to turn us from it, that we may not only forsake, but
hate it. Let none think that they can be happy by continuing in
sin, when God declares that the blessing is in being turned from
all iniquity. Let none think that they understand or believe the
gospel, who only seek deliverance from the punishment of sin,
but do not expect happiness in being delivered from sin itself.
And let none expect to be turned from their sin, except by
believing in, and receiving Christ the Son of God, as their
wisdom, righteousness, sanctification, and redemption.
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* Peter and John imprisoned. (1-4) The apostles boldly testify
to Christ. (5-14) Peter and John refuse to be silenced. (15-22)
The believers unite in prayer and praise. (23-31) The holy
charity of the Christians. (32-37)

#1-4 The apostles preached through Jesus the resurrection from
the dead. It includes all the happiness of the future state;
this they preached through Jesus Christ, to be had through him
only. Miserable is their case, to whom the glory of Christ's
kingdom is a grief; for since the glory of that kingdom is
everlasting, their grief will be everlasting also. The harmless
and useful servants of Christ, like the apostles, have often
been troubled for their work of faith and labour of love, when
wicked men have escaped. And to this day instances are not
wanting, in which reading the Scriptures, social prayer, and
religious conversation meet with frowns and checks. But if we
obey the precepts of Christ, he will support us.

#5-14 Peter being filled with the Holy Ghost, would have all to
understand, that the miracle had been wrought by the name, or
power, of Jesus of Nazareth, the Messiah, whom they had
crucified; and this confirmed their testimony to his
resurrection from the dead, which proved him to be the Messiah.
These rulers must either be saved by that Jesus whom they had
crucified, or they must perish for ever. The name of Jesus is
given to men of every age and nation, as that whereby alone
believers are saved from the wrath to come. But when
covetousness, pride, or any corrupt passion, rules within, men
shut their eyes, and close their hearts, in enmity against the
light; considering all as ignorant and unlearned, who desire to
know nothing in comparison with Christ crucified. And the
followers of Christ should act so that all who converse with
them, may take knowledge that they have been with Jesus. That
makes them holy, heavenly, spiritual, and cheerful, and raises
them above this world.

#15-22 All the care of the rulers is, that the doctrine of
Christ spread not among the people, yet they cannot say it is
false or dangerous, or of any ill tendency; and they are ashamed
to own the true reason; that it testifies against their
hypocrisy, wickedness, and tyranny. Those who know how to put a
just value upon Christ's promises, know how to put just contempt
upon the world's threatenings. The apostles look with concern on
perishing souls, and know they cannot escape eternal ruin but by
Jesus Christ, therefore they are faithful in warning, and
showing the right way. None will enjoy peace of mind, nor act
uprightly, till they have learned to guide their conduct by the
fixed standard of truth, and not by the shifting opinions and
fancies of men. Especially beware of a vain attempt to serve two
masters, God and the world; the end will be, you can serve
neither fully.

#23-31 Christ's followers do best in company, provided it is
their own company. It encourages God's servants, both in doing
work, and suffering work, that they serve the God who made all
things, and therefore has the disposal of all events; and the
Scriptures must be fulfilled. Jesus was anointed to be a
Saviour, therefore it was determined he should be a sacrifice,
to make atonement for sin. But sin is not the less evil for
God's bringing good out of it. In threatening times, our care
should not be so much that troubles may be prevented, as that we
may go on with cheerfulness and courage in our work and duty.
They do not pray, Lord let us go away from our work, now that it
is become dangerous, but, Lord, give us thy grace to go on
stedfastly in our work, and not to fear the face of man. Those
who desire Divine aid and encouragement, may depend upon having
them, and they ought to go forth, and go on, in the strength of
the Lord God. God gave a sign of acceptance of their prayers.
The place was shaken, that their faith might be established and
unshaken. God gave them greater degrees of his Spirit; and they
were all filled with the Holy Ghost, more than ever; by which
they were not only encouraged, but enabled to speak the word of
God with boldness. When they find the Lord God help them by his
Spirit, they know they shall not be confounded, #Isa 1.7|.

#32-37 The disciples loved one another. This was the blessed
fruit of Christ's dying precept to his disciples, and his dying
prayer for them. Thus it was then, and it will be so again, when
the Spirit shall be poured upon us from on high. The doctrine
preached was the resurrection of Christ; a matter of fact, which
being duly explained, was a summary of all the duties,
privileges, and comforts of Christians. There were evident
fruits of Christ's grace in all they said and did. They were
dead to this world. This was a great evidence of the grace of
God in them. They did not take away others' property, but they
were indifferent to it. They did not call it their own; because
they had, in affection, forsaken all for Christ, and were
expecting to be stripped of all for cleaving to him. No marvel
that they were of one heart and soul, when they sat so loose to
the wealth of this world. In effect, they had all things common;
for there was not any among them who lacked, care was taken for
their supply. The money was laid at the apostles' feet. Great
care ought to be taken in the distribution of public charity,
that it be given to such as have need, such as are not able to
procure a maintenance for themselves; those who are reduced to
want for well-doing, and for the testimony of a good conscience,
ought to be provided for. Here is one in particular mentioned,
remarkable for this generous charity; it was Barnabas. As one
designed to be a preacher of the gospel, he disentangled himself
from the affairs of this life. When such dispositions prevail,
and are exercised according to the circumstances of the times,
the testimony will have very great power upon others.
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* The death of Ananias and Sapphira. (1-11) The power which
accompanied the preaching of the gospel. (12-16) The apostles
imprisoned, but set free by an angel. (17-25) The apostles
testify to Christ before the council. (26-33) The advice of
Gamaliel, The council let the apostles go. (34-42)

#1-11 The sin of Ananias and Sapphira was, that they were
ambitious of being thought eminent disciples, when they were not
true disciples. Hypocrites may deny themselves, may forego their
worldly advantage in one instance, with a prospect of finding
their account in something else. They were covetous of the
wealth of the world, and distrustful of God and his providence.
They thought they might serve both God and mammon. They thought
to deceive the apostles. The Spirit of God in Peter discerned
the principle of unbelief reigning in the heart of Ananias. But
whatever Satan might suggest, he could not have filled the heart
of Ananias with this wickedness had he not been consenting. The
falsehood was an attempt to deceive the Spirit of truth, who so
manifestly spoke and acted by the apostles. The crime of Ananias
was not his retaining part of the price of the land; he might
have kept it all, had he pleased; but his endeavouring to impose
upon the apostles with an awful lie, from a desire to make a
vain show, joined with covetousness. But if we think to put a
cheat upon God, we shall put a fatal cheat upon our own souls.
How sad to see those relations who should quicken one another to
that which is good, hardening one another in that which is evil!
And this punishment was in reality mercy to vast numbers. It
would cause strict self-examination, prayer, and dread of
hypocrisy, covetousness, and vain-glory, and it should still do
so. It would prevent the increase of false professors. Let us
learn hence how hateful falsehood is to the God of truth, and
not only shun a direct lie, but all advantages from the use of
doubtful expressions, and double meaning in our speech.

#12-16 The separation of hypocrites by distinguishing judgments,
should make the sincere cleave closer to each other and to the
gospel ministry. Whatever tends to the purity and reputation of
the church, promotes its enlargement; but that power alone which
wrought such miracles by the apostles, can rescue sinners from
the power of sin and Satan, and add believers to His
worshippers. Christ will work by all his faithful servants; and
every one who applies to him shall be healed.

#17-25 There is no prison so dark, so strong, but God can visit
his people in it, and, if he pleases, fetch them out. Recoveries
from sickness, releases out of trouble, are granted, not that we
may enjoy the comforts of life, but that God may be honoured
with the services of our life. It is not for the preachers of
Christ's gospel to retire into corners, as long as they can have
any opportunity of preaching in the great congregation. They
must preach to the lowest, whose souls are as precious to Christ
as the souls of the greatest. Speak to all, for all are
concerned. Speak as those who resolve to stand to it, to live
and die by it. Speak all the words of this heavenly, divine
life, in comparison with which the present earthly life does not
deserve the name. These words of life, which the Holy Ghost puts
into your mouth. The words of the gospel are the words of life;
words whereby we may be saved. How wretched are those who are
vexed at the success of the gospel! They cannot but see that the
word and power of the Lord are against them; and they tremble
for the consequences, yet they will go on.

#26-33 Many will do an evil thing with daring, yet cannot bear
to hear of it afterward, or to have it charged upon them. We
cannot expect to be redeemed and healed by Christ, unless we
give up ourselves to be ruled by him. Faith takes the Saviour in
all his offices, who came, not to save us in our sins, but to
save us from our sins. Had Christ been exalted to give dominion
to Israel, the chief priests would have welcomed him. But
repentance and remission of sins are blessings they neither
valued nor saw their need of; therefore they, by no means,
admitted his doctrine. Wherever repentance is wrought, remission
is granted without fail. None are freed from the guilt and
punishment of sin, but those who are freed from the power and
dominion of sin; who are turned from it, and turned against it.
Christ gives repentance, by his Spirit working with the word, to
awaken the conscience, to work sorrow for sin, and an effectual
change in the heart and life. The giving of the Holy Ghost, is
plain evidence that it is the will of God that Christ should be
obeyed. And He will surely destroy those who will not have Him
to reign over them.

#34-42 The Lord still has all hearts in his hands, and sometimes
directs the prudence of the worldly wise, so as to restrain the
persecutors. Common sense tells us to be cautious, while
experience and observation show that the success of frauds in
matters of religion has been very short. Reproach for Christ is
true preferment, as it makes us conformable to his pattern, and
serviceable to his interest. They rejoiced in it. If we suffer
ill for doing well, provided we suffer it well, and as we
should, we ought to rejoice in that grace which enabled us so to
do. The apostles did not preach themselves, but Christ. This was
the preaching that most offended the priests. But it ought to be
the constant business of gospel ministers to preach Christ:
Christ, and him crucified; Christ, and him glorified; nothing
beside this, but what has reference to it. And whatever is our
station or rank in life, we should seek to make Him known, and
to glorify his name.
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* The appointment of deacons. (1-7) Stephen falsely accused of
blasphemy. (8-15)

#1-7 Hitherto the disciples had been of one accord; this often
had been noticed to their honour; but now they were multiplied,
they began to murmur. The word of God was enough to take up all
the thoughts, cares, and time of the apostles. The persons
chosen to serve tables must be duly qualified. They must be
filled with gifts and graces of the Holy Ghost, necessary to
rightly managing this trust; men of truth, and hating
covetousness. All who are employed in the service of the church,
ought to be commended to the Divine grace by the prayers of the
church. They blessed them in the name of the Lord. The word and
grace of God are greatly magnified, when those are wrought upon
by it, who were least likely.

#8-15 When they could not answer Stephen's arguments as a
disputant, they prosecuted him as a criminal, and brought false
witnesses against him. And it is next to a miracle of
providence, that no greater number of religious persons have
been murdered in the world, by the way of perjury and pretence
of law, when so many thousands hate them, who make no conscience
of false oaths. Wisdom and holiness make a man's face to shine,
yet will not secure men from being treated badly. What shall we
say of man, a rational being, yet attempting to uphold a
religious system by false witness and murder! And this has been
done in numberless instances. But the blame rests not so much
upon the understanding, as upon the heart of a fallen creature,
which is deceitful above all things and desperately wicked. Yet
the servant of the Lord, possessing a clear conscience, cheerful
hope, and Divine consolations, may smile in the midst of danger
and death.
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* Stephen's defence. (1-50) Stephen reproves the Jews for the
death of Christ. (51-53) The martyrdom of Stephen. (54-60)

#1-16 Stephen was charged as a blasphemer of God, and an
apostate from the church; therefore he shows that he is a son of
Abraham, and values himself on it. The slow steps by which the
promise made to Abraham advanced toward performance, plainly
show that it had a spiritual meaning, and that the land intended
was the heavenly. God owned Joseph in his troubles, and was with
him by the power of his Spirit, both on his own mind by giving
him comfort, and on those he was concerned with, by giving him
favour in their eyes. Stephen reminds the Jews of their mean
beginning as a check to priding themselves in the glories of
that nation. Likewise of the wickedness of the patriarchs of
their tribes, in envying their brother Joseph; and the same
spirit was still working in them toward Christ and his
ministers. The faith of the patriarchs, in desiring to be buried
in the land of Canaan, plainly showed they had regard to the
heavenly country. It is well to recur to the first rise of
usages, or sentiments, which have been perverted. Would we know
the nature and effects of justifying faith, we should study the
character of the father of the faithful. His calling shows the
power and freeness of Divine grace, and the nature of
conversion. Here also we see that outward forms and distinctions
are as nothing, compared with separation from the world, and
devotedness to God.

#17-29 Let us not be discouraged at the slowness of the
fulfilling of God's promises. Suffering times often are growing
times with the church. God is preparing for his people's
deliverance, when their day is darkest, and their distress
deepest. Moses was exceeding fair, "fair toward God;" it is the
beauty of holiness which is in God's sight of great price. He
was wonderfully preserved in his infancy; for God will take
special care of those of whom he designs to make special use.
And did he thus protect the child Moses? Much more will he
secure the interests of his holy child Jesus, from the enemies
who are gathered together against him. They persecuted Stephen
for disputing in defence of Christ and his gospel: in opposition
to these they set up Moses and his law. They may understand, if
they do not wilfully shut their eyes against the light, that God
will, by this Jesus, deliver them out of a worse slavery than
that of Egypt. Although men prolong their own miseries, yet the
Lord will take care of his servants, and effect his own designs
of mercy.

