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1 GLE CGLE is a graphics package. A file of simple commands is used to draw a picture, for help on the editor and keyboard keys type in EDIT, for help on drawing graphs type in GRAPH and for help on gle commands type in COM. To try out some of the examples: Press F3 to load a file Press F10 to draw the picture Press ESC (or ^Z, or ^X) to get back to the GLE editor. 2 Edit You are in a simple screen editor, use the arrow keys to edit the file and then press F2 to save the file and F10 to run gle and display the graph. Use F9 to enter the MENU system for defining a graph. The editor understands the following keys. ^K followed by the letter B for begin block, Y to cut the block or P to paste a block which you have previously cut. ^Y Deletes current line (PF4 on VAX) ^U Undeletes current line ^Z (or ESC) To shift up a level and to exit ^C Quit (^E Calls VAX EDT on the VAX) and the normal editing keys Delete, Page up, Page down If your terminal/PC lacks the normal function keys f1-f10 then you can use GOLD (f1 or pf1) followed by 1 = Help 2 = Save 3 = Load 4 = Saveas 5 = Show Errors 9 = Graph Menu/Form 0 = Draw it (or ^G) ^Z = Exit from menu (^S Shell to DOS) 2 Graph A graph should start with BEGIN GRAPH and end with END GRAPH. The data to be plotted are organised into datasets. A dataset consists of a series of (X,Y) coordinates, and has a name based on the letter "d" and a number between 1 and 99, eg. "d1 or d4" The name dn can be used to define a default for all datasets. Many graph commands described below start with d n. This would normally be replaced by a specific dataset number e.g., d3 marker diamond Up to 99 datasets may be defined. For each xaxis command there is a corresponding yaxis, y2axis and x2axis command for setting the top left and right hand axes. These commands are not explicitly mentioned in the following descriptions. Note: Some of the help on graph refers to the graph form menu (f9) 3 size Defines the size of the graph in cm. This is the size of the outside box of a graph. eg. "size 27 18" is the normal size specified for an A4 landscape page. That is 27cm wide and 18cm high. The actual size of the axes of the graph will be 70% of this. 3 nobox This specifies whether the graph is enclosed in an outside frame, with dimensions specified in your size command. 3 data Specifies the name of a file to read data from. A data file named xx.dat for two datasets looks like this (*=missing value): 1 2.7 3 2 5 * 3 7.8 7 4 9 4 A dataset consists of a series of (X,Y) coordinates, and has a name based on the letter "d" and a number between 1 and 99, eg. "d1 or d4" Specify the names of datasets that should be filled with data from the file. eg. from the above file with 3 columns "data xx.dat d5 d6" Dataset d5 would then contain and d6 would contain 1 2.7 1 3 2 5 2 * 3 7.8 3 7 4 9 4 4 If your data file has missing values you will have gaps in the graph unless use the nomissing parameter. ie. data xx.dat d6 nomissing You may specify particular columns to read data from the file - eg. "data xx.data d1=c4,c1" This would produce a graph with x values from column 4 and y values from column 1 (ie. the reverse of the default) If your dataset is too large to fit in memory (on the PC) you can specify a dataset to read it only when drawing it, in this way CGLE can cope with any sized dataset. eg. (d3 lstyle 2 bigfile "a.dat" ) 3 position This sets the starting position for the graph. This is most often used when you wish to have more than one graph on a page. eg. "size 13.5 9" "amove 0 9" This produces a graph in the top left corner of an A4 landscape page. 3 fill Allows you to fill portions of the graph. You can fill in several different ways. "fill x1,d1" Between the xaxis and a dataset. "fill d1,x2" Between a dataset and the x2axis. "fill d1,d2" Between two datasets. "fill d1" For a closed dataset (eg. a circle) The fill intensity is from grey0 (white) to grey100 (black) and steps of 10 in between. - eg. "fill x1,d1 color grey10" Produces light grey shading between the xaxis and the dataset. The filled area can also be clipped to a region using the xmin, xmax, ymin, ymax