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$Unique_ID{bob00420}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Romania
Statistical Profile of Romania}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Central Intelligence Agency}
$Affiliation{United States Government}
$Subject{km
rate
billion
romanian
national
romania
total
government
communist
land
hear
audio
hear
sound
see
pictures
see
figures
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{Hear National Anthem*57075010.aud
See Map of Romania*0042001.scf
See Flag of Romania*0042002.scf
}
Title: Romania
Book: CIA World Factbook
Author: Central Intelligence Agency
Affiliation: United States Government
Date: 1990
[Hear National Anthem]
[See Map of Romania]
[See Flag of Romania]
Statistical Profile of Romania
Geography
Total area: 237,500 km2; land area: 230,340 km2
Comparative area: slightly smaller than Oregon
Land boundaries: 2,904 km total; Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km,
USSR 1,307 km, Yugoslavia 546 km
Coastline: 225 km
Maritime claims:
Continental shelf: 200 meters or to depth of exploitation
Extended economic zone: 200 nm
Territorial sea: 12 nm
Disputes: Transylvania question with Hungary; Bessarabia question
with USSR
Climate: temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog;
sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms
Terrain: mostly flat to undulating plains; some hills and mountains
Natural resources: crude oil, timber, natural gas, coal, iron
ore, salt
Land use: 43% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 19% meadows and
pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 11% irrigated
Environment: frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest;
geologic structure and climate promote landslides, air pollution in south
Note: controls most easily traversable land route between
the Balkans and western USSR
People
Population: 23,153,475 (July 1989), growth rate 0.5% (1989)
Birth rate: 16 births/1,000 population (1989)
Death rate: 11 deaths/1,000 population (1989)
Net migration rate: NEGL migrants/1,000 population (1989)
Infant mortality rate: 25 deaths/1,000 live births (1989)
Life expectancy at birth: 67 years male, 73 years female (1989)
Total fertility rate: 2.2 children born/woman (1989)
Nationality: noun--Romanian(s); adjective--Romanian
Ethnic divisions: 89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6%
Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy
Religion: 80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist,
Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist
Language: Romanian, Hungarian, German
Literacy: 98%
Labor force: 10,690,000; 34% industry, 28% agriculture, 38% other (1987)
Organized labor: single trade union system organized by the General
Confederation of Romanian Trade Unions (UGSR) under control of the
Communist Party
Government
Long-form name: Socialist Republic of Romania
Type: Communist state
Capital: Bucharest
Administrative divisions: 40 counties (judete, singular--judet) and
1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor,
Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti*,
Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna,
Dimbovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita,
Iasi, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj,
Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Vilcea, Vrancea
Independence: 1881 (from Turkey); republic proclaimed 30 December 1947
Constitution: 21 August 1965
Legal system: mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that
increasingly reflects Romanian traditions; has not accepted compulsory ICJ
jurisdiction
National holiday: Liberation Day, 23 August (1944)
Branches: presidency; Council of Ministers; Grand National Assembly,
under which is Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State
Leaders: Nicolae CEAUSESCU, President of the Socialist
Republic (head of state; since 1967); Constantin DASCALESCU, Prime
Minister (since May 1982)
Suffrage: universal and compulsory over age 18
Elections: election held every five years for Grand National Assembly
deputies and local people's councils; last election held March 1985
Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning
party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General (since March 1965)
Voting strength: (1985 election) overall participation reached 99.99%; of
those registered to vote (15,733,060), 97.73% voted for party candidates
Communists: 3,400,000 (November 1984)
Member of: CCC, CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF,
IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO,
WMO, WTO
Diplomatic representation: Ambassador Ion STOICHICI; Chancery at
1607 23rd Street NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 232-4747;
US--Ambassador Roger KIRK; Embassy at Strada Tudor Arghezi 7-9,
Bucharest (mailing address is APO New York 09213); telephone [40] (0) 10-40-40
Flag: three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red
with the national coat of arms centered in the yellow band; the coat of arms
features a mountain landscape and a rising yellow sun below a red five-pointed
star and the words REPUBLICA SOCIALISTA ROMANIA at the bottom; similar to
the flag of Chad which does not have a national coat of arms in the center; also
similar to the flag of Andorra which has a national coat of arms featuring a
quartered shield centered in the yellow band
Economy
Overview: Economic development, rigidly controlled by the government,
is dominated by industrial activity. In 1986 industry generated over 60% of GNP
and employed about 35% of the labor force. Persistent shortages of energy
supplies, however, are affecting industrial output and the standard of living.
Since the early 1980s the agricultural sector has suffered setbacks from
periodic droughts, mismanagement, and shortages of inputs. Despite agricultural
production shortfalls, the government has diverted food from domestic
consumption to hard currency export markets. In 1982, Romania put into effect
an austere import program and increased exports to Western countries. The
resulting revenues have allowed the government to reduce its external debt from
about $10 billion in 1981 to $4.9 billion at the end of 1987.
GNP: $151.3 billion, per capita $6,570; real growth rate 2.1% (1988)
Inflation rate (consumer prices): 0% (1987)
Unemployment rate: NA%
Budget: revenues $26 billion; expenditures $21.6 billion,
including capital expenditures of $13.6 billion (1987)
Exports: $12.5 billion (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--machinery and
equipment 34.7%, fuels, minerals and metals 24.7%, manufactured consumer goods
16.9%, agricultural materials and forestry products 11.9%, other 11.6% (1986);
partners--USSR 27%, Eastern Europe 23%, EC 15%, US 5%, China 4% (1987)
Imports: $10.6 billion (f.o.b., 1986); commodities--fuels, minerals,
and metals 51.0%, machinery and equipment 26.7%, agricultural and forestry
products 11.0%, manufactured consumer goods 4.2% (1986);
partners--Communist countries 60%, non-Communist countries 40% (1987)
External debt: $4.9 billion (1987)
Industrial production: growth rate 3.4% (1987)
Electricity: 22,437,000 kW capacity; 78,500 million kWh produced,
3,410 kWh per capita (1988)
Industries: mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy,
chemicals, machine building, food processing, petroleum
Agriculture: corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock--cattle, hogs, sheep;
consumer and food supplies weak; a net exporter
Aid: NA
Currency: leu (plural--lei); 1 leu (L) = 100 bani
Exchange rates: lei (L) per US$1--14.555 (January 1989),
14.277 (1988), 14.557 (1987), 16.153 (1986), 17.141 (1985)
Fiscal year: calendar year
Communications
Railroads: 11,221 km total; 10,755 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 421 km
narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,328 km electrified, 3,060 km double track;
government owned (1986)
Highways: 72,799 km total; 15,762 km concrete, asphalt, stone block;
20,208 km asphalt treated; 27,729 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved
surfaces; 9,100 km unpaved roads (