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$Unique_ID{bob00374}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Kuwait
Chapter 1A. Kuwait}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Darrel R. Eglin;Donald M. Seekins}
$Affiliation{HQ, Department of the Army}
$Subject{kuwait
percent
al
education
government
per
health
kuwaiti
population
system
see
pictures
see
figures
}
$Date{1984}
$Log{See Crest*0037401.scf
See Street Scene*0037403.scf
See University of Kuwait*0037406.scf
}
Title: Kuwait
Book: Persian Gulf States, An Area Study: Kuwait
Author: Darrel R. Eglin;Donald M. Seekins
Affiliation: HQ, Department of the Army
Date: 1984
Chapter 1A. Kuwait
[See Crest: Crest of the State of Kuwait]
Country Profile
Country
Formal Name: State of Kuwait.
Short Form: Kuwait.
Term for Citizens: Kuwaiti(s); adjectival form, Kuwaiti.
Capital: Kuwait (Kuwait City frequently used to distinguish it from
country).
Flag: Three horizontal stripes (green, white, and red from top to
bottom) joining a black trapezoid at staff side.
Geography
Size: About 17,818 square kilometers.
Topography: Mainland and islands desert.
Climate: Hot and humid, scant rainfall.
Boundaries: Mostly defined; boundary dispute with Iraq seemingly
resolved.
Society
Population: About 1.5 million in mid-1984, although estimates vary.
Foreigners accounted for 49 to 65 percent of total.
Education: Free to all citizens and many foreigners from pre-school
through university. Literacy rate about 70 percent for Kuwaitis, about 75
percent for foreigners.
Health: National comprehensive health care system extensive and
continuing to expand and improve. Ratio of one physician for every 619
residents, one of best in world.
Ethnic Groups: Most Kuwaitis are Arab. Foreign community includes large
Arab contingents, especially Palestinians and Egyptians, as well as Indians,
Iranians, and Pakistanis.
Religion: Most Kuwaitis are Sunni (see Glossary) Muslims, as are most
Palestinians, Egyptians, and Pakistanis. Between 20 and 24 percent of citizens
are Shia (see Glossary) Muslims.
Economy
Gross Domestic Product (GDP): US$27.6 billion in 1980 and US$24.3
billion in 1981; US$20,079 per capita in 1980 and US$16,518 in 1981.
Oil Industry: 63 percent of GDP in 1981, 97 percent of government
revenues in 1982, and 93 percent of commodity exports in 1980. Crude oil
production 823,000 barrels per day (bpd) in 1982 and 1.06 million bpd in 1983.
Industry: About 4 percent of GDP in 1981. Largest industries
petrochemicals and building materials.
Agriculture: Little farming-mostly vegetables and fruits. Most food
imported.
Exports: US$15.7 billion in 1981; mostly crude oil and refined
products. Asia and Western Europe main markets.
Imports: US$6.7 billion in 1981-largely such finished products as
appliances and vehicles from industrialized nations, particularly Japan,
United States, and Western Europe.
Exchange Rate: One Kuwaiti dinar (KD) per US$3.43 average in 1983.
Government and Politics
Government: 1962 Constitution specifies "herediatary amirate" and fixes
succession among male "descendants of the late Mubarak Al Sabah." Members of
Al Sabah dominant force in 50-member National Assembly, sole elected
legislative body functioning on Arabian Peninsula in 1984.
Politics: Al Sabah family dominates political events, but several other
noble merchant families also powerful. Major social and political problems
center on cleavages between Kuwaiti minority and non-Kuwaiti majority. In
mid-1980s various Sunni and Shia fundamentalist groups also agitating for
power.
Foreign Relations: As of mid-1984 major foreign policy efforts continued
to be directed within context of Arab allies-particularly Gulf Cooperation
Council (GCC)-but Kuwait tended to take a more aggressively nonaligned stance
than other GCC members and was expanding relations with Soviet Union and
members of Warsaw Pact. In addition to GCC, Kuwait belongs to more than 20
international organizations, including United Nations, League of Arab States
(Arab League), Nonaligned Movement, and Organization of the Islamic
Conference.
National Security
Armed Forces: Estimated strengths in early 1984: army, 10,000; navy,
500; and air force, 1,900. Service voluntary. Army well equipped with tanks,
self-propelled artillery, and armored personnel carriers; increasing its
antitank capabilities. Navy, formerly only coastal patrol, will acquire
several guided missile craft in 1984. Air force combat aircraft included
McDonnell Douglas Skyhawks and French Mirages.
General Setting
In the mid-1930s Kuwait was a poor shaykhdom whose people secured a
meager living from fishing, pearling, and trading with neighboring Persian
Gulf societies. The state's defense and external affairs were in the hands of
the British, who also provided the ruling family-the Al Sabah-a small yearly
stipend. A half-century later Kuwait possessed one of the highest per capita
incomes in the world and a system of social services-including free public
education and medical care-that placed it among the most advanced welfare
societies.
Kuwait's enormous wealth derives from its sole valuable natural
resource-oil-and the acumen with which the country's rulers have invested the
money earned from oil. In the mid-1980s Kuwait's earnings from its foreign
investments, tanker fleet, and other financial and commercial enterprises
about equaled and at times exceeded the revenues earned directly from oil
exports. The government has used its vast treasure to build roads, ports,
schools, hospitals, and housing, to expand and modernize its national security
forces, and to make large loans and gifts to other nations. Furthermore, the
severe water shortage that had plagued Kuwait for centuries was eliminated
with the construction of a huge desalination system.
These dramatic socioeconomic transformations have not been without
problems. By the mid-1980s almost three-fifths of the population were
non-Kuwaitis. The largest non-Kuwaiti group consisted of Palestinians, most of
whom carried Jordanian passports. The nation's strict naturalization law
precluded almost all resident aliens from ever acquiring citizenship, and the
law and related legislation ensured that the economy, the government, and the
national security forces would stay under direct Kuwaiti control. The manifest
inequality of treatment and opportunity between citizens and aliens continued
to breed resentment, a feeling that was intensified by the obvious fact that
the skills of the foreigners remained essential for the functioning of the
socioeconomic system and for critical aspects of the government.
In 1984 Kuwait operated as a constitutional monarchy in the sense that
the head of state was a monarch and the system of government was based on the
Constitution, which was promulgated in 1962. Since independence in 1961, the
most significant political innovation has been the gradual acquisition of
power and prestige by a popularly elected legislature, which the amir (ruler)
has nonetheless prorogued on occasion. In addition, Kuwait has established a
secular legal system, unique among the Gulf states.
The monarchy is hereditary within the Al Sabah family, and the reigning
monarch is by the Constitution designated the Amir of Kuwait. In mid-1984 the
amir was Shaykh Jabir al Ahmad al Jabir Al Sabah; his designated successor was
the prime minister, Shaykh Saad al Abdallah al Salim Al Sabah. Within the Al
Sabah family only male descendants of Shaykh Mubarak Al Sabah, who reigned
from 1896 to 1915, are eligible to become amir. In practice only two branches
of Shaykh Mubarak's lineage were important in this selection process: Al
Jabir and Al Salim. Amir Jabir is of the Al Jabir branch, and Prime Minister
Saad is of the Al Salim branch.
Geography
[See Street Scene: Courtesy Embassy of Kuwait, Washington DC]
Located at the northwestern corner of the Gulf, Kuwait i