qualifiers. - eg. "fill d1,d2 xmin 1 xmax 5 color blue" This sets the fill area between the 1 and the 5 values on the X axis. 4 xmin Sets the minimum value for the fill (this acts as a clipping boundary) 4 ymin Sets the minimum value for the fill (this acts as a clipping boundary) 4 xmax Sets the maximum value for the fill (this acts as a clipping boundary) 4 ymax Sets the maximum value for the fill (this acts as a clipping boundary) 3 bigfile See graph dn bigfile 3 dn The two variations of the dataset command specify which datasets to apply the keyword settings to, eg. a specific dataset "d3" or all datasets "dn". The dn command line specifies that attributes are to be applied to all datasets. eg. "dn smooth" The d1 to d7 command lines specify that attributes are to be applied to that specific dataset only. eg. "d3 lstyle 2 color blue" 4 bigfile d2 bigfile "all.dat,1,2" The bigfile option allows a dataset to be read as it is drawn, (rather than being completely read into memory before it is drawn) this means that very large datasets can be drawn on a PC without running out of memory. The axis minimum and maximum must be specified (using the command xaxis min max) unless the AUTOSCALE option is used, e.g. d2 bigfile a.dat autoscale By default the first two columns of the data file will be read in, but other columns may be specified. E.g., all.dat,3,2 would read x values from column 3 and y values from column 2. Or, to read the 4th dataset, specify the file as all.dat,1,5 If the x column is specified as '0' then GLE will generate the x data points. E.g., 1,2,3,4,5... 4 autoscale This tells gle to pre-read a bigfile so that it can autoscale the axes. This may be much slower for a very large file but is the only option if you require auto-scaling. 4 line This tells GLE to draw lines between the points of the dataset. By default GLE will not draw lines or markers (You must specify one or other else you get a blank graph.) If your dataset has missing values GLE will not draw a line to the next real value. It just leaves a gap in the curve unless you specify nomissing in the data command. (d3 line nomissing) eg. "d3 line" 4 lwidth Specifies the width of the line This is measured in cm The default is .02 cm. 4 lstyle This specifies the line style for that dataset. There are 9 predefined linestyles eg. 1=solid line, 2=dot's, 3=dashes etc... Numbers greater than 9 are read from left to right with each digit being a length of black or white. eg. "d3 lstyle 1553" 4 marker Specifies the marker to be used for the dataset. There is a set of pre-defined markers (refer to Appendix A for examples) which can be specified by name (NOT by number). Markers can also be a user defined subroutine. eg. "d2 marker circle" or "d1 marker triangle" Some of the markers have a prefix - Prefix Meaning f Solid coloured marker o A circle around the marker w The hollow marker hides the graph line (none) The graph line is drawn through the marker No. Marker-Name No. Marker-Name 1 circle 15 dag 2 triangle 16 ddag 3 square 17 asterix 4 diamond 18 oplus 5 fcircle 19 ominus 6 ftriangle 20 otimes 7 fsquare 21 odot 8 fdiamond 22 trianglez 9 dot 23 diamondz 10 cross 24 wcircle 11 club 25 wtriangle 12 heart 26 wsquare 13 star 27 wdiamond 14 snake 4 msize Increases or decreases the size of the marker for the specified dataset. The size is in cm. eg. "d3 marker square msize .3" 4 smooth This will make GLE draw a smoothed line through the points. You can now use markers and linestyles with the smooth command. 4 smoothm Same as smooth option, but this allows a function which has multiple y values for a single x value (e.g. a circle). 