#30-41 Men deceive themselves, if they think God cannot do what
he sees to be good any where; he can bring his people into a
wilderness, and there speak comfortably to them. He appeared to
Moses in a flame of fire, yet the bush was not consumed; which
represented the state of Israel in Egypt, where, though they
were in the fire of affliction, yet they were not consumed. It
may also be looked upon as a type of Christ's taking upon him
the nature of man, and the union between the Divine and human
nature. The death of Abraham, Isaac, and Jacob, cannot break the
covenant relation between God and them. Our Saviour by this
proves the future state, #Mt 22:31|. Abraham is dead, yet God is
still his God, therefore Abraham is still alive. Now, this is
that life and immortality which are brought to light by the
gospel. Stephen here shows that Moses was an eminent type of
Christ, as he was Israel's deliverer. God has compassion for the
troubles of his church, and the groans of his persecuted people;
and their deliverance takes rise from his pity. And that
deliverance was typical of what Christ did, when, for us men,
and for our salvation, he came down from heaven. This Jesus,
whom they now refused, as their fathers did Moses, even this
same has God advanced to be a Prince and Saviour. It does not at
all take from the just honour of Moses to say, that he was but
an instrument, and that he is infinitely outshone by Jesus. In
asserting that Jesus should change the customs of the ceremonial
law. Stephen was so far from blaspheming Moses, that really he
honoured him, by showing how the prophecy of Moses was come to
pass, which was so clear. God who gave them those customs by his
servant Moses, might, no doubt, change the custom by his Son
Jesus. But Israel thrust Moses from them, and would have
returned to their bondage; so men in general will not obey
Jesus, because they love this present evil world, and rejoice in
their own works and devices.

#42-50 Stephen upbraids the Jews with the idolatry of their
fathers, to which God gave them up as a punishment for their
early forsaking him. It was no dishonour, but an honour to God,
that the tabernacle gave way to the temple; so it is now, that
the earthly temple gives way to the spiritual one; and so it
will be when, at last, the spiritual shall give way to the
eternal one. The whole world is God's temple, in which he is
every where present, and fills it with his glory; what occasion
has he then for a temple to manifest himself in? And these
things show his eternal power and Godhead. But as heaven is his
throne, and the earth his footstool, so none of our services can
profit Him who made all things. Next to the human nature of
Christ, the broken and spiritual heart is his most valued
temple.

#51-53 Stephen was going on, it seems, to show that the temple
and the temple service must come to an end, and it would be the
glory of both to give way to the worship of the Father in spirit
and in truth; but he perceived they would not bear it. Therefore
he broke off, and by the Spirit of wisdom, courage, and power,
sharply rebuked his persecutors. When plain arguments and truths
provoke the opposers of the gospel, they should be shown their
guilt and danger. They, like their fathers, were stubborn and
wilful. There is that in our sinful hearts, which always resists
the Holy Ghost, a flesh that lusts against the Spirit, and wars
against his motions; but in the hearts of God's elect, when the
fulness of time comes, this resistance is overcome. The gospel
was offered now, not by angels, but from the Holy Ghost; yet
they did not embrace it, for they were resolved not to comply
with God, either in his law or in his gospel. Their guilt stung
them to the heart, and they sought relief in murdering their
reprover, instead of sorrow and supplication for mercy.

#54-60 Nothing is so comfortable to dying saints, or so
encouraging to suffering saints, as to see Jesus at the right
hand of God: blessed be God, by faith we may see him there.
Stephen offered up two short prayers in his dying moments. Our
Lord Jesus is God, to whom we are to seek, and in whom we are to
trust and comfort ourselves, living and dying. And if this has
been our care while we live, it will be our comfort when we die.
Here is a prayer for his persecutors. Though the sin was very
great, yet if they would lay it to their hearts, God would not
lay it to their charge. Stephen died as much in a hurry as ever
any man did, yet, when he died, the words used are, he fell
asleep; he applied himself to his dying work with as much
composure as if he had been going to sleep. He shall awake again
in the morning of the resurrection, to be received into the
presence of the Lord, where is fulness of joy, and to share the
pleasures that are at his right hand, for evermore.
$-$-$- AC:8

* Saul persecutes the church. (1-4) Philip's success at Samaria.
Simon the sorcerer baptized. (5-13) The hypocrisy of Simon
detected. (14-25) Philip and the Ethiopian. (26-40)

#1-4 Though persecution must not drive us from our work, yet it
may send us to work elsewhere. Wherever the established believer
is driven, he carries the knowledge of the gospel, and makes
known the preciousness of Christ in every place. Where a simple
desire of doing good influences the heart, it will be found
impossible to shut a man out from all opportunities of
usefulness.

#5-13 As far as the gospel prevails, evil spirits are dislodged,
particularly unclean spirits. All inclinations to the lusts of
the flesh which war against the soul are such. Distempers are
here named, the most difficult to be cured by the course of
nature, and most expressive of the disease of sin. Pride,
ambition, and desire after grandeur have always caused abundance
of mischief, both to the world and to the church. The people
said of Simon, This man is the great power of God. See how
ignorant and thoughtless people mistake. But how strong is the
power of Divine grace, by which they were brought to Christ, who
is Truth itself! The people not only gave heed to what Philip
said, but were fully convinced that it was of God, and not of
men, and gave up themselves to be directed thereby. Even bad
men, and those whose hearts still go after covetousness, may
come before God as his people come, and for a time continue with
them. And many wonder at the proofs of Divine truths, who never
experience their power. The gospel preached may have a common
operation upon a soul, where it never produced inward holiness.
All are not savingly converted who profess to believe the
gospel.

#14-25 The Holy Ghost was as yet fallen upon none of these
coverts, in the extraordinary powers conveyed by the descent of
the Spirit upon the day of Pentecost. We may take encouragement
from this example, in praying to God to give the renewing graces
of the Holy Ghost to all for whose spiritual welfare we are
concerned; for that includes all blessings. No man can give the
Holy Spirit by the laying on of his hands; but we should use our
best endeavours to instruct those for whom we pray. Simon Magus
was ambitious to have the honour of an apostle, but cared not at
all to have the spirit and disposition of a Christian. He was
more desirous to gain honour to himself, than to do good to
others. Peter shows him his crime. He esteemed the wealth of
this world, as if it would answer for things relating to the
other life, and would purchase the pardon of sin, the gift of
the Holy Ghost, and eternal life. This was such a condemning
error as could by no means consist with a state of grace. Our
hearts are what they are in the sight of God, who cannot be
deceived. And if they are not right in his sight, our religion
is vain, and will stand us in no stead. A proud and covetous
heart cannot be right with God. It is possible for a man to
continue under the power of sin, yet to put on a form of
godliness. When tempted with money to do evil, see what a
perishing thing money is, and scorn it. Think not that
Christianity is a trade to live by in this world. There is much
wickedness in the thought of the heart, its false notions, and
corrupt affections, and wicked projects, which must be repented
of, or we are undone. But it shall be forgiven, upon our
repentance. The doubt here is of the sincerity of Simon's
repentance, not of his pardon, if his repentance was sincere.
Grant us, Lord, another sort of faith than that which made Simon
wonder only, and did not sanctify his heart. May we abhor all
thoughts of making religion serve the purposes of pride or
ambition. And keep us from that subtle poison of spiritual
pride, which seeks glory to itself even from humility. May we
seek only the honour which cometh from God.

#26-40 Philip was directed to go to a desert. Sometimes God
opens a door of opportunity to his ministers in very unlikely
places. We should study to do good to those we come into company
with by travelling. We should not be so shy of all strangers as
some affect to be. As to those of whom we know nothing else, we
know this, that they have souls. It is wisdom for men of
business to redeem time for holy duties; to fill up every minute
with something which will turn to a good account. In reading the
word of God, we should often pause, to inquire of whom and of
what the sacred writers spake; but especially our thoughts
should be employed about the Redeemer. The Ethiopian was
convinced by the teaching of the Holy Spirit, of the exact
fulfilment of the Scripture, was made to understand the nature
of the Messiah's kingdom and salvation, and desired to be
numbered among the disciples of Christ. Those who seek the
truth, and employ their time in searching the Scriptures, will
be sure to reap advantages. The avowal of the Ethiopian must be
understood as expressing simple reliance on Christ for
salvation, and unreserved devotion to Him. Let us not be
satisfied till we get faith, as the Ethiopian did, by diligent
study of the Holy Scriptures, and the teaching of the Spirit of
God; let us not be satisfied till we get it fixed as a principle
in our hearts. As soon as he was baptized, the Spirit of God
took Philip from him, so that he saw him no more; but this
tended to confirm his faith. When the inquirer after salvation
becomes acquainted with Jesus and his gospel, he will go on his
way rejoicing, and will fill up his station in society, and
discharge his duties, from other motives, and in another manner
than heretofore. Though baptized in the name of the Father, Son,
and Holy Ghost, with water, it is not enough without the baptism
of the Holy Ghost. Lord, grant this to every one of us; then
shall we go on our way rejoicing.
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* The conversion of Saul. (1-9) Saul converted preaches Christ.
(10-22) Saul is persecuted at Damascus, and goes to Jerusalem.
(23-31) Cure of Eneas. (32-35) Dorcas raised to life. (36-43)

#1-9 So ill informed was Saul, that he thought he ought to do
all he could against the name of Christ, and that he did God
service thereby; he seemed to breathe in this as in his element.
Let us not despair of renewing grace for the conversion of the
greatest sinners, nor let such despair of the pardoning mercy of
God for the greatest sin. It is a signal token of Divine favour,
if God, by the inward working of his grace, or the outward
events of his providence, stops us from prosecuting or executing
sinful purposes. Saul saw that Just One, ch. #22:14; 26:13|. How
near to us is the unseen world! It is but for God to draw aside
the veil, and objects are presented to the view, compared with
which, whatever is most admired on earth is mean and
contemptible. Saul submitted without reserve, desirous to know
what the Lord Jesus would have him to do. Christ's discoveries
of himself to poor souls are humbling; they lay them very low,
in mean thoughts of themselves. For three days Saul took no
food, and it pleased God to leave him for that time without
relief. His sins were now set in order before him; he was in the
dark concerning his own spiritual state, and wounded in spirit
for sin. When a sinner is brought to a proper sense of his own
state and conduct, he will cast himself wholly on the mercy of
the Saviour, asking what he would have him to do. God will
direct the humbled sinner, and though he does not often bring
transgressors to joy and peace in believing, without sorrows and
distress of conscience, under which the soul is deeply engaged
as to eternal things, yet happy are those who sow in tears, for
they shall reap in joy.

#10-22 A good work was begun in Saul, when he was brought to
Christ's feet with those words, Lord, what wilt thou have me to
do? And never did Christ leave any who were brought to that.
Behold, the proud Pharisee, the unmerciful oppressor, the daring
blasphemer, prayeth! And thus it is even now, and with the proud
infidel, or the abandoned sinner. What happy tidings are these
to all who understand the nature and power of prayer, of such
prayer as the humbled sinner presents for the blessings of free
salvation! Now he began to pray after another manner than he had
done; before, he said his prayers, now, he prayed them.
Regenerating grace sets people on praying; you may as well find
a living man without breath, as a living Christian without
prayer. Yet even eminent disciples, like Ananias, sometimes
stagger at the commands of the Lord. But it is the Lord's glory
to surpass our scanty expectations, and show that those are
vessels of his mercy whom we are apt to consider as objects of
his vengeance. The teaching of the Holy Spirit takes away the
scales of ignorance and pride from the understanding; then the
sinner becomes a new creature, and endeavours to recommend the
anointed Saviour, the Son of God, to his former companions.

#23-31 When we enter into the way of God, we must look for
trials; but the Lord knows how to deliver the godly, and will,
with the temptation, also make a way to escape. Though Saul's
conversion was and is a proof of the truth of Christianity, yet
it could not, of itself, convert one soul at enmity with the
truth; for nothing can produce true faith, but that power which
new-creates the heart. Believers are apt to be too suspicious of
those against whom they have prejudices. The world is full of
deceit, and it is necessary to be cautious, but we must exercise
charity, #1Co 13:5|. The Lord will clear up the characters of
true believers; and he will bring them to his people, and often
gives them opportunities of bearing testimony to his truth,
before those who once witnessed their hatred to it. Christ now
appeared to Saul, and ordered him to go quickly out of
Jerusalem, for he must be sent to the Gentiles: see ch. #22:21|.
Christ's witnesses cannot be slain till they have finished their
testimony. The persecutions were stayed. The professors of the
gospel walked uprightly, and enjoyed much comfort from the Holy
Ghost, in the hope and peace of the gospel, and others were won
over to them. They lived upon the comfort of the Holy Ghost, not
only in the days of trouble and affliction, but in days of rest
and prosperity. Those are most likely to walk cheerfully, who
walk circumspectly.

#32-35 Christians are saints, or holy people; not only the
eminent ones, as Saint Peter and Saint Paul, but every sincere
professor of the faith of Christ. Christ chose patients whose
diseases were incurable in the course of nature, to show how
desperate was the case of fallen mankind. When we were wholly
without strength, as this poor man, he sent his word to heal us.
Peter does not pretend to heal by any power of his own, but
directs Eneas to look up to Christ for help. Let none say, that
because it is Christ, who, by the power of his grace, works all
our works in us, therefore we have no work, no duty to do; for
though Jesus Christ makes thee whole, yet thou must arise, and
use the power he gives thee.

