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$Unique_ID{bob01096}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{John Brown's Raid
Chapter 2: Rendezvous For Revolution}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Various}
$Affiliation{U.S. Department Of The Interior}
$Subject{brown
ferry
harpers
armory
farm
potomac
john
kansas
annie
brown's
see
pictures
see
figures
}
$Date{1973}
$Log{See Harpers Ferry*0109601.scf
See John Brown*0109602.scf
}
Title: John Brown's Raid
Author: Various
Affiliation: U.S. Department Of The Interior
Date: 1973
Chapter 2: Rendezvous For Revolution
By the summer of 1859 Harpers Ferry was a quietly thriving little
industrial and transportation community sitting on a narrow shelf of land at
the confluence of the Potomac and Shenandoah Rivers in the Blue Ridge
Mountains of northern Virginia. Until its selection as the site for a Federal
armory at the end of the 18th century, the town's growth had been slow. What
growth it did experience was due to its location on the wilderness route to
the Shenandoah Valley. The land on which the town sat was first settled in
1733 by a Pennsylvania Dutchman named Peter Stephens, who operated a small
ferryboat service across the rivers. A that time the place was called
"Peter's Hole" because it was dominated by three towering bluffs - Maryland
Heights to the north, Loudoun Heights to the south, and Bolivar Heights to the
west. When Robert Harper, a skilled Philadelphia architect and millwright,
bought the land in 1747, he improved the ferry service and built a gristmill.
Around these facilities at the base of Bolivar Heights the village of Harpers
Ferry gradually developed.
[See Harpers Ferry: Harpers Ferry and vicinity]
In 1794, when relations between the United States and England were
strained, Congress grew uneasy over the country's military posture. Uncertain
of the ordnance-producing capabilities of private manufacturers in time of
need, it directed President George Washington to establish a number of
armories where guns could be made and stored. One of the sites he chose was
Harpers Ferry.
Washington was well acquainted with Harpers Ferry. As a young man during
the middle part of the century, he had accompanied surveying parties that
inspected the vast holdings of the Virginia aristocracy in this area. He
considered Harpers Ferry "the most eligible spot on the [Potomac] river" for
an armory. Abundant water power was available, iron ore was plentiful nearby,
hardwood forests insured a steady supply of charcoal to fuel the forges, and
the place was far enough inland to be secure from foreign invasion.
In June 1796 the Government purchased from the Harper heirs a 125-acre
tract of land and began constructing workshops on the benchland between the
Potomac River and what would later become Potomac Street. Waterpower was
harnessed by building a dam upstream from the armory and channeling the water
through a canal into the workshops. Although a critical shortage of gunsmiths
and ordnance-making machinery restricted operations for several years, limited
arms production began late in 1798 under the direction of an English Moravian
named Joseph Perkin, the armory's first superintendent.
The first muskets, based on the old French infantry type of 1763, were
completed in 1801. In 1803 production was expanded to include rifles, and 2
years later the manufacture of pistols. (The Model 1805 pistol, made at
Harpers Ferry, was the first hand weapon to be produced at a United States
armory.) At first the rate of musket production was meager, but by 1810 the
armory was turning out 10,000 annually, storing them in two arsenal buildings
nearby on Shenandoah Street.
In 1819 John Hall, a Maine gunsmith, received a contract from the Federal
Government to manufacture 1,000 breech-loading flintlock rifles of his own
design. Sent to Harpers Ferry, he set up the Hall Rifle Works in two
buildings on Lower Hall Island, which adjoined Virginius Island in the
Shenandoah River about 1/2 mile from its junction with the Potomac. Hall's
rifles were made on so exact a scale that all the parts were interchangeable -
a factor that helped to pave the way for modern mass production methods. The
War Department was elated with Hall's success and his contract was repeatedly
renewed. When the Hall rifle was discontinued in 1844, the Government tore
down the old buildings and erected a new rifle factory on the same site.
Standard U.S. Model rifles were produced there until the industry was
destroyed, along with the armory complex, at the outbreak of the Civil War in
1861.
The abundance of water power that had attracted the arms industry soon
brought others. Besides the rifle factories on Hall Island, Virginius Island
boasted an iron foundry, flour mill, cotton mill, and machine shop, all
powered by water diverted through the island by a dam in the Shenandoah River
and a series of sluiceways and underground water tunnels. More than 200
persons made their home around the prospering island industries.
The formation, development, and expansion of the United States Armory and
Arsenal at Harpers Ferry (its complete, official designation) was the chief
stimulus for the growth of the town. From a simple beginning the armory by
1859 had spread to include 20 workshops and offices, lined in a neat double
row over an area 600 yards long. At its peak, the armory provided employment
for more than 400 men, mostly transplanted Northerners whom local residents
classified as "foreigners." In the 65-year history of this major industry,
the U.S. Government invested nearly $2 million in land, water power
improvements, walls and embankments, hydraulic machinery, and buildings.
After 1830 Harpers Ferry, already recognized as an important industrial
center, attained prominence as a vital link in the transportation and
communications line between the Ohio and Shenandoah Valleys and the East. By
1830 a semi-weekly stagecoach service connected the town with Washington, D.C.
The one-way trip usually required a full day's travel. That same year a
turnpike company was founded to construct a 16-mile macadamized toll road from
Harpers Ferry to Middleway, 5 miles west of Charles Town. A turnpike being
built from Frederick, Md., about 20 miles to the east, reached the town in
1832. Still another turnpike company, organized in 1851, ran a road from
Harpers Ferry southeastward to Hillsborough, about 10 miles away.
But the signal impetus to the establishment of the town's commercial
position was the arrival of canal and railroad. Waging a bitter battle to
reach the rich Ohio Valley and carry its trade to the East, impeding each
other's progress at every opportunity, the Chesapeake and Ohio Canal
(originating in Washington, D.C.) and the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad
(originating in Baltimore, Md.) reached Harpers Ferry in the early 1830's.
Following the winding Potomac River northward and westward from Georgetown,
the B & O Canal arrived at Harpers Ferry in November 1833, more than a year
ahead of its rival. But the railroad pushed on to the Ohio Valley while the
canal stopped at Cumberland, Md. The establishment of these two arteries
provided shippers with a cheaper carrier for their products and assured
travelers of a more efficient and economical means of reaching their
destinations.
With the expansion of industry and the development of superior
transportation facilities, the population of the community swelled to nearly
3,000 by 1859. Of these about 1,250 were "free coloreds" and 88 were slaves.
The total number of slaves in the entire six-county area around Harpers Ferry
was just slightly more than 18,000, of which less than 5,000 were men. There
were no large plantations because the land and the climate could not sustain a
plantation economy. The few slaveholders maintained farms, and their blacks
were mainly "well-kept house-servants."
Most of the white residents of Harpers Ferry worked at the armory or at
the manufacturing plants on Virginius Island. Because land was at a prem