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$Unique_ID{bob00200}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Unified Germany
Germany Elections Parliament and Political Parties}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Press and Information Office}
$Affiliation{German Embassy, Washington DC}
$Subject{bundestag
federal
parties
party
elected
chancellor
german
germany
president
vote
see
tables
}
$Date{1990}
$Log{See Table 2.*0020001.tab
See Table 3.*0020002.tab
}
Title: Unified Germany
Book: The Unity of Germany and Peace in Europe
Author: Press and Information Office
Affiliation: German Embassy, Washington DC
Date: 1990
Germany Elections Parliament and Political Parties
Elections, Parliament and Political Parties
On October 3, 1990, eleven months after the fall of the Berlin Wall, East
Germany - the German Democratic Republic - ceased to exist and the citizens of
East and West Germany were united in a single Germany, the Federal Republic of
Germany. On December 2, 1990, Germans will be going to the polls for the first
time in almost sixty years to elect a parliament that represents all of
Germany.
This pamphlet tells how elections work and describes the functions and
powers of those who are elected.
The reader who is familiar with the system of government of the Federal
Republic of Germany will soon realize that what is being described on these
pages are the familiar West German institutions, not something new. The
merger of the two Germanys on October 3, 1990, did not result in the creation
of new political institutions. Instead, the German Democratic Republic and the
Federal Republic of Germany concluded a treaty of German unity, with East
Germany acceding to the Federal Republic under the West German constitution,
the Basic Law (Grundgesetz).
Two Systems of Democracy
The Federal Republic of Germany is a parliamentary democracy. The German
parliamentary system, however, differs from the system in the United States of
America in several important respects. As in the United States, the Basic Law
states that sovereignty rests with the people. Unlike the United States,
however, where this sovereignty is exercised separately through the executive
and legislative branches, in Germany it is exercised directly only through the
legislature.
Checks and Balances
The system of checks and balances, typical of Western democracies and
designed to prevent the concentration of too much power in a single individual
or group, is intricate and complex, but not identical, in both the Federal
Republic and the United States. Such checks and balances are a fact of
day-to-day political life in Bonn as well as Washington, though they are not
formalized in the same way. Both countries have an independent judiciary, but
in Germany the executive and legislative functions are more closely linked
than they are in the United States. Whereas under the U.S. system of division
of power, executive authority rests in a single office, and the members of
both houses of Congress are elected by the people, in Germany only the members
of one house of parliament (the Bundestag) are elected directly by the people,
while the head of state (the federal president) is elected by a special
assembly, and the head of government (the federal chancellor) is elected by
the members of the Bundestag. The second German house of parliament, the
Bundesrat, has no individual members as such. Instead, votes are allocated to
each state on the basis of population, and these votes are cast by members of
the state government or their delegates.
Head of State - Head of Government
In contrast to the U.S. system, where the president serves as both head
of state and chief executive, in the German federal system the two functions
are vested in two different offices. The federal president, as the head of
state, carries out functions which are largely ceremonial and is expected to
represent the nation from a position above the partisan fray. The federal
chancellor, who is the head of government - i.e., the prime minister - and as
such the political leader of the country, is elected by the Bundestag. The
functions as well as the elections of the federal president and the chancellor
are described later in more detail.
The Federation
Like the United States, Germany is a federation, with certain powers
reserved to the federal government and others reserved to the states
(Lander). Each of the constituent states has its own parliament elected
directly by the people of the state, and its own state government, with a head
of government elected by the members of the state parliament.
Power of the Parties
In Germany, the parties play a much more significant role in the process
of forming governments and governing than they do in the United States, where
the president may be, and frequently has been, of a different party than the
majority in the House and/or Senate. In Germany, the government - the
chancellor and the cabinet - is drawn from the party which wins a majority of
the seats in the Bundestag in an election. If no party wins a majority, the
government may be drawn from a coalition of two or more parties which together
and command a majority. The party or parties which are in the minority
constitute the parliamentary opposition. Generally, new legislation originates
in the cabinet, which submits it to parliament for a vote. Unlike the U.S.
Congress, where straight party-line votes are rare, the majority party or
coalition in the Bundestag generally votes as a bloc in support of legislation
proposed by the government. At present there are five parties represented in
the West German Bundestag, three in the governing coalition and two in
opposition.
Who Can Vote?
Every German citizen 18 years of age or older can vote. Germans living
abroad may vote if they fulfill certain requirements, as laid down in the
Federal Election Law. Certificates of registration are mailed out by the Board
of Elections in accordance with the lists of the local census bureau. These
lists are continually updated to include every resident of the particular
district. No further registration or statement of party affiliation is
required. Voter turnout in West Germany has usually been over 80%. Absentee
ballots make it possible to vote even if the voter is not at his or her place
of residence on election day.
What Is the Bundestag?
The Bundestag is the popularly-elected federal legislature. With the
accession of the German Democratic Republic, the new all-German Bundestag will
have about 660 members, representing 328 electoral districts. It is the chief
repository of political power delegated by the sovereign people through their
votes. Its central function is to debate and pass legislation. The chancellor
and the ministers are normally drawn from its membership.
Legislation may be submitted to the Bundestag by the government, by the
Bundesrat, or by members of the Bundestag itself. The Bundestag may, through
its debates and through the parliamentary query, call upon the government to
explain, justify and defend its policies. It reviews and revises bills drafted
by the government as it deems appropriate.
How Are Votes Cast?
Each voter has two votes.
The first vote is cast for a specific candidate. The winner of a
plurality of these votes represents that electoral district in the Bundestag
(majority voting). However, there are twice as many seats in the Bundestag as
there are electoral districts. These `extra' seats are allocated by means of
the second vote.
The second vote is cast for a party. A list of candidates for this vote
is drawn up by each party in each federal state. Called the Landesliste, it
contains the names of leading politicians, listed according to their
influence in their party. The total number of seats each party receives in
the Bundestag is determined by its total nationwide share of the second votes
(proportional representation). Once the seats won by individual candidates in
the first vote have been filled, the remainder of a party'