#36-43 Many are full of good words, who are empty and barren in
good works; but Tabitha was a great doer, no great talker.
Christians who have not property to give in charity, may yet be
able to do acts of charity, working with their hands, or walking
with their feet, for the good of others. Those are certainly
best praised whose own works praise them, whether the words of
others do so or not. But such are ungrateful indeed, who have
kindness shown them, and will not acknowledge it, by showing the
kindness that is done them. While we live upon the fulness of
Christ for our whole salvation, we should desire to be full of
good works, for the honour of his name, and for the benefit of
his saints. Such characters as Dorcas are useful where they
dwell, as showing the excellency of the word of truth by their
lives. How mean then the cares of the numerous females who seek
no distinction but outward decoration, and who waste their lives
in the trifling pursuits of dress and vanity! Power went along
with the word, and Dorcas came to life. Thus in the raising of
dead souls to spiritual life, the first sign of life is the
opening of the eyes of the mind. Here we see that the Lord can
make up every loss; that he overrules every event for the good
of those who trust in him, and for the glory of his name.
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* Cornelius directed to send for Peter. (1-8) Peter's vision.
(9-18) He goes to Cornelius. (19-33) His discourse to Cornelius.
(34-43) The gifts of the Holy Spirit poured out. (44-48)

#1-8 Hitherto none had been baptized into the Christian church
but Jews, Samaritans, and those converts who had been
circumcised and observed the ceremonial law; but now the
Gentiles were to be called to partake all the privileges of
God's people, without first becoming Jews. Pure and undefiled
religion is sometimes found where we least expect it. Wherever
the fear of God rules in the heart, it will appear both in works
of charity and of piety, neither will excuse from the other.
Doubtless Cornelius had true faith in God's word, as far as he
understood it, though not as yet clear faith in Christ. This was
the work of the Spirit of God, through the mediation of Jesus,
even before Cornelius knew him, as is the case with us all when
we, who before were dead in sin, are made alive. Through Christ
also his prayers and alms were accepted, which otherwise would
have been rejected. Without dispute or delay Cornelius was
obedient to the heavenly vision. In the affairs of our souls,
let us not lose time.

#9-18 The prejudices of Peter against the Gentiles, would have
prevented his going to Cornelius, unless the Lord had prepared
him for this service. To tell a Jew that God had directed those
animals to be reckoned clean which were hitherto deemed unclean,
was in effect saying, that the law of Moses was done away. Peter
was soon made to know the meaning of it. God knows what services
are before us, and how to prepare us; and we know the meaning of
what he has taught us, when we find what occasion we have to
make use of it.

#19-33 When we see our call clear to any service, we should not
be perplexed with doubts and scruples arising from prejudices or
former ideas. Cornelius had called together his friends, to
partake with him of the heavenly wisdom he expected from Peter.
We should not covet to eat our spiritual morsels alone. It ought
to be both given and taken as kindness and respect to our
kindred and friends, to invite them to join us in religious
exercises. Cornelius declared the direction God gave him to send
for Peter. We are right in our aims in attending a gospel
ministry, when we do it with regard to the Divine appointment
requiring us to make use of that ordinance. How seldom ministers
are called to speak to such companies, however small, in which
it may be said that they are all present in the sight of God, to
hear all things that are commanded of God! But these were ready
to hear what Peter was commanded of God to say.

#34-43 Acceptance cannot be obtained on any other ground than
that of the covenant of mercy, through the atonement of Christ;
but wherever true religion is found, God will accept it without
regarding names or sects. The fear of God and works of
righteousness are the substance of true religion, the effects of
special grace. Though these are not the cause of a man's
acceptance, yet they show it; and whatever may be wanting in
knowledge or faith, will in due time be given by Him who has
begun it. They knew in general the word, that is, the gospel,
which God sent to the children of Israel. The purport of this
word was, that God by it published the good tidings of peace by
Jesus Christ. They knew the several matters of fact relating to
the gospel. They knew the baptism of repentance which John
preached. Let them know that this Jesus Christ, by whom peace is
made between God and man, is Lord of all; not only as over all,
God blessed for evermore, but as Mediator. All power, both in
heaven and in earth, is put into his hand, and all judgment
committed to him. God will go with those whom he anoints; he
will be with those to whom he has given his Spirit. Peter then
declares Christ's resurrection from the dead, and the proofs of
it. Faith has reference to a testimony, and the Christian faith
is built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, on
the testimony given by them. See what must be believed
concerning him. That we are all accountable to Christ as our
Judge; so every one must seek his favour, and to have him as our
Friend. And if we believe in him, we shall all be justified by
him as our Righteousness. The remission of sins lays a
foundation for all other favours and blessings, by taking that
out of the way which hinders the bestowing of them. If sin be
pardoned, all is well, and shall end well for ever.

#44-48 The Holy Ghost fell upon others after they were baptized,
to confirm them in the faith; but upon these Gentiles before
they were baptized, to show that God does not confine himself to
outward signs. The Holy Ghost fell upon those who were neither
circumcised nor baptized; it is the Spirit that quickeneth, the
flesh profiteth nothing. They magnified God, and spake of Christ
and the benefits of redemption. Whatever gift we are endued
with, we ought to honour God with it. The believing Jews who
were present, were astonished that the gift of the Holy Ghost
was poured out upon the Gentiles also. By mistaken notions of
things, we make difficult for ourselves as to the methods of
Divine providence and grace. As they were undeniably baptized
with the Holy Ghost, Peter concluded they were not to be refused
the baptism of water, and the ordinance was administered. The
argument is conclusive; can we deny the sign to those who have
received the things signified? Those who have some acquaintance
with Christ, cannot but desire more. Even those who have
received the Holy Ghost, must see their need of daily learning
more of the truth.
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* Peter's defence. (1-18) The success of the gospel at Antioch.
(19-24) The disciples named Christians, Relief sent to Judea.
(25-30)

#1-18 The imperfect state of human nature strongly appears, when
godly persons are displeased even to hear that the word of God
has been received, because their own system has not been
attended to. And we are too apt to despair of doing good to
those who yet, when tried, prove very teachable. It is the bane
and damage of the church, to shut out those from it, and from
the benefit of the means of grace, who are not in every thing as
we are. Peter stated the whole affair. We should at all times
bear with the infirmities of our brethren; and instead of taking
offence, or answering with warmth, we should explain our
motives, and show the nature of our proceedings. That preaching
is certainly right, with which the Holy Ghost is given. While
men are very zealous for their own regulations, they should take
care that they do not withstand God; and those who love the Lord
will glorify him, when made sure that he has given repentance to
life to any fellow-sinners. Repentance is God's gift; not only
his free grace accepts it, but his mighty grace works it in us,
grace takes away the heart of stone, and gives us a heart of
flesh. The sacrifice of God is a broken spirit.

#19-24 The first preachers of the gospel at Antioch, were
dispersed from Jerusalem by persecution; thus what was meant to
hurt the church, was made to work for its good. The wrath of man
is made to praise God. What should the ministers of Christ
preach, but Christ? Christ, and him crucified? Christ, and him
glorified? And their preaching was accompanied with the Divine
power. The hand of the Lord was with them, to bring that home to
the hearts and consciences of men, which they could but speak to
the outward ear. They believed; they were convinced of the truth
of the gospel. They turned from a careless, carnal way of
living, to live a holy, heavenly, spiritual life. They turned
from worshipping God in show and ceremony, to worship him in the
Spirit and in truth. They turned to the Lord Jesus, and he
became all in all with them. This was the work of conversion
wrought upon them, and it must be wrought upon every one of us.
It was the fruit of their faith; all who sincerely believe, will
turn to the Lord, When the Lord Jesus is preached in simplicity,
and according to the Scriptures, he will give success; and when
sinners are thus brought to the Lord, really good men, who are
full of faith and of the Holy Ghost, will admire and rejoice in
the grace of God bestowed on them. Barnabas was full of faith;
full of the grace of faith, and full of the fruits of the faith
that works by love.

#25-30 Hitherto the followers of Christ were called disciples,
that is, learners, scholars; but from that time they were called
Christians. The proper meaning of this name is, a follower of
Christ; it denotes one who, from serious thought, embraces the
religion of Christ, believes his promises, and makes it his
chief care to shape his life by Christ's precepts and example.
Hence it is plain that multitudes take the name of Christian to
whom it does not rightly belong. But the name without the
reality will only add to our guilt. While the bare profession
will bestow neither profit nor delight, the possession of it
will give both the promise of the life that now is, and of that
which is to come. Grant, Lord, that Christians may forget other
names and distinctions, and love one another as the followers of
Christ ought to do. True Christians will feel for their brethren
under afflictions. Thus will fruit be brought forth to the
praise and glory of God. If all mankind were true Christians,
how cheerfully would they help one another! The whole earth
would be like one large family, every member of which would
strive to be dutiful and kind.
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* The martyrdom of James, and the imprisonment of Peter. (1-5)
He is delivered from prison by an angel. (6-11) Peter departs,
Herod's rage. (12-19) The death of Herod. (20-25)

#1-5 James was one of the sons of Zebedee, whom Christ told that
they should drink of the cup that he was to drink of, and be
baptized with the baptism that he was to be baptized with, #Mt
20:23|. Now the words of Christ were made good in him; and if we
suffer with Christ, we shall reign with him. Herod imprisoned
Peter: the way of persecution, as of other sins, is downhill;
when men are in it, they cannot easily stop. Those make
themselves an easy prey to Satan, who make it their business to
please men. Thus James finished his course. But Peter, being
designed for further services, was safe; though he seemed now
marked out for a speedy sacrifice. We that live in a cold,
prayerless generation, can hardly form an idea of the
earnestness of these holy men of old. But if the Lord should
bring on the church an awful persecution like this of Herod, the
faithful in Christ would learn what soul-felt prayer is.

#6-11 A peaceful conscience, a lively hope, and the consolations
of the Holy Spirit, can keep men calm in the full prospect of
death; even those very persons who have been most distracted
with terrors on that account. God's time to help, is when things
are brought to the last extremity. Peter was assured that the
Lord would cause this trial to end in the way that should be
most for his glory. Those who are delivered out of spiritual
imprisonment must follow their Deliverer, like the Israelites
when they went out of the house of bondage. They knew not
whither they went, but knew whom they followed. When God will
work salvation for his people, all difficulties in their way
will be overcome, even gates of iron are made to open of their
own accord. This deliverance of Peter represents our redemption
by Christ, which not only proclaims liberty to the captives, but
brings them out of the prison-house. Peter, when he recollected
himself, perceived what great things God had done for him. Thus
souls delivered out of spiritual bondage, are not at first aware
what God has wrought in them; many have the truth of grace, that
want evidence of it. But when the Comforter comes, whom the
Father will send, sooner or later, he will let them know what a
blessed change is wrought.

#12-19 God's providence leaves room for the use of our prudence,
though he has undertaken to perform and perfect what he has
begun. These Christians continued in prayer for Peter, for they
were truly in earnest. Thus men ought always to pray, and not to
faint. As long as we are kept waiting for a mercy, we must
continue praying for it. But sometimes that which we most
earnestly wish for, we are most backward to believe. The
Christian law of self-denial and of suffering for Christ, has
not done away the natural law of caring for our own safety by
lawful means. In times of public danger, all believers have God
for their hiding-place; which is so secret, that the world
cannot find them. Also, the instruments of persecution are
themselves exposed to danger; the wrath of God hangs over all
that engage in this hateful work. And the range of persecutors
often vents itself on all in its way.

#20-25 Many heathen princes claimed and received Divine honours,
but it was far more horrible impiety in Herod, who knew the word
and worship of the living God, to accept such idolatrous honours
without rebuking the blasphemy. And such men as Herod, when
puffed with pride and vanity, are ripening fast for signal
vengeance. God is very jealous for his own honour, and will be
glorified upon those whom he is not glorified by. See what vile
bodies we carry about with us; they have in them the seeds of
their own dissolution, by which they will soon be destroyed,
whenever God does but speak the word. We may learn wisdom from
the people of Tyre and Sidon, for we have offended the Lord with
our sins. We depend on him for life, and breath, and all things;
it surely then behoves us to humble ourselves before him, that
through the appointed Mediator, who is ever ready to befriend
us, we may be reconciled to him, lest wrath come upon us to the
utmost.
$-$-$- AC:13

* The mission of Paul and Barnabas. (1-3) Elymas the sorcerer.
(4-13) Paul's discourse at Antioch. (14-41) He preaches to the
Gentiles, and is persecuted by the Jews. (42-52)

#1-3 What an assemblage was here! In these names we see that the
Lord raises up instruments for his work, from various places and
stations in life; and zeal for his glory induces men to give up
flattering connexions and prospects to promote his cause. It is
by the Spirit of Christ that his ministers are made both able
and willing for his service, and taken from other cares that
would hinder in it. Christ's ministers are to be employed in
Christ's work, and, under the Spirit's guidance, to act for the
glory of God the Father. They are separated to take pains, and
not to take state. A blessing upon Barnabas and Saul in their
present undertaking was sought for, and that they might be
filled with the Holy Ghost in their work. Whatever means are
used, or rules observed, the Holy Ghost alone can fit ministers
for their important work, and call them to it.

#4-13 Satan is in a special manner busy with great men and men
in power, to keep them from being religious, for their example
will influence many. Saul is here for the first time called
Paul, and never after Saul. Saul was his name as he was a
Hebrew; Paul was his name as he was a citizen of Rome. Under the
direct influence of the Holy Ghost, he gave Elymas his true
character, but not in passion. A fulness of deceit and mischief
together, make a man indeed a child of the devil. And those who
are enemies to the doctrine of Jesus, are enemies to all
righteousness; for in it all righteousness is fulfilled. The
ways of the Lord Jesus are the only right ways to heaven and
happiness. There are many who not only wander from these ways
themselves, but set others against these ways. They commonly are
so hardened, that they will not cease to do evil. The proconsul
was astonished at the force of the doctrine upon his own heart
and conscience, and at the power of God by which it was
confirmed. The doctrine of Christ astonishes; and the more we
know of it, the more reason we shall see to wonder at it. Those
who put their hand to the plough and look back, are not fit for
the kingdom of God. Those who are not prepared to face
opposition, and to endure hardship, are not fitted for the work
of the ministry.