4 xmin These commands map your dataset onto the graph's boundaries. Your data will be drawn as if the X axis was labelled from XMIN to XMAX (regardless of how the axis is actually labelled). A point in your dataset at X=10 will appear on the left edge of the graph with the given command. "d3 line xmin 10 xmax 50" 4 ymin These commands map your dataset onto the graph's boundaries. Your data will be drawn as if the Y axis was labelled from YMIN to YMAX (regardless of how the axis is actually labelled). A point in your dataset at Y=10 will appear on the bottom of the graph with the given command. "d3 line ymin 10 ymax 50" 4 xmax These commands map your dataset onto the graph's boundaries. Your data will be drawn as if the X axis was labelled from XMIN to XMAX (regardless of how the axis is actually labelled). A point in your dataset at X=50 will appear on the right edge of the graph with the given command. "d3 line xmin 10 xmax 50" 4 ymax These commands map your dataset onto the graph's boundaries. Your data will be drawn as if the Y axis was labelled from YMIN to YMAX (regardless of how the axis is actually labelled). A point in your dataset at Y=50 will appear on the top of the graph with the given command. "d3 line ymin 10 ymax 50" 4 err For drawing error bars on a graph the error bars can be specified as - an absolute value, eg. "d3 err .1" a percentage of the y value eg. "d3 err 10%" or as a dataset. eg. "d3 err d4" - The dataset d4 would contain data specifying the relative offset (NOT the absolute value) for the error bars. The up and the down error bars can be specified separately. eg. "d3 errup 10% errdown d2 The width of the bar can be specified. eg. "d3 err d1 errwidth .2" There is an identical set of commands for drawing horizontal error bars: herr, herrleft, herrright, herrwidth 4 errwidth Specifies the width of error bars. Measured in cm. 4 key Specifies a title for that dataset. This will be used in an automatically generated KEY which will be positioned at the top-left of the graph by default. The key command can specify other features of the key eg "key pos <justify> nobox offset <exp> <exp>" There is a separate KEY module for more complex key's. Refer to chapter 4 of the manual for details. 4 color Specifies the colour of the line used to draw that dataset. Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. and grey10, grey20 ... grey90 The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg grey10 = yellow 3 let This command lets you generate a dataset.- Either from scratch, eg. let d1=sin(x) from 1 to 20 step .4 or as a function of another dataset, eg. let d2=d1*3. When generating a dataset from scratch (ie not using another dataset as a base) you MUST specify FROM nn TO nn STEP nn. (NOTE THE SPACING) eg. let d1 = sin(x) from 1 to 10 step .2 let d2 = sqrt(d1)/3 Maths Functions The functions available which can be used with the Let command are - Function Returns ABS(exp) absolute value of exp ATN(exp) arctan COS(exp) cosine EXP(exp) exponent FIX(exp) exponent rounded toward 0 INT(exp) integer LOG(exp) Log to the base e of exponent LOG10(exp) Log to the base 10 of exponent SGN(exp) 1 if exponent is positive -1 if exponent is negative SIN(exp) sine of exponent SQR(exp) square of exponent SQRT(exp) square root of exponent 3 bar This is a subcommand of the normal graph module. This allows you to mix line and bar graphs. The bar command is flexible but quite complex. Stacked, overlapped and grouped bars are possible. The simplest bar chart is drawn by the command - bar d1 Double bars are produced by - bar d1 d2 To produce bars with no gaps between set the width and dist settings to the same value. - bar d1 width .5 dist .5 Overlapped bars are produced similarly. The width (of the bar) is set greater than the dist (distance between the bars). eg. - bar d1 d2 width 1 dist 1.75 Stacked bars are produced by drawing a graph for a dataset with the starting points at the values of another dataset. - eg. bar d1 fill grey 90 bar d2 from d1 fill grey 20 - or bar d4 color black width 3 bar d1,d2,d3 from d4,d4,d4 color red green blue width 1 dist 1 Without the first bar command for d4 the other bars would appear floating in the air. The width and dist commands are needed to produce the stacked bars without gaps on a base of equal size. 3d Bar graphs can also be drawn, this doesn't show any more information, but it does look nice: bar d1 3d .5 .3 side red top black or bar d1,d2 3d .5 .3 side red,green notop bar d3,d4 3d .5 .3 side red,green top black,white Take note of commas!!!. 4 3d bar d1 3d xunits yunits The 3d option tells GLE to draw bars with a side and top. The two measurements give the vector used for the receding edge of the bar. They are normalized to the width of the bar. 5 notop bar d1 3d .5 .5 notop Stops GLE from drawing the top of a 3d bar, this should be used on the lower bar of a stacked bar graph. 