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$Unique_ID{bob00167}
$Pretitle{}
$Title{Denmark
Lively Communications and Public Debate}
$Subtitle{}
$Author{Henning Dehn Nielsen}
$Affiliation{Ministry of Foreign Affairs}
$Subject{denmark
danish
greenland
ec
countries
defence
faroes
islands
own
political}
$Date{1990}
$Log{}
Title: Denmark
Book: Facts about Denmark
Author: Henning Dehn Nielsen
Affiliation: Ministry of Foreign Affairs
Date: 1990
Lively Communications and Public Debate
In such a small and geographically confined society as Denmark's,
communications among its citizens and between the authorities and citizens
cause few big problems. The five million Danes are assured fast access to news
via TV, radio and the printed media, and in the press a lively debate
flourishes on social affairs, with participants including not only the editors
and politicians but also ordinary citizens, who wish to make their views
known.
For people in the United States, Britain and many other countries, it
will appear a little strange, even unimaginable, that Denmark until 1988 had
only one nationwide TV channel, which was controlled by the state-run
institution Denmarks Radio and financed by viewers' license fees. This had
been the case since Danish television's start in 1954, but another channel has
now started up, partly financed by commercials, and to the great enjoyment of
all there is now intense competition between the two channels. Supplementing
these two channels, viewers in eastern and southern Denmark are able to watch,
respectively, Swedish and German TV.
Three nationwide radio services and a dozen regional broadcasting
stations spread out across the country are also administered by Denmarks
Radio. But to this figure must be added - after the official monopoly on radio
to some extent has become limited - a very large number of exclusively local
and privately run radio stations, each of which covers only one town and its
immediate surroundings, and a few TV stations of similar local format have
been running for some time.
Nearly 1.9 million copies of newspapers are printed in Denmark every day,
and most households thus receive one daily newspaper. The first newspaper in
Denmark was published in 1666, and was written entirely in verse. The oldest
of the existing newspapers, Berlingske Tidende, was founded by a Copenhagen
printer in 1749, and at about the same time newspapers began to appear in the
larger provincial towns.
With the introduction of a democratic constitution and press freedom in
1849, the number of newspapers proliferated, and for many years the four
political parties then in existence each had its own paper in almost every
town. The total of papers thus amounted to around 140, often with a very
limited circulation. Broadly, there remains today one newspaper to each town,
in all around 40 in the provincial towns, and in general they live up to the
responsibilities of a sole newspaper by being very open towards debate of all
political persuasions.
There is a number of nationwide morning dailies. Politiken, the earlier
mentioned Berlingske Tidende and Morgenavisen Jyllands-Posten with daily and
Sunday editions running to between 130,000 and 215,000 are the three biggest.
Also the two tabloids, Ekstra Bladet and B.T., which are produced by the same
publishing houses as Politiken and Berlingske Tidende, are sold throughout the
country in daily as well as Sunday editions of between 175,000 and 230,000
copies.
A dozen illustrated weekly magazines have a combined circulation of
around two million copies.
The Danish daily newspapers jointly own Ritzaus Bureau, which exchanges
news with the large international news agencies.
At the address Snaregade 14 in the middle of Copenhagen, close to the
Danish Union of Journalists' headquarters, resides the International Press
Center (IPC), offering facilities for foreign journalists, who as well can
receive information from the Foreign Ministry's Press and Cultural Relations
Department.
Danish Defence a Link in NATO System
"Denmark's military security shall continue to be sought primarily in the
North Atlantic Treaty Organisation, where Danish defence forms an integral
part of NATO forces."
This statement of principle was declared in connection with the latest
political agreement concerning Danish defence and behind it stands a broad
parliamentary majority composed of the current government's four coalition
partners and the large opposition party, the Social Democrats.
Denmark has been a member of NATO since the organisation was founded in
the spring of 1949. The decision to join NATO was a political step contrary to
a hitherto prevailing policy of neutrality, which Denmark had followed for
many years prior to the Second World War, as the country controlling the
approaches to the Baltic Sea and bordering a strong Germany. After the end to
German occupation of Denmark in May 1945 and recognition of Denmark as one of
the allied nations in the struggle against the Nazis - in particular because
of the contribution made by the Danish Resistance Movement - a majority
emerged in favour of a more active defence policy than that practised earlier.
Danish defence today forms part of NATO's Northern Europe flank,
comprising Norway, Denmark and Schleswig-Holstein, and within this region a
joint Defence Command has been established, composed of Danish forces in
Jutland and their German equivalent in Schleswig-Holstein. Also the Danish and
German naval units in the Baltic would operate jointly in the event of war.
The Danish government made it a condition of joining NATO that no nuclear
weapons would be stored on Danish territory during peacetime and that no
allied troops would be stationed in Denmark. But, if the need arises, plans
to provide prompt reinforcements from other NATO countries can be put into
immediate effect. Joint military manoeuvres, in particular with British, US
and West German forces participating, are conducted regularly on Danish land
and sea.
The Danish defence forces number around 98,000 in event of war and some
32,000 during peacetime. Added to both these figures are 9,200 civilian
personnel.
Denmark has compulsory military service, and the period of service for
most conscripts was recently extended from nine to 12 months. While conscripts
would make up the majority of forces in the event of a mobilisation, recruited
military professionals outnumber conscripts in the standing peacetime units.
A voluntary Home Guard has formed part of the general defence system
since 1948, in broad measure undertaking guard and warning duties. The Home
Guard has around 75,000 members, of whom 11,000 are women.
One of the results of the latest political agreement on defence is an
extensive modernisation of equipment now underway. The Army is to receive an
air defence missile system suited to its requirements, the Air Force will be
allocated an additional number of F-16 aircraft, and the Navy is in the
process of developing a new multirole vessel, based on a standard hull with
interchangeable modules, capable of a variety of functions ranging from
surveillance and minesweeping to combat duties.
Greenland - the World's Largest Island
Greenland, which stands for Kalaallit Nunaat (Land of Man) in the
Greenlandic language, is the world's largest island with an area of 2,175,600
sq. km, almost as large as Saudi Arabia and more than five times the size of
New Guinea, the world's second-largest island.
The distance between the south and north of Greenland is 2,670 km, and
the longest distance between the west and the east coast is a good 1,000 km.
The southernmost point is Cape Farewell on 59 degrees 46'N. lat., the same
latitude as Oslo, the capital of Norway.
The two Autonomous Regions
Two autonomous regions belong to the Kingdom of Denmark, namely
Greenland, which attained status of internal autonomy in 1979, and the Faroe
Islands in the North At