#14-31 When we come together to worship God, we must do it, not
only by prayer and praise, but by the reading and hearing of the
word of God. The bare reading of the Scriptures in public
assemblies is not enough; they should be expounded, and the
people exhorted out of them. This is helping people in doing
that which is necessary to make the word profitable, to apply it
to themselves. Every thing is touched upon in this sermon, which
might best prevail with Jews to receive and embrace Christ as
the promised Messiah. And every view, however short or faint, of
the Lord's dealings with his church, reminds us of his mercy and
long-suffering, and of man's ingratitude and perverseness. Paul
passes from David to the Son of David, and shows that this Jesus
is his promised Seed; a Saviour to do that for them, which the
judges of old could not do, to save them from their sins, their
worst enemies. When the apostles preached Christ as the Saviour,
they were so far from concealing his death, that they always
preached Christ crucified. Our complete separation from sin, is
represented by our being buried with Christ. But he rose again
from the dead, and saw no corruption: this was the great truth
to be preached.

#32-37 The resurrection of Christ was the great proof of his
being the Son of God. It was not possible he should be held by
death, because he was the Son of God, and therefore had life in
himself, which he could not lay down but with a design to take
it again. The sure mercies of David are that everlasting life,
of which the resurrection was a sure pledge; and the blessings
of redemption in Christ are a certain earnest, even in this
world. David was a great blessing to the age wherein he lived.
We were not born for ourselves, but there are those living
around us, to whom we must study to be serviceable. Yet here is
the difference; Christ was to serve all generations. May we look
to Him who is declared to be the Son of God by his resurrection
from the dead, that by faith in him we may walk with God, and
serve our generation according to his will; and when death
comes, may we fall asleep in him, with a joyful hope of a
blessed resurrection.

#38-41 Let all that hear the gospel of Christ, know these two
things: 1. That through this Man, who died and rose again, is
preached unto you the forgiveness of sins. Your sins, though
many and great, may be forgiven, and they may be so without any
injury to God's honour. 2. It is by Christ only that those who
believe in him, and none else, are justified from all things;
from all the guilt and stain of sin, from which they could not
be justified by the law of Moses. The great concern of convinced
sinners is, to be justified, to be acquitted from all their
guilt, and accepted as righteous in God's sight, for if any is
left charged upon the sinner, he is undone. By Jesus Christ we
obtain a complete justification; for by him a complete atonement
was made for sin. We are justified, not only by him as our Judge
but by him as the Lord our Righteousness. What the law could not
do for us, in that it was weak, the gospel of Christ does. This
is the most needful blessing, bringing in every other. The
threatenings are warnings; what we are told will come upon
impenitent sinners, is designed to awaken us to beware lest it
come upon us. It ruins many, that they despise religion. Those
that will not wonder and be saved, shall wonder and perish.

#42-52 The Jews opposed the doctrine the apostles preached; and
when they could find no objection, they blasphemed Christ and
his gospel. Commonly those who begin with contradicting, end
with blaspheming. But when adversaries of Christ's cause are
daring, its advocates should be the bolder. And while many judge
themselves unworthy of eternal life, others, who appear less
likely, desire to hear more of the glad tidings of salvation.
This is according to what was foretold in the Old Testament.
What light, what power, what a treasure does this gospel bring
with it! How excellent are its truths, its precepts, its
promises! Those came to Christ whom the Father drew, and to whom
the Spirit made the gospel call effectual, #Ro 8:30|. As many as
were disposed to eternal life, as many as had concern about
their eternal state, and aimed to make sure of eternal life,
believed in Christ, in whom God has treasured up that life, and
who is the only Way to it; and it was the grace of God that
wrought it in them. It is good to see honourable women devout;
the less they have to do in the world, the more they should do
for their own souls, and the souls of others: but it is sad,
when, under colour of devotion to God, they try to show hatred
to Christ. And the more we relish the comforts and
encouragements we meet with in the power of godliness, and the
fuller our hearts are of them, the better prepared we are to
face difficulties in the profession of godliness.
$-$-$- AC:14

* Paul and Barnabas at Iconium. (1-7) A cripple healed at
Lystra, The people would have sacrificed to Paul and Barnabas.
(8-18) Paul stoned at Lystra, The churches visited again.
(19-28)

#1-7 The apostles spake so plainly, with such evidence and proof
of the Spirit, and with such power; so warmly, and with such
concern for the souls of men; that those who heard them could
not but say, God was with them of a truth. Yet the success was
not to be reckoned to the manner of their preaching, but to the
Spirit of God who used that means. Perseverance in doing good,
amidst dangers and hardships, is a blessed evidence of grace.
Wherever God's servants are driven, they should seek to declare
the truth. When they went on in Christ's name and strength, he
failed not to give testimony to the word of his grace. He has
assured us it is the word of God, and that we may venture our
souls upon it. The Gentiles and Jews were at enmity with one
another, yet united against Christians. If the church's enemies
join to destroy it, shall not its friends unite for its
preservation? God has a shelter for his people in a storm; he
is, and will be their Hiding-place. In times of persecution,
believers may see cause to quit a spot, though they do not quit
their Master's work.

#8-18 All things are possible to those that believe. When we
have faith, that most precious gift of God, we shall be
delivered from the spiritual helplessness in which we were born,
and from the dominion of sinful habits since formed; we shall be
made able to stand upright and walk cheerfully in the ways of
the Lord. When Christ, the Son of God, appeared in the likeness
of men, and did many miracles, men were so far from doing
sacrifice to him, that they made him a sacrifice to their pride
and malice; but Paul and Barnabas, upon their working one
miracle, were treated as gods. The same power of the god of this
world, which closes the carnal mind against truth, makes errors
and mistakes find easy admission. We do not learn that they rent
their clothes when the people spake of stoning them; but when
they spake of worshipping them; they could not bear it, being
more concerned for God's honour than their own. God's truth
needs not the services of man's falsehood. The servants of God
might easily obtain undue honours if they would wink at men's
errors and vices; but they must dread and detest such respect
more than any reproach. When the apostles preached to the Jews,
who hated idolatry, they had only to preach the grace of God in
Christ; but when they had to do with the Gentiles, they must set
right their mistakes in natural religion. Compare their conduct
and declaration with the false opinions of those who think the
worship of a God, under any name, or in any manner, is equally
acceptable to the Lord Almighty. The most powerful arguments,
the most earnest and affectionate addresses, even with miracles,
are scarcely enough to keep men from absurdities and
abominations; much less can they, without special grace, turn
the hearts of sinners to God and to holiness.

#19-28 See how restless the rage of the Jews was against the
gospel of Christ. The people stoned Paul, in a popular tumult.
So strong is the bent of the corrupt and carnal heart, that as
it is with great difficulty that men are kept back from evil on
one side, so it is with great ease they are persuaded to evil on
the other side. If Paul would have been Mercury, he might have
been worshipped; but if he will be a faithful minister of
Christ, he shall be stoned, and thrown out of the city. Thus men
who easily submit to strong delusions, hate to receive the truth
in the love of it. All who are converted need to be confirmed in
the faith; all who are planted need to be rooted. Ministers'
work is to establish saints as well as to awaken sinners. The
grace of God, and nothing less, effectually establishes the
souls of the disciples. It is true, we must count upon much
tribulation, but it is encouragement that we shall not be lost
and perish in it. The Person to whose power and grace the
converts and the newly-established churches are commended,
clearly was the Lord Jesus, "on whom they had believed." It was
an act of worship. The praise of all the little good we do at
any time, must be ascribed to God; for it is He who not only
worketh in us both to will and to do, but also worketh with us
to make what we do successful. All who love the Lord Jesus, will
rejoice to hear that he has opened the door of faith wide, to
those who were strangers to him and to his salvation. And let
us, like the apostles, abide with those who know and love the
Lord.
$-$-$- AC:15

* The dispute raised by Judaizing teachers. (1-6) The council at
Jerusalem. (7-21) The letter from the council. (22-35) Paul and
Barnabas separate. (36-41)

#1-6 Some from Judea taught the Gentile converts at Antioch,
that they could not be saved, unless they observed the whole
ceremonial law as given by Moses; and thus they sought to
destroy Christian liberty. There is a strange proneness in us to
think that all do wrong who do not just as we do. Their doctrine
was very discouraging. Wise and good men desire to avoid
contests and disputes as far as they can; yet when false
teachers oppose the main truths of the gospel, or bring in
hurtful doctrines, we must not decline to oppose them.

#7-21 We see from the words "purifying their hearts by faith,"
and the address of St. Peter, that justification by faith, and
sanctification by the Holy Ghost, cannot be separated; and that
both are the gift of God. We have great cause to bless God that
we have heard the gospel. May we have that faith which the great
Searcher of hearts approves, and attests by the seal of the Holy
Spirit. Then our hearts and consciences will be purified from
the guilt of sin, and we shall be freed from the burdens some
try to lay upon the disciples of Christ. Paul and Barnabas
showed by plain matters of fact, that God owned the preaching of
the pure gospel to the Gentiles without the law of Moses;
therefore to press that law upon them, was to undo what God had
done. The opinion of James was, that the Gentile converts ought
not to be troubled about Jewish rites, but that they should
abstain from meats offered to idols, so that they might show
their hatred of idolatry. Also, that they should be cautioned
against fornication, which was not abhorred by the Gentiles as
it should be, and even formed a part of some of their rites.
They were counselled to abstain from things strangled, and from
eating blood; this was forbidden by the law of Moses, and also
here, from reverence to the blood of the sacrifices, which being
then still offered, it would needlessly grieve the Jewish
converts, and further prejudice the unconverted Jews. But as the
reason has long ceased, we are left free in this, as in the like
matters. Let converts be warned to avoid all appearances of the
evils which they formerly practised, or are likely to be tempted
to; and caution them to use Christian liberty with moderation
and prudence.

#22-35 Being warranted to declare themselves directed by the
immediate influence of the Holy Ghost, the apostles and
disciples were assured that it seemed good unto God the Holy
Spirit, as well as to them, to lay upon the converts no other
burden than the things before mentioned, which were necessary,
either on their own account, or from present circumstances. It
was a comfort to hear that carnal ordinances were no longer
imposed on them, which perplexed the conscience, but could not
purify or pacify it; and that those who troubled their minds
were silenced, so that the peace of the church was restored, and
that which threatened division was removed. All this was
consolation for which they blessed God. Many others were at
Antioch. Where many labour in the word and doctrine, yet there
may be opportunity for us: the zeal and usefulness of others
should stir us up, not lay us asleep.

#36-41 Here we have a private quarrel between two ministers, no
less than Paul and Barnabas, yet made to end well. Barnabas
wished his nephew John Mark to go with them. We should suspect
ourselves of being partial, and guard against this in putting
our relations forward. Paul did not think him worthy of the
honour, nor fit for the service, who had departed from them
without their knowledge, or without their consent: see ch.
#13:13|. Neither would yield, therefore there was no remedy but
they must part. We see that the best of men are but men, subject
to like passions as we are. Perhaps there were faults on both
sides, as usual in such contentions. Christ's example alone, is
a copy without a blot. Yet we are not to think it strange, if
there are differences among wise and good men. It will be so
while we are in this imperfect state; we shall never be all of
one mind till we come to heaven. But what mischief the
remainders of pride and passion which are found even in good
men, do in the world, and do in the church! Many who dwelt at
Antioch, who had heard but little of the devotedness and piety
of Paul and Barnabas, heard of their dispute and separation; and
thus it will be with ourselves, if we give way to contention.
Believers must be constant in prayer, that they may never be led
by the allowance of unholy tempers, to hurt the cause they
really desire to serve. Paul speaks with esteem and affection
both of Barnabas and Mark, in his epistles, written after this
event. May all who profess thy name, O loving Saviour, be
thoroughly reconciled by that love derived from thee which is
not easily provoked, and which soon forgets and buries injuries.
$-$-$- AC:16

* Paul takes Timothy to be his assistant. (1-5) Paul proceeds to
Macedonia, The conversion of Lydia. (6-15) An evil spirit cast
out, Paul and Silas scourged and imprisoned. (16-24) The
conversion of the jailer at Philippi. (25-34) Paul and Silas
released. (35-40)

#1-5 Well may the church look for much service from youthful
ministers who set out in the same spirit as Timothy. But when
men will submit in nothing, and oblige in nothing, the first
elements of the Christian temper seem to be wanting; and there
is great reason to believe that the doctrines and precepts of
the gospel will not be successfully taught. The design of the
decree being to set aside the ceremonial law, and its carnal
ordinances, believers were confirmed in the Christian faith,
because it set up a spiritual way of serving God, as suited to
the nature both of God and man. Thus the church increased in
numbers daily.