5 side bar d1,d2 3d .5 .5 side blue,green Specifies colours for the sides of the bars in the group. 5 top bar d1,d2 3d .5 .5 side blue,green top red,yellow Specifies colours for the tops of the bars in the group. 4 dist Specifies the distance between bars in this group. The distance is measured from the left hand side of one bar to the left hand side of the next bar. A distance of less than the width of a bar results in the bars overlapping. eg. "bar d1,d2 dist .2" 4 from This sets the starting point of each bar. It is used for creating stacked bar charts. Each layer of the bar chart is done with an additional bar command. eg. bar d1,d2 from d3,d4 4 width Sets the width of the bars. eg. bar d1,d2 width .3 4 fill Sets the density and colour for the inside of each bar. eg. "bar d1,d2 fill green,grey20" 4 color Sets the colour of the outline box for each bar. eg. "bar d1,d2 color green,grey20" Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. and grey10,grey20 ... grey90 The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 3 xaxis Axis commands allow you to control the appearance of graph axes. A graph has two X axes (XAXIS, X2AXIS) and two Y axes (YAXIS, Y2AXIS). The axis qualifiers that can be used are - color, font, hei, lwidth log, min, max, nofirst, nolast nticks, dticks, dsubticks, grid On the Y axis the qualifier rotate can be specified. By default the Yaxis is labelled - s i x a With rotate the Yaxis is labelled - a x i s 4 base This specifies a "rule of thumb" size in cm from which GLE can guestimate good sizes for character height, tick length etc. 4 hei Specifies the hei of the axis tick labelling in centimetres. 4 color Specifies the colour of the line used to draw that dataset. Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. and grey10,grey20 ... grey90 The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 4 font Specifies the font that will be used for labelling the axis. Most fonts are available in standard, bold, italic, and bold/italic. There are 3 families of fonts - ps (postscript), tex and pl. Name Description rm Roman rmb Roman Bold rmi Roman Italic ss San Serif ssb San Serif Bold ssi San Serif Italic tt Typewriter psagb AvanteGarde-Book psbd Bookman-demi psc Courier psh Helvetica psncsb New Century Schoolbook pspr Palatino Roman pstr Times Roman pszcmi ZapfChancery-MediumItalic texcmb Computer Modern Bold texcmr Computer Modern Roman texcmsy Computer Modern Symbols plcc Complex Cartographic plge Gothic English plsg Simple German plsym1 Symbols 1 plsym2 Symbols 2 plba Block Ascii Refer to Appendix A.2 in the manual for a full listing of the fonts. 4 grid This will draw lines between the x and x2axes or the y and y2 axes. For a full grid turn the grid on for both axes. 4 scale Scales the height of the axis tick labelling. This means that if you enlarge the graph the lettering will enlarge automatically. Whereas if you specify a HEI it will be an absolute size 4 lwidth Sets the width of the lines used to draw the axis and the ticks. This is measured in cm The default is .02cm 4 log Specifies labels should be done in logarithmic style, and that scaling of data should also be done logarithmically. (warning: correctly speaking a long straight lines should become curved but will not unless you use the SMOOTH option) 4 min Sets the minimum values on the xaxis. This will determine both the labelling of the axis and the default mapping of data onto the graph. (for x2axis and y2axis the mapping of data onto the graph is not affected. To change the mapping of data on to the graph use the Dn XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX settings which control the portion of the data to be mapped for a specific dataset.) 4 max Sets the maximum values on the xaxis. This will determine both the labelling of the axis and the default mapping of data onto the graph. (for x2axis and y2axis the mapping of data onto the graph is not affected. To change the mapping of data on to the graph use the Dn XMIN XMAX YMIN YMAX settings which control the portion of the data to be mapped for a specific dataset.) 