#6-15 The removals of ministers, and the dispensing the means of
grace by them, are in particular under Divine conduct and
direction. We must follow Providence: and whatever we seek to
do, if that suffer us not, we ought to submit and believe to be
for the best. People greatly need help for their souls, it is
their duty to look out for it, and to invite those among them
who can help them. And God's calls must be complied with
readily. A solemn assembly the worshippers of God must have, if
possible, upon the sabbath day. If we have not synagogues, we
must be thankful for more private places, and resort to them;
not forsaking the assembling together, as our opportunities are.
Among the hearers of Paul was a woman, named Lydia. She had an
honest calling, which the historian notices to her praise. Yet
though she had a calling to mind, she found time to improve
advantages for her soul. It will not excuse us from religious
duties, to say, We have a trade to mind; for have not we also a
God to serve, and souls to look after? Religion does not call us
from our business in the world, but directs us in it. Pride,
prejudice, and sin shut out the truths of God, till his grace
makes way for them into the understanding and affections; and
the Lord alone can open the heart to receive and believe his
word. We must believe in Jesus Christ; there is no coming to God
as a Father, but by the Son as Mediator.

#16-24 Satan, though the father of lies, will declare the most
important truths, when he can thereby serve his purposes. But
much mischief is done to the real servants of Christ, by unholy
and false preachers of the gospel, who are confounded with them
by careless observers. Those who do good by drawing men from
sin, may expect to be reviled as troublers of the city. While
they teach men to fear God, to believe in Christ, to forsake
sin, and to live godly lives, they will be accused of teaching
bad customs.

#25-34 The consolations of God to his suffering servants are
neither few nor small. How much more happy are true Christians
than their prosperous enemies! As in the dark, so out of the
depths, we may cry unto God. No place, no time is amiss for
prayer, if the heart be lifted up to God. No trouble, however
grievous, should hinder us from praise. Christianity proves
itself to be of God, in that it obliges us to be just to our own
lives. Paul cried aloud to make the jailer hear, and to make him
heed, saying, Do thyself no harm. All the cautions of the word
of God against sin, and all appearances of it, and approaches to
it, have this tendency. Man, woman, do not ruin thyself; hurt
not thyself, and then none else can hurt thee; do not sin, for
nothing but that can hurt thee. Even as to the body, we are
cautioned against the sins which do harm to that. Converting
grace changes people's language of and to good people and good
ministers. How serious the jailer's inquiry! His salvation
becomes his great concern; that lies nearest his heart, which
before was furthest from his thoughts. It is his own precious
soul that he is concerned about. Those who are thoroughly
convinced of sin, and truly concerned about their salvation,
will give themselves up to Christ. Here is the sum of the whole
gospel, the covenant of grace in a few words; Believe in the
Lord Jesus Christ, and thou shalt be saved, and thy house. The
Lord so blessed the word, that the jailer was at once softened
and humbled. He treated them with kindness and compassion, and,
professing faith in Christ, was baptized in that name, with his
family. The Spirit of grace worked such a strong faith in them,
as did away further doubt; and Paul and Silas knew by the
Spirit, that a work of God was wrought in them. When sinners are
thus converted, they will love and honour those whom they before
despised and hated, and will seek to lessen the suffering they
before desired to increase. When the fruits of faith begin to
appear, terrors will be followed by confidence and joy in God.

#35-40 Paul, though willing to suffer for the cause of Christ,
and without any desire to avenge himself, did not choose to
depart under the charge of having deserved wrongful punishment,
and therefore required to be dismissed in an honourable manner.
It was not a mere point of honour that the apostle stood upon,
but justice, and not to himself so much as to his cause. And
when proper apology is made, Christians should never express
personal anger, nor insist too strictly upon personal amends.
The Lord will make them more than conquerors in every conflict;
instead of being cast down by their sufferings, they will become
comforters of their brethren.
$-$-$- AC:17

* Paul at Thessalonica. (1-9) The noble conduct of the Bereans.
(10-15) Paul at Athens. (16-21) He preaches there. (22-31) The
scornful conduct of the Athenians. (32-34)

#1-9 The drift and scope of Paul's preaching and arguing, was to
prove that Jesus is the Christ. He must needs suffer for us,
because he could not otherwise purchase our redemption for us;
and he must needs have risen again, because he could not
otherwise apply the redemption to us. We are to preach
concerning Jesus that he is Christ; therefore we may hope to be
saved by him, and are bound to be ruled by him. The unbelieving
Jews were angry, because the apostles preached to the Gentiles,
that they might be saved. How strange it is, that men should
grudge others the privileges they will not themselves accept!
Neither rulers nor people need be troubled at the increase of
real Christians, even though turbulent spirits should make
religion the pretext for evil designs. Of such let us beware,
from such let us withdraw, that we may show a desire to act
aright in society, while we claim our right to worship God
according to our consciences.

#10-15 The Jews in Berea applied seriously to the study of the
word preached unto them. They not only heard Paul preach on the
sabbath, but daily searched the Scriptures, and compared what
they read with the facts related to them. The doctrine of Christ
does not fear inquiry; advocates for his cause desire no more
than that people will fully and fairly examine whether things
are so or not. Those are truly noble, and likely to be more and
more so, who make the Scriptures their rule, and consult them
accordingly. May all the hearers of the gospel become like those
of Berea, receiving the word with readiness of mind, and
searching the Scriptures daily, whether the things preached to
them are so.

#16-21 Athens was then famed for polite learning, philosophy,
and the fine arts; but none are more childish and superstitious,
more impious, or more credulous, than some persons, deemed
eminent for learning and ability. It was wholly given to
idolatry. The zealous advocate for the cause of Christ will be
ready to plead for it in all companies, as occasion offers. Most
of these learned men took no notice of Paul; but some, whose
principles were the most directly contrary to Christianity, made
remarks upon him. The apostle ever dwelt upon two points, which
are indeed the principal doctrines of Christianity, Christ and a
future state; Christ our way, and heaven our end. They looked on
this as very different from the knowledge for many ages taught
and professed at Athens; they desire to know more of it, but
only because it was new and strange. They led him to the place
where judges sat who inquired into such matters. They asked
about Paul's doctrine, not because it was good, but because it
was new. Great talkers are always busy-bodies. They spend their
time in nothing else, and a very uncomfortable account they have
to give of their time who thus spend it. Time is precious, and
we are concerned to employ it well, because eternity depends
upon it, but much is wasted in unprofitable conversation.

#22-31 Here we have a sermon to heathens, who worshipped false
gods, and were without the true God in the world; and to them
the scope of the discourse was different from what the apostle
preached to the Jews. In the latter case, his business was to
lead his hearers by prophecies and miracles to the knowledge of
the Redeemer, and faith in him; in the former, it was to lead
them, by the common works of providence, to know the Creator,
and worship Him. The apostle spoke of an altar he had seen, with
the inscription, "TO THE UNKNOWN GOD." This fact is stated by
many writers. After multiplying their idols to the utmost, some
at Athens thought there was another god of whom they had no
knowledge. And are there not many now called Christians, who are
zealous in their devotions, yet the great object of their
worship is to them an unknown God? Observe what glorious things
Paul here says of that God whom he served, and would have them
to serve. The Lord had long borne with idolatry, but the times
of this ignorance were now ending, and by his servants he now
commanded all men every where to repent of their idolatry. Each
sect of the learned men would feel themselves powerfully
affected by the apostle's discourse, which tended to show the
emptiness or falsity of their doctrines.

#32-34 The apostle was treated with more outward civility at
Athens than in some other places; but none more despised his
doctrine, or treated it with more indifference. Of all subjects,
that which deserves the most attention gains the least. But
those who scorn, will have to bear the consequences, and the
word will never be useless. Some will be found, who cleave to
the Lord, and listen to his faithful servants. Considering the
judgement to come, and Christ as our Judge, should urge all to
repent of sin, and turn to Him. Whatever matter is used, all
discourses must lead to Him, and show his authority; our
salvation, and resurrection, come from and by Him.
$-$-$- AC:18

* Paul at Corinth, with Aquila and Priscilla. (1-6) He continues
to preach at Corinth. (7-11) Paul before Gallio. (12-17) He
visits Jerusalem. (18-23) Apollos teaches at Ephesus and in
Achaia. (24-28)

#1-6 Though Paul was entitled to support from the churches he
planted, and from the people to whom he preached, yet he worked
at his calling. An honest trade, by which a man may get his
bread, is not to be looked upon with contempt by any. It was the
custom of the Jews to bring up their children to some trade,
though they gave them learning or estates. Paul was careful to
prevent prejudices, even the most unreasonable. The love of
Christ is the best bond of the saints; and the communings of the
saints with each other, sweeten labour, contempt, and even
persecution. Most of the Jews persisted in contradicting the
gospel of Christ, and blasphemed. They would not believe
themselves, and did all they could to keep others from
believing. Paul hereupon left them. He did not give over his
work; for though Israel be not gathered, Christ and his gospel
shall be glorious. The Jews could not complain, for they had the
first offer. When some oppose the gospel, we must turn to
others. Grief that many persist in unbelief should not prevent
gratitude for the conversion of some to Christ.

#7-11 The Lord knows those that are his, yea, and those that
shall be his; for it is by his work upon them that they become
his. Let us not despair concerning any place, when even in
wicked Corinth Christ had much people. He will gather in his
chosen flock from the places where they are scattered Thus
encouraged, the apostle continued at Corinth, and a numerous and
flourishing church grew up.

#12-17 Paul was about to show that he did not teach men to
worship God contrary to law; but the judge would not allow the
Jews to complain to him of what was not within his office. It
was right in Gallio that he left the Jews to themselves in
matters relating to their religion, but yet would not let them,
under pretence of that, persecute another. But it was wrong to
speak slightly of a law and religion which he might have known
to be of God, and which he ought to have acquainted himself
with. In what way God is to be worshipped, whether Jesus be the
Messiah, and whether the gospel be a Divine revelation, are not
questions of words and names, they are questions of vast
importance. Gallio spoke as if he boasted of his ignorance of
the Scriptures, as if the law of God was beneath his notice.
Gallio cared for none of these things. If he cared not for the
affronts of bad men, it was commendable; but if he concerned not
himself for the abuses done to good men, his indifference was
carried too far. And those who see and hear of the sufferings of
God's people, and have no feeling with them, or care for them,
who do not pity and pray for them, are of the same spirit as
Gallio, who cared for none of these things.

#18-23 While Paul found he laboured not in vain, he continued
labouring. Our times are in God's hand; we purpose, but he
disposes; therefore we must make all promises with submission to
the will of God; not only if providence permits, but if God does
not otherwise direct our motions. A very good refreshment it is
to a faithful minister, to have for awhile the society of his
brethren. Disciples are compassed about with infirmity;
ministers must do what they can to strengthen them, by directing
them to Christ, who is their Strength. Let us earnestly seek, in
our several places, to promote the cause of Christ, forming
plans that appear to us most proper, but relying on the Lord to
bring them to pass if he sees good.

#24-28 Apollos taught in the gospel of Christ, as far as John's
ministry would carry him, and no further. We cannot but think he
had heard of Christ's death and resurrection, but he was not
informed as to the mystery of them. Though he had not the
miraculous gifts of the Spirit, as the apostles, he made use of
the gifts he had. The dispensation of the Spirit, whatever the
measure of it may be, is given to every man to profit withal. He
was a lively, affectionate preacher; fervent in spirit. He was
full of zeal for the glory of God and the salvation of precious
souls. Here was a complete man of God, thoroughly furnished for
his work. Aquila and Priscilla encouraged his ministry, by
attendance upon it. They did not despise Apollos themselves, or
undervalue him to others; but considered the disadvantages he
had laboured under. And having themselves got knowledge in the
truths of the gospel by their long intercourse with Paul, they
told what they knew to him. Young scholars may gain a great deal
by converse with old Christians. Those who do believe through
grace, yet still need help. As long as they are in this world,
there are remainders of unbelief, and something lacking in their
faith to be perfected, and the work of faith to be fulfilled. If
the Jews were convinced that Jesus is Christ, even their own law
would teach them to hear him. The business of ministers is to
preach Christ. Not only to preach the truth, but to prove and
defend it, with meekness, yet with power.
$-$-$- AC:19

* Paul instructs the disciples of John at Ephesus. (1-7) He
teaches there. (8-12) The Jewish exorcists disgraced. Some
Ephesians burn their evil books. (13-20) The tumult at Ephesus.
(21-31) The tumult appeased. (32-41)

#1-7 Paul, at Ephesus, found some religious persons, who looked
to Jesus as the Messiah. They had not been led to expect the
miraculous powers of the Holy Ghost, nor were they informed that
the gospel was especially the ministration of the Spirit. But
they spake as ready to welcome the notice of it. Paul shows them
that John never design that those he baptized should rest there,
but told them that they should believe on Him who should come
after him, that is, on Christ Jesus. They thankfully accepted
the discovery, and were baptized in the name of the Lord Jesus.
The Holy Ghost came upon them in a surprising, overpowering
manner; they spake with tongues, and prophesied, as the apostles
and the first Gentile coverts did. Though we do not now expect
miraculous powers, yet all who profess to be disciples of
Christ, should be called on to examine whether they have
received the seal of the Holy Ghost, in his sanctifying
influences, to the sincerity of their faith. Many seem not to
have heard that there is a Holy Ghost, and many deem all that is
spoken concerning his graces and comforts, to be delusion. Of
such it may properly be inquired, "Unto what, then, were ye
baptized?" for they evidently know not the meaning of that
outward sign on which they place great dependence.

#8-12 When arguments and persuasions only harden men in unbelief
and blasphemy, we must separate ourselves and others from such
unholy company. God was pleased to confirm the teaching of these
holy men of old, that if their hearers believed them not, they
might believe the works.

#13-20 It was common, especially among the Jews, for persons to
profess or to try to cast out evil spirits. If we resist the
devil by faith in Christ, he will flee from us; but if we think
to resist him by the using of Christ's name, or his works, as a
spell or charm, Satan will prevail against us. Where there is
true sorrow for sin, there will be free confession of sin to God
in every prayer and to man whom we have offended, when the case
requires it. Surely if the word of God prevailed among us, many
lewd, infidel, and wicked books would be burned by their
possessors. Will not these Ephesian converts rise up in
judgement against professors, who traffic in such works for the
sake of gain, or allow themselves to possess them? If we desire
to be in earnest in the great work of salvation, every pursuit
and enjoyment must be given up which hinders the effect of the
gospel upon the mind, or loosens its hold upon the heart.

#21-31 Persons who came from afar to pay their devotions at the
temple of Ephesus, bought little silver shrines, or models of
the temple, to carry home with them. See how craftsmen make
advantage to themselves of people's superstition, and serve
their worldly ends by it. Men are jealous for that by which they
get their wealth; and many set themselves against the gospel of
Christ, because it calls men from all unlawful crafts, however
much wealth is to be gotten by them. There are persons who will
stickle for what is most grossly absurd, unreasonable, and
false; as this, that those are gods which are made with hands,
if it has but worldly interest on its side. The whole city was
full of confusion, the common and natural effect of zeal for
false religion. Zeal for the honour of Christ, and love to the
brethren, encourage zealous believers to venture into danger.
Friends will often be raised up among those who are strangers to
true religion, but have observed the honest and consistent
behaviour of Christians.

#32-41 The Jews came forward in this tumult. Those who are thus
careful to distinguish themselves from the servants of Christ
now, and are afraid of being taken for them, shall have their
doom accordingly in the great day. One, having authority, at
length stilled the noise. It is a very good rule at all times,
both in private and public affairs, not to be hasty and rash in
our motions, but to take time to consider; and always to keep
our passions under check. We ought to be quiet, and to do
nothing rashly; to do nothing in haste, of which we may repent
at leisure. The regular methods of the law ought always to stop
popular tumults, and in well-governed nations will do so. Most
people stand in awe of men's judgments more than of the
judgement of God. How well it were if we would thus quiet our
disorderly appetites and passions, by considering the account we
must shortly give to the Judge of heaven and earth! And see how
the overruling providence of God keeps the public peace, by an
unaccountable power over the spirits of men. Thus the world is
kept in some order, and men are held back from devouring each
other. We can scarcely look around but we see men act like
Demetrius and the workmen. It is as safe to contend with wild
beasts as with men enraged by party zeal and disappointed
covetousness, who think that all arguments are answered, when
they have shown that they grow rich by the practices which are
opposed. Whatever side in religious disputes, or whatever name
this spirit assumes, it is worldly, and should be
discountenanced by all who regard truth and piety. And let us
not be dismayed; the Lord on high is mightier than the noise of
many waters; he can still the rage of the people.
$-$-$- AC:20

* Paul's journeys. (1-6) Eutychus restored to life. (7-12) Paul
travels towards Jerusalem. (13-16) Paul's discourse to the
elders of Ephesus. (17-27) Their farewell. (28-38)

#1-6 Tumults or opposition may constrain a Christian to remove
from his station or alter his purpose, but his work and his
pleasure will be the same, wherever he goes. Paul thought it
worth while to bestow five days in going to Troas, though it was
but for seven days' stay there; but he knew, and so should we,
how to redeem even journeying time, and to make it turn to some
good account.

#7-12 Though the disciples read, and meditated, and prayed, and
sung apart, and thereby kept up communion with God, yet they
came together to worship God, and so kept up their communion
with one another. They came together on the first day of the
week, the Lord's day. It is to be religiously observed by all
disciples of Christ. In the breaking of the bread, not only the
breaking of Christ's body for us, to be a sacrifice for our
sins, is remembered, but the breaking of Christ's body to us, to
be food and a feast for our souls, is signified. In the early
times it was the custom to receive the Lord's supper every
Lord's day, thus celebrating the memorial of Christ's death. In
this assembly Paul preached. The preaching of the gospel ought
to go with the sacraments. They were willing to hear, he saw
they were so, and continued his speech till midnight. Sleeping
when hearing the word, is an evil thing, a sign of low esteem of
the word of God. We must do what we can to prevent being sleepy;
not put ourselves to sleep, but get our hearts affected with the
word we hear, so as to drive sleep far away. Infirmity requires
tenderness; but contempt requires severity. It interrupted the
apostle's preaching; but was made to confirm his preaching.
Eutychus was brought to life again. And as they knew not when
they should have Paul's company again, they made the best use of
it they could, and reckoned a night's sleep well lost for that
purpose. How seldom are hours of repose broken for the purposes
of devotion! but how often for mere amusement or sinful revelry!
So hard is it for spiritual life to thrive in the heart of man!
so naturally do carnal practices flourish there!

#13-16 Paul hastened to Jerusalem, but tried to do good by the
way, when going from place to place, as every good man should
do. In doing God's work, our own wills and those of our friends
must often be crossed; we must not spend time with them when
duty calls us another way.

#17-27 The elders knew that Paul was no designing, self-seeking
man. Those who would in any office serve the Lord acceptably,
and profitably to others, must do it with humility. He was a
plain preacher, one that spoke his message so as to be
understood. He was a powerful preacher; he preached the gospel
as a testimony to them if they received it; but as a testimony
against them if they rejected it. He was a profitable preacher;
one that aimed to inform their judgments, and reform their
hearts and lives. He was a painful preacher, very industrious in
his work. He was a faithful preacher; he did not keep back
reproofs when necessary, nor keep back the preaching of the
cross. He was a truly Christian, evangelical preacher; he did
not preach notions or doubtful matters; nor affairs of state or
the civil government; but he preached faith and repentance. A
better summary of these things, without which there is no
salvation, cannot be given: even repentance towards God, and
faith towards our Lord Jesus Christ, with their fruits and
effects. Without these no sinner can escape, and with these none
will come short of eternal life. Let them not think that Paul
left Asia for fear of persecution; he was in full expectation of
trouble, yet resolved to go on, well assured that it was by
Divine direction. Thanks be to God that we know not the things
which shall befall us during the year, the week, the day which
has begun. It is enough for the child of God to know that his
strength shall be equal to his day. He knows not, he would not
know, what the day before him shall bring forth. The powerful
influences of the Holy Spirit bind the true Christian to his
duty. Even when he expects persecution and affliction, the love
of Christ constrains him to proceed. None of these things moved
Paul from his work; they did not deprive him of his comfort. It
is the business of our life to provide for a joyful death.
Believing that this was the last time they should see him, he
appeals concerning his integrity. He had preached to them the
whole counsel of God. As he had preached to them the gospel
purely, so he had preached it to them entire; he faithfully did
his work, whether men would bear or forbear.

#28-38 If the Holy Ghost has made ministers overseers of the
flock, that is, shepherds, they must be true to their trust. Let
them consider their Master's concern for the flock committed to
their charge. It is the church He has purchased with his own
blood. The blood was his as Man; yet so close is the union
between the Divine and human nature, that it is there called the
blood of God, for it was the blood of Him who is God. This put
such dignity and worth into it, as to ransom believers from all
evil, and purchase all good. Paul spake about their souls with
affection and concern. They were full of care what would become
of them. Paul directs them to look up to God with faith, and
commends them to the word of God's grace, not only as the
foundation of their hope and the fountain of their joy, but as
the rule of their walking. The most advanced Christians are
capable of growing, and will find the word of grace help their
growth. As those cannot be welcome guests to the holy God who
are unsanctified; so heaven would be no heaven to them; but to
all who are born again, and on whom the image of God is renewed,
it is sure, as almighty power and eternal truth make it so. He
recommends himself to them as an example of not caring as to
things of the present world; this they would find help forward
their comfortable passage through it. It might seem a hard
saying, therefore Paul adds to it a saying of their Master's,
which he would have them always remember; "It is more blessed to
give than to receive:" it seems they were words often used to
his disciples. The opinion of the children of this world, is
contrary to this; they are afraid of giving, unless in hope of
getting. Clear gain, is with them the most blessed thing that
can be; but Christ tell us what is more blessed, more excellent.
It makes us more like to God, who gives to all, and receives
from none; and to the Lord Jesus, who went about doing good.
This mind was in Christ Jesus, may it be in us also. It is good
for friends, when they part, to part with prayer. Those who
exhort and pray for one another, may have many weeping seasons
and painful separations, but they will meet before the throne of
God, to part no more. It was a comfort to all, that the presence
of Christ both went with him and stayed with them.
$-$-$- AC:21

* Paul's voyage towards Jerusalem. (1-7) Paul at Cesarea. The
prophecy of Agabus, Paul at Jerusalem. (8-18) He is persuaded to
join in ceremonial observances. (19-26) Being in danger from the
Jews, he is rescued by the Romans. (27-40)

#1-7 Providence must be acknowledged when our affairs go on
well. Wherever Paul came, he inquired what disciples were there,
and found them out. Foreseeing his troubles, from love to him,
and concern for the church, they wrongly thought it would be
most for the glory of God that he should continue at liberty;
but their earnestness to dissuade him from it, renders his pious
resolution the more illustrious. He has taught us by example, as
well as by rule, to pray always, to pray without ceasing. Their
last farewell was sweetened with prayer.

#8-18 Paul had express warning of his troubles, that when they
came, they might be no surprise or terror to him. The general
notice given us, that through much tribulation we must enter
into the kingdom of God, should be of the same use to us. Their
weeping began to weaken and slacken his resolution Has not our
Master told us to take up our cross? It was a trouble to him,
that they should so earnestly press him to do that in which he
could not gratify them without wronging his conscience. When we
see trouble coming, it becomes us to say, not only, The will of
the Lord must be done, and there is no remedy; but, Let the will
of the Lord be done; for his will is his wisdom, and he doeth
all according to the counsel of it. When a trouble is come, this
must allay our griefs, that the will of the Lord is done; when
we see it coming, this must silence our fears, that the will of
the Lord shall be done; and we ought to say, Amen, let it be
done. It is honourable to be an old disciple of Jesus Christ, to
have been enabled by the grace of God to continue long in a
course of duty, stedfast in the faith, growing more and more
experienced, to a good old age. And with these old disciples one
would choose to lodge; for the multitude of their years shall
teach wisdom. Many brethren at Jerusalem received Paul gladly.
We think, perhaps, that if we had him among us, we should gladly
receive him; but we should not, if, having his doctrine, we do
not gladly receive that.

#19-26 Paul ascribed all his success to God, and to God they
gave the praise. God had honoured him more than any of the
apostles, yet they did not envy him; but on the contrary,
glorified the Lord. They could not do more to encourage Paul to
go on cheerfully in his work. James and the elders of the church
at Jerusalem, asked Paul to gratify the believing Jews, by some
compliance with the ceremonial law. They thought it was prudent
in him to conform thus far. It was great weakness to be so fond
of the shadows, when the substance was come. The religion Paul
preached, tended not to destroy the law, but to fulfil it. He
preached Christ, the end of the law for righteousness, and
repentance and faith, in which we are to make great use of the
law. The weakness and evil of the human heart strongly appear,
when we consider how many, even of the disciples of Christ, had
not due regard to the most eminent minister that even lived. Not
the excellence of his character, nor the success with which God
blessed his labours, could gain their esteem and affection,
seeing that he did not render the same respect as themselves to
mere ceremonial observances. How watchful should we be against
prejudices! The apostles were not free from blame in all they
did; and it would be hard to defend Paul from the charge of
giving way too much in this matter. It is vain to attempt to
court the favour of zealots, or bigots to a party. This
compliance of Paul did not answer, for the very thing by which
he hoped to pacify the Jews, provoked them, and brought him into
trouble. But the all-wise God overruled both their advice and
Paul's compliance with it, to serve a better purpose than was
intended. It was in vain to think of pleasing men who would be
pleased with nothing but the rooting out of Christianity.
Integrity and uprightness will be more likely to preserve us
than insincere compliances. And it should warn us not to press
men to doing what is contrary to their own judgment to oblige
us.

#27-40 In the temple, where Paul should have been protected as
in a place of safety, he was violently set upon. They falsely
charged him with ill doctrine and ill practice against the
Mosaic ceremonies. It is no new thing for those who mean
honestly and act regularly, to have things laid to their charge
which they know not and never thought of. It is common for the
wise and good to have that charged against them by malicious
people, with which they thought to have obliged them. God often
makes those a protection to his people, who have no affection to
them, but only have compassion for sufferers, and regard to the
public peace. And here see what false, mistaken notions of good
people and good ministers, many run away with. But God
seasonably interposes for the safety of his servants, from
wicked and unreasonable men; and gives them opportunities to
speak for themselves, to plead for the Redeemer, and to spread
abroad his glorious gospel.
$-$-$- AC:22

* Paul's account of his conversion. (1-11) Paul directed to
preach to the Gentiles. (12-21) The rage of the Jews Paul pleads
that he is a Roman citizen. (22-30)

#1-11 The apostle addressed the enraged multitude, in the
customary style of respect and good-will. Paul relates the
history of his early life very particularly; he notices that his
conversion was wholly the act of God. Condemned sinners are
struck blind by the power of darkness, and it is a lasting
blindness, like that of the unbelieving Jews. Convinced sinners
are struck blind as Paul was, not by darkness, but by light.
They are for a time brought to be at a loss within themselves,
but it is in order to their being enlightened. A simple relation
of the Lord's dealings with us, in bringing us, from opposing,
to profess and promote his gospel, when delivered in a right
spirit and manner, will sometimes make more impression that
laboured speeches, even though it amounts not to the full proof
of the truth, such as was shown in the change wrought in the
apostle.

#12-21 The apostle goes on to relate how he was confirmed in the
change he had made. The Lord having chosen the sinner, that he
should know his will, he is humbled, enlightened, and brought to
the knowledge of Christ and his blessed gospel. Christ is here
called that Just One; for he is Jesus Christ the righteous.
Those whom God has chosen to know his will, must look to Jesus,
for by him God has made known his good-will to us. The great
gospel privilege, sealed to us by baptism, is the pardon of
sins. Be baptized, and wash away thy sins; that is, receive the
comfort of the pardon of thy sins in and through Jesus Christ,
and lay hold on his righteousness for that purpose; and receive
power against sin, for the mortifying of thy corruptions. Be
baptized, and rest not in the sign, but make sure of the thing
signified, the putting away of the filth of sin. The great
gospel duty, to which by our baptism we are bound, is, to seek
for the pardon of our sins in Christ's name, and in dependence
on him and his righteousness. God appoints his labourers their
day and their place, and it is fit they should follow his
appointment, though it may cross their own will. Providence
contrives better for us than we do for ourselves; we must refer
ourselves to God's guidance. If Christ send any one, his Spirit
shall go along with him, and give him to see the fruit of his
labours. But nothing can reconcile man's heart to the gospel,
except the special grace of God.

#22-30 The Jews listened to Paul's account of his conversion,
but the mention of his being sent to the Gentiles, was so
contrary to all their national prejudices, that they would hear
no more. Their frantic conduct astonished the Roman officer, who
supposed that Paul must have committed some great crime. Paul
pleaded his privilege as a Roman citizen, by which he was
exempted from all trials and punishments which might force him
to confess himself guilty. The manner of his speaking plainly
shows what holy security and serenity of mind he enjoyed. As
Paul was a Jew, in low circumstances, the Roman officer
questioned how he obtained so valuable a distinction; but the
apostle told him he was free born. Let us value that freedom to
which all the children of God are born; which no sum of money,
however large, can purchase for those who remain unregenerate.
This at once put a stop to his trouble. Thus many are kept from
evil practices by the fear of man, who would not be held back
from them by the fear of God. The apostle asks, simply, Is it
lawful? He knew that the God whom he served would support him
under all sufferings for his name's sake. But if it were not
lawful, the apostle's religion directed him, if possible, to
avoid it. He never shrunk from a cross which his Divine Master
laid upon his onward road; and he never stept aside out of that
road to take one up.
$-$-$- AC:23

* Paul's defence before the council of the Jews. (1-5) Paul's
defence. He receives a Divine assurance that he shall go to
Rome. (6-11) The Jews conspire to kill Paul, Lysias sends him to
Cesarea. (12-24) Lysias's letter to Felix. (25-35)

#1-5 See here the character of an honest man. He sets God before
him, and lives as in his sight. He makes conscience of what he
says and does, and, according to the best of his knowledge, he
keeps from whatever is evil, and cleaves to what is good. He is
conscientious in all his words and conduct. Those who thus live
before God, may, like Paul, have confidence both toward God and
man. Though the answer of Paul contained a just rebuke and
prediction, he seems to have been too angry at the treatment he
received in uttering them. Great men may be told of their
faults, and public complaints may be made in a proper manner;
but the law of God requires respect for those in authority.

#6-11 The Pharisees were correct in the faith of the Jewish
church. The Sadducees were no friends to the Scripture or Divine
revelation; they denied a future state; they had neither hope of
eternal happiness, nor dread of eternal misery. When called in
question for his being a Christian, Paul might truly say he was
called in question for the hope of the resurrection of the dead.
It was justifiable in him, by this profession of his opinion on
that disputed point, to draw off the Pharisees from persecuting
him, and to lead them to protect him from this unlawful
violence. How easily can God defend his own cause! Though the
Jews seemed to be perfectly agreed in their conspiracy against
religion, yet they were influenced by very different motives.
There is no true friendship among the wicked, and in a moment,
and with the utmost ease, God can turn their union into open
enmity. Divine consolations stood Paul in the most stead; the
chief captain rescued him out of the hands of cruel men, but the
event he could not tell. Whoever is against us, we need not
fear, if the Lord stand by us. It is the will of Christ, that
his servants who are faithful, should be always cheerful. He
might think he should never see Rome; but God tells him, even in
that he should be gratified, since he desired to go there only
for the honour of Christ, and to do good.

#12-24 False religious principles, adopted by carnal men, urge
on to such wickedness, as human nature would hardly be supposed
capable of. Yet the Lord readily disappoints the best concerted
schemes of iniquity. Paul knew that the Divine providence acts
by reasonable and prudent means; and that, if he neglected to
use the means in his power, he could not expect God's providence
to work on his behalf. He who will not help himself according to
his means and power, has neither reason nor revelation to assure
him that he shall receive help from God. Believing in the Lord,
we and ours shall be kept from every evil work, and kept to his
kingdom. Heavenly Father, give us by thy Holy Spirit, for
Christ's sake, this precious faith.

#25-35 God has instruments for every work. The natural abilities
and moral virtues of the heathens often have been employed to
protect his persecuted servants. Even the men of the world can
discern between the conscientious conduct of upright believers,
and the zeal of false professors, though they disregard or
understand not their doctrinal principles. All hearts are in
God's hand, and those are blessed who put their trust in him,
and commit their ways unto him.
$-$-$- AC:24

* The speech of Tertullus against Paul. (1-9) Paul's defence
before Felix. (10-21) Felix trembles at the reasoning of Paul.
(22-27)

#1-9 See here the unhappiness of great men, and a great
unhappiness it is, to have their services praised beyond
measure, and never to be faithfully told of their faults; hereby
they are hardened and encouraged in evil, like Felix. God's
prophets were charged with being troublers of the land, and our
Lord Jesus Christ, that he perverted the nation; the very same
charges were brought against Paul. The selfish and evil passions
of men urge them forward, and the graces and power of speech,
too often have been used to mislead and prejudice men against
the truth. How different will the characters of Paul and Felix
appear at the day of judgement, from what they are represented
in the speech of Tertullus! Let not Christians value the
applause, or be troubled at the revilings of ungodly men, who
represent the vilest of the human race almost as gods, and the
excellent of the earth as pestilences and movers of sedition.

#10-21 Paul gives a just account of himself, which clears him
from crime, and likewise shows the true reason of the violence
against him. Let us never be driven from any good way by its
having an ill name. It is very comfortable, in worshipping God,
to look to him as the God of our fathers, and to set up no other
rule of faith or practice but the Scriptures. This shows there
will be a resurrection to a final judgment. Prophets and their
doctrines were to be tried by their fruits. Paul's aim was to
have a conscience void of offence. His care and endeavour was to
abstain from many things, and to abound in the exercises of
religion at all times; both towards God. and towards man. If
blamed for being more earnest in the things of God than our
neighbours, what is our reply? Do we shrink from the accusation?
How many in the world would rather be accused of any weakness,
nay, even of wickedness, than of an earnest, fervent feeling of
love to the Lord Jesus Christ, and of devotedness to his
service! Can such think that He will confess them when he comes
in his glory, and before the angels of God? If there is any
sight pleasing to the God of our salvation, and a sight at which
the angels rejoice, it is, to behold a devoted follower of the
Lord, here upon earth, acknowledging that he is guilty, if it be
a crime, of loving the Lord who died for him, with all his
heart, and soul, and mind, and strength. And that he will not in
silence see God's word despised, or hear his name profaned; he
will rather risk the ridicule and the hatred of the world, than
one frown from that gracious Being whose love is better than
life.

#22-27 The apostle reasoned concerning the nature and
obligations of righteousness, temperance, and of a judgment to
come; thus showing the oppressive judge and his profligate
mistress, their need of repentance, forgiveness, and of the
grace of the gospel. Justice respects our conduct in life,
particularly in reference to others; temperance, the state and
government of our souls, in reference to God. He who does not
exercise himself in these, has neither the form nor the power of
godliness, and must be overwhelmed with the Divine wrath in the
day of God's appearing. A prospect of the judgment to come, is
enough to make the stoutest heart to tremble. Felix trembled,
but that was all. Many are startled by the word of God, who are
not changed by it. Many fear the consequences of sin, yet
continue in the love and practice of sin. In the affairs of our
souls, delays are dangerous. Felix put off this matter to a more
convenient season, but we do not find that the more convenient
season ever came. Behold now is the accepted time; hear the
voice of the Lord to-day. He was in haste to turn from hearing
the truth. Was any business more urgent than for him to reform
his conduct, or more important than the salvation of his soul!
Sinners often start up like a man roused from his sleep by a
loud noise, but soon sink again into their usual drowsiness. Be
not deceived by occasional appearances of religion in ourselves
or in others. Above all, let us not trifle with the word of God.
Do we expect that as we advance in life our hearts will grow
softer, or that the influence of the world will decline? Are we
not at this moment in danger of being lost for ever? Now is the
day of salvation; tomorrow may be too late.
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* Paul before Festus, he appeals to Caesar. (1-12) Festus
confers with Agrippa respecting Paul. (13-27)

#1-12 See how restless malice is. Persecutors deem it a peculiar
favour to have their malice gratified. Preaching Christ, the end
of the law, was no offence against the law. In suffering times
the prudence of the Lord's people is tried, as well as their
patience; they need wisdom. It becomes those who are innocent,
to insist upon their innocence. Paul was willing to abide by the
rules of the law, and to let that take its course. If he
deserved death, he would accept the punishment. But if none of
the things whereof they accused him were true, no man could
deliver him unto them, with justice. Paul is neither released
nor condemned. It is an instance of the slow steps which
Providence takes; by which we are often made ashamed, both of
our hopes and of our fears, and are kept waiting on God.

#13-27 Agrippa had the government of Galilee. How many unjust
and hasty judgments the Roman maxim, ver. #16|, condemn! This
heathen, guided only by the light of nature, followed law and
custom exactly, yet how many Christians will not follow the
rules of truth, justice, and charity, in judging their brethren!
The questions about God's worship, the way of salvation, and the
truths of the gospel, may appear doubtful and without interest,
to worldly men and mere politicians. See how slightly this Roman
speaks of Christ, and of the great controversy between the Jews
and the Christians. But the day is at hand when Festus and the
whole world will see, that all the concerns of the Roman empire
were but trifles and of no consequence, compared with this
question of Christ's resurrection. Those who have had means of
instruction, and have despised them, will be awfully convinced
of their sin and folly. Here was a noble assembly brought
together to hear the truths of the gospel, though they only
meant to gratify their curiosity by attending to the defence of
a prisoner. Many, even now, attend at the places of hearing the
word of God with "great pomp," and too often with no better
motive than curiosity. And though ministers do not now stand as
prisoners to make a defence for their lives, yet numbers affect
to sit in judgment upon them, desirous to make them offenders
for a word, rather than to learn from them the truth and will of
God, for the salvation of their souls But the pomp of this
appearance was outshone by the real glory of the poor prisoner
at the bar. What was the honour of their fine appearance,
compared with that of Paul's wisdom, and grace, and holiness;
his courage and constancy in suffering for Christ! It is no
small mercy to have God clear up our righteousness as the light,
and our just dealing as the noon-day; to have nothing certain
laid to our charge. And God makes even the enemies of his people
to do them right.
$-$-$- AC:26

* Paul's defence before Agrippa. (1-11) His conversion and
preaching to the Gentiles. (12-23) Festus and Agrippa convinced
of Paul's innocence. (24-32)

#1-11 Christianity teaches us to give a reason of the hope that
is in us, and also to give honour to whom honour is due, without
flattery or fear of man. Agrippa was well versed in the
Scriptures of the Old Testament, therefore could the better
judge as to the controversy about Jesus being the Messiah.
Surely ministers may expect, when they preach the faith of
Christ, to be heard patiently. Paul professes that he still kept
to all the good in which he was first educated and trained up.
See here what his religion was. He was a moralist, a man of
virtue, and had not learned the arts of the crafty, covetous
Pharisees; he was not chargeable with any open vice and
profaneness. He was sound in the faith. He always had a holy
regard for the ancient promise made of God unto the fathers, and
built his hope upon it. The apostle knew very well that all this
would not justify him before God, yet he knew it was for his
reputation among the Jews, and an argument that he was not such
a man as they represented him to be. Though he counted this but
loss, that he might win Christ, yet he mentioned it when it
might serve to honour Christ. See here what Paul's religion is;
he has not such zeal for the ceremonial law as he had in his
youth; the sacrifices and offerings appointed by that, are done
away by the great Sacrifice which they typified. Of the
ceremonial cleansings he makes no conscience, and thinks the
Levitical priesthood is done away in the priesthood of Christ;
but, as to the main principles of his religion, he is as zealous
as ever. Christ and heaven, are the two great doctrines of the
gospel; that God has given to us eternal life, and this life is
in his Son. These are the matter of the promise made unto the
fathers. The temple service, or continual course of religious
duties, day and night, was kept up as the profession of faith in
the promise of eternal life, and in expectation of it. The
prospect of eternal life should engage us to be diligent and
stedfast in all religious exercises. Yet the Sadducees hated
Paul for preaching the resurrection; and the other Jews joined
them, because he testified that Jesus was risen, and was the
promised Redeemer of Israel. Many things are thought to be
beyond belief, only because the infinite nature and perfections
of Him that has revealed, performed, or promised them, are
overlooked. Paul acknowledged, that while he continued a
Pharisee, he was a bitter enemy to Christianity. This was his
character and manner of life in the beginning of his time; and
there was every thing to hinder his being a Christian. Those who
have been most strict in their conduct before conversion, will
afterwards see abundant reason for humbling themselves, even on
account of things which they then thought ought to have been
done.

#12-23 Paul was made a Christian by Divine power; by a
revelation of Christ both to him and in him; when in the full
career of his sin. He was made a minister by Divine authority:
the same Jesus who appeared to him in that glorious light,
ordered him to preach the gospel to the Gentiles. A world that
sits in darkness must be enlightened; those must be brought to
know the things that belong to their everlasting peace, who are
yet ignorant of them. A world that lies in wickedness must be
sanctified and reformed; it is not enough for them to have their
eyes opened, they must have their hearts renewed; not enough to
be turned from darkness to light, but they must be turned from
the power of Satan unto God. All who are turned from sin to God,
are not only pardoned, but have a grant of a rich inheritance.
The forgiveness of sins makes way for this. None can be happy
who are not holy; and to be saints in heaven we must be first
saints on earth. We are made holy, and saved by faith in Christ;
by which we rely upon Christ as the Lord our Righteousness, and
give up ourselves to him as the Lord our Ruler; by this we
receive the remission of sins, the gift of the Holy Ghost, and
eternal life. The cross of Christ was a stumbling-block to the
Jews, and they were in a rage at Paul's preaching the fulfilling
of the Old Testament predictions. Christ should be the first
that should rise from the dead; the Head or principal One. Also,
it was foretold by the prophets, that the Gentiles should be
brought to the knowledge of God by the Messiah; and what in this
could the Jews justly be displeased at? Thus the true convert
can give a reason of his hope, and a good account of the change
manifest in him. Yet for going about and calling on men thus to
repent and to be converted, vast numbers have been blamed and
persecuted.

#24-32 It becomes us, on all occasions, to speak the words of
truth and soberness, and then we need not be troubled at the
unjust censures of men. Active and laborious followers of the
gospel often have been despised as dreamers or madmen, for
believing such doctrines and such wonderful facts; and for
attesting that the same faith and diligence, and an experience
like their own, are necessary to all men, whatever their rank,
in order to their salvation. But apostles and prophets, and the
Son of God himself, were exposed to this charge; and none need
be moved thereby, when Divine grace has made them wise unto
salvation. Agrippa saw a great deal of reason for Christianity.
His understanding and judgment were for the time convinced, but
his heart was not changed. And his conduct and temper were
widely different from the humility and spirituality of the
gospel. Many are almost persuaded to be religious, who are not
quite persuaded; they are under strong convictions of their
duty, and of the excellence of the ways of God, yet do not
pursue their convictions. Paul urged that it was the concern of
every one to become a true Christian; that there is grace enough
in Christ for all. He expressed his full conviction of the truth
of the gospel, the absolute necessity of faith in Christ in
order to salvation. Such salvation from such bondage, the gospel
of Christ offers to the Gentiles; to a lost world. Yet it is
with much difficulty that any person can be persuaded he needs a
work of grace on his heart, like that which was needful for the
conversion of the Gentiles. Let us beware of fatal hesitation in
our own conduct; and recollect how far the being almost
persuaded to be a Christian, is from being altogether such a one
as every true believer is.
$-$-$- AC:27

* Paul's voyage towards Rome. (1-11) Paul and his companions
endangered by a tempest. (12-20) He receives a Divine assurance
of safety. (21-29) Paul encourages those with him. (30-38) They
are shipwrecked. (39-44)

#1-11 It was determined by the counsel of God, before it was
determined by the counsel of Festus, that Paul should go to
Rome; for God had work for him to do there. The course they
steered, and the places they touched at, are here set down. And
God here encourages those who suffer for him, to trust in him;
for he can put it into the hearts of those to befriend them,
from whom they least expect it. Sailors must make the best of
the wind: and so must we all in our passage over the ocean of
this world. When the winds are contrary, yet we must be getting
forward as well as we can. Many who are not driven backward by
cross providences, do not get forward by favourable providences.
And many real Christians complain as to the concerns of their
souls, that they have much ado to keep their ground. Every fair
haven is not a safe haven. Many show respect to good ministers,
who will not take their advice. But the event will convince
sinners of the vanity of their hopes, and the folly of their
conduct.

#12-20 Those who launch forth on the ocean of this world, with a
fair gale, know not what storms they may meet with; and
therefore must not easily take it for granted that they have
obtained their purpose. Let us never expect to be quite safe
till we enter heaven. They saw neither sun nor stars for many
days. Thus melancholy sometimes is the condition of the people
of God as to their spiritual matters; they walk in darkness, and
have no light. See what the wealth of this world is: though
coveted as a blessing, the time may come when it will be a
burden; not only too heavy to be carried safely, but heavy
enough to sink him that has it. The children of this world can
be prodigal of their goods for the saving their lives, yet are
sparing of them in works of piety and charity, and in suffering
for Christ. Any man will rather make shipwreck of his goods than
of his life; but many rather make shipwreck of faith and a good
conscience, than of their goods. The means the sailors used did
not succeed; but when sinners give up all hope of saving
themselves, they are prepared to understand God's word, and to
trust in his mercy through Jesus Christ.

#21-29 They did not hearken to the apostle when he warned them
of their danger; yet if they acknowledge their folly, and repent
of it, he will speak comfort and relief to them when in danger.
Most people bring themselves into trouble, because they do not
know when they are well off; they come to harm and loss by
aiming to mend their condition, often against advice. Observe
the solemn profession Paul made of relation to God. No storms or
tempests can hinder God's favour to his people, for he is a Help
always at hand. It is a comfort to the faithful servants of God
when in difficulties, that as long as the Lord has any work for
them to do, their lives shall be prolonged. If Paul had thrust
himself needlessly into bad company, he might justly have been
cast away with them; but God calling him into it, they are
preserved with him. They are given thee; there is no greater
satisfaction to a good man than to know he is a public blessing.
He comforts them with the same comforts wherewith he himself was
comforted. God is ever faithful, therefore let all who have an
interest in his promises be ever cheerful. As, with God, saying
and doing are not two things, believing and enjoying should not
be so with us. Hope is an anchor of the soul, sure and stedfast,
entering into that within the veil. Let those who are in
spiritual darkness hold fast by that, and think not of putting
to sea again, but abide by Christ, and wait till the day break,
and the shadows flee away.

#30-38 God, who appointed the end, that they should be saved,
appointed the means, that they should be saved by the help of
these shipmen. Duty is ours, events are God's; we do not trust
God, but tempt him, when we say we put ourselves under his
protection, if we do not use proper means, such as are within
our power, for our safety. But how selfish are men in general,
often even ready to seek their own safety by the destruction of
others! Happy those who have such a one as Paul in their
company, who not only had intercourse with Heaven, but was of an
enlivening spirit to those about him. The sorrow of the world
works death, while joy in God is life and peace in the greatest
distresses and dangers. The comfort of God's promises can only
be ours by believing dependence on him, to fulfil his word to
us; and the salvation he reveals must be waited for in use of
the means he appoints. If God has chosen us to salvation, he has
also appointed that we shall obtain it by repentance, faith,
prayer, and persevering obedience; it is fatal presumption to
expect it in any other way. It is an encouragement to people to
commit themselves to Christ as their Saviour, when those who
invite them, clearly show that they do so themselves.

#39-44 The ship that had weathered the storm in the open sea,
where it had room, is dashed to pieces when it sticks fast.
Thus, if the heart fixes in the world in affection, and cleaving
to it, it is lost. Satan's temptations beat against it, and it
is gone; but as long as it keeps above the world, though tossed
with cares and tumults, there is hope for it. They had the shore
in view, yet suffered shipwreck in the harbour; thus we are
taught never to be secure. Though there is great difficulty in
the way of the promised salvation, it shall, without fail, be
brought to pass. It will come to pass that whatever the trials
and dangers may be, in due time all believers will get safely to
heaven. Lord Jesus, thou hast assured us that none of thine
shall perish. Thou wilt bring them all safe to the heavenly
shore. And what a pleasing landing will that be! Thou wilt
present them to thy Father, and give thy Holy Spirit full
possession of them for ever.
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* Paul kindly received at Melita. (1-10) He arrives at Rome.
(11-16) His conference with the Jews. (17-22) Paul preaches to
the Jews, and abides at Rome a prisoner. (23-31)

#1-10 God can make strangers to be friends; friends in distress.
Those who are despised for homely manners, are often more
friendly than the more polished; and the conduct of heathens, or
persons called barbarians, condemns many in civilized nations,
professing to be Christians. The people thought that Paul was a
murderer, and that the viper was sent by Divine justice, to be
the avenger of blood. They knew that there is a God who governs
the world, so that things do not come to pass by chance, no, not
the smallest event, but all by Divine direction; and that evil
pursues sinners; that there are good works which God will
reward, and wicked works which he will punish. Also, that murder
is a dreadful crime, one which shall not long go unpunished. But
they thought all wicked people were punished in this life.
Though some are made examples in this world, to prove that there
is a God and a Providence, yet many are left unpunished, to
prove that there is a judgment to come. They also thought all
who were remarkably afflicted in this life were wicked people.
Divine revelation sets this matter in a true light. Good men
often are greatly afflicted in this life, for the trial and
increase of their faith and patience. Observe Paul's deliverance
from the danger. And thus in the strength of the grace of
Christ, believers shake off the temptations of Satan, with holy
resolution. When we despise the censures and reproaches of men,
and look upon them with holy contempt, having the testimony of
our consciences for us, then, like Paul, we shake off the viper
into the fire. It does us no harm, except we are kept by it from
our duty. God hereby made Paul remarkable among these people,
and so made way for the receiving of the gospel. The Lord raises
up friends for his people in every place whither he leads them,
and makes them blessings to those in affliction.

#11-16 The common events of travelling are seldom worthy of
being told; but the comfort of communion with the saints, and
kindness shown by friends, deserve particular mention. The
Christians at Rome were so far from being ashamed of Paul, or
afraid of owning him, because he was a prisoner, that they were
the more careful to show him respect. He had great comfort in
this. And if our friends are kind to us, God puts it into their
hearts, and we must give him the glory. When we see those even
in strange places, who bear Christ's name, fear God, and serve
him, we should lift up our hearts to heaven in thanksgiving. How
many great men have made their entry into Rome, crowned and in
triumph, who really were plagues to the world! But here a good
man makes his entry into Rome, chained as a poor captive, who
was a greater blessing to the world than any other merely a man.
Is not this enough to put us for ever out of conceit with
worldly favour? This may encourage God's prisoners, that he can
give them favour in the eyes of those that carry them captives.
When God does not soon deliver his people out of bondage, yet
makes it easy to them, or them easy under it, they have reason
to be thankful.

#17-22 It was for the honour of Paul that those who examined his
case, acquitted him. In his appeal he sought not to accuse his
nation, but only to clear himself. True Christianity settles
what is of common concern to all mankind, and is not built upon
narrow opinions and private interests. It aims at no worldly
benefit or advantage, but all its gains are spiritual and
eternal. It is, and always has been, the lot of Christ's holy
religion, to be every where spoken against. Look through every
town and village where Christ is exalted as the only Saviour of
mankind, and where the people are called to follow him in
newness of life, and we see those who give themselves up to
Christ, still called a sect, a party, and reproached. And this
is the treatment they are sure to receive, so long as there
shall continue an ungodly man upon earth.

#23-31 Paul persuaded the Jews concerning Jesus. Some were
wrought upon by the word, and others hardened; some received the
light, and others shut their eyes against it. And the same has
always been the effect of the gospel. Paul parted with them,
observing that the Holy Ghost had well described their state.
Let all that hear the gospel, and do not heed it, tremble at
their doom; for who shall heal them, if God does not? The Jews
had afterwards much reasoning among themselves. Many have great
reasoning, who do not reason aright. They find fault with one
another's opinions, yet will not yield to truth. Nor will men's
reasoning among themselves convince them, without the grace of
God to open their understandings. While we mourn on account of
such despisers, we should rejoice that the salvation of God is
sent to others, who will receive it; and if we are of that
number, we should be thankful to Him who hath made us to differ.
The apostle kept to his principle, to know and preach nothing
but Christ and him crucified. Christians, when tempted from
their main business, should bring themselves back with this
question, What does this concern the Lord Jesus? What tendency
has it to bring us to him, and to keep us walking in him? The
apostle preached not himself, but Christ, and he was not ashamed
of the gospel of Christ. Though Paul was placed in a very narrow
opportunity for being useful, he was not disturbed in it. Though
it was not a wide door that was opened to him, yet no man was
suffered to shut it; and to many it was an effectual door, so
that there were saints even in Nero's household, #Php 4:22|. We
learn also from #Php 1:13|, how God overruled Paul's
imprisonment for the furtherance of the gospel. And not the
residents at Rome only, but all the church of Christ, to the
present day, and in the most remote corner of the globe, have
abundant reason to bless God, that during the most mature period
of his Christian life and experience, he was detained a
prisoner. It was from his prison, probably chained hand to hand
to the soldier who kept him, that the apostle wrote the epistles
to the Ephesians, Philippians, Colossians, and Hebrews; epistles
showing, perhaps more than any others, the Christian love with
which his heart overflowed, and the Christian experience with
which his soul was filled. The believer of the present time may
have less of triumph, and less of heavenly joy, than the
apostle, but every follower of the same Saviour, is equally sure
of safety and peace at the last. Let us seek to live more and
more in the love of the Saviour; to labour to glorify Him by
every action of our lives; and we shall assuredly, by his
strength, be among the number of those who now overcome our
enemies; and by his free grace and mercy, be hereafter among the
blessed company who shall sit with Him upon his throne, even as
He also has overcome, and is sitting on his Father's throne, at
God's right hand for evermore.