4 nofirst This switch removes the first labels from the graph. (the first label is often too close to the yaxis first label) 4 nolast This switch removes the last labels from the graph. (the last label is often too close to the yaxis first label) 4 nticks Sets the number of major ticks for that axis. 4 dticks Sets the distance between major ticks on that axis. 4 nsubticks Sets the number of minor ticks for that axis. 4 dsubticks Sets the distance between minor ticks on that axis. 4 off Turns on or off the whole axis. Labels, ticks, subticks and line. If you turn x2axis off then the title of the graph will dissappear as it is part of the axis, the only way to get a title with no axis is to turn the individual parts of the axis off, e.g: x2ticks off x2side off x2labels off 3 xnames This command allows you to replace the numeric labelling with absolutely anything. To label data taken from Monday to Friday, use the command - xaxis min 0 max 6 dticks 1 xnames "" "Mon" "Tue" "Wed" "Thu" "Fri" "" Note it is essential to define a specific axis minimum, maximum, dticks, etc., otherwise the labels may not correspond to your data (eg. gle could decide to start at x=1) 3 xplaces This is similar to the xnames command but it specifies a list of points which will be labelled on the axis. - eg. xlabels font rm hei .2 color blue xplaces 2 4 6 8 It maybe used in conjunction with the xnames command to specify the labels and their position. An example with days of the week could be done like this xaxis min 0 max 6 dticks 1 xlabels font rm hei .2 color blue xplaces 1 3 5 xnames "Mon" "Wed" "Fri" This command is usually used when you want labelling that isn't spaced equally. 3 y2places This is similar to the y2names command but it specifies a list of points which should be labelled. The example with days of the week could be done like this y2places 1 3 5 ynames "Mon" "Wed" "Fri" This command is usually used when you want labelling that isn't spaced equally. 3 x2places This is similar to the x2names command but it specifies a list of points which will be labelled on the axis. - eg. x2labels font rm hei .2 color blue x2places 2 4 6 8 It maybe used in conjunction with the x2names command to specify the labels and their position. An example with days of the week could be done like this x2axis min 0 max 6 dticks 1 x2labels font rm hei .2 color blue x2places 1 3 5 x2names "Mon" "Wed" "Fri" This command is usually used when you want labelling that isn't spaced equally. 3 yplaces This is similar to the ynames command but it specifies a list of points which should be labelled. The example with days of the week could be done like this yplaces 1 3 5 ynames "Mon" "Wed" "Fri" This command is usually used when you want labelling that isn't spaced equally. 3 xtitle This command gives the axis a centered title. The list of optional keywords allow you to specify any features of it. eg. xtitle "X AXIS TITLE" or. xtitle "X AXIS TITLE" lwidth .2 color blue font rmb 4 scale Scales the height of the title for that axis. 4 hei Sets the height for that title in cm. 4 dist Sets the distance away from the axis to draw the title Measured in cm. 4 color Sets the colour to draw the title. Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 4 font Specifies the font that will be used for labelling the axis. Most fonts are available in standard, bold, italic, and bold/italic. There are 3 families of fonts - ps (postscript), tex and pl. Name Description rm Roman rmb Roman Bold rmi Roman Italic ss San Serif ssb San Serif Bold ssi San Serif Italic tt Typewriter psagb AvanteGarde-Book psbd Bookman-demi psc Courier psh Helvetica psncsb New Century Schoolbook pspr Palatino Roman pstr Times Roman pszcmi ZapfChancery-MediumItalic texcmb Computer Modern Bold texcmr Computer Modern Roman texcmsy Computer Modern Symbols plcc Complex Cartographic plge Gothic English plsg Simple German plsym1 Symbols 1 plsym2 Symbols 2 plba Block Ascii Refer to Appendix A.2 in the manual for a full listing of the fonts. 3 gle 4 loadgraph Need help already Eh? Select graph to edit an existing graph or select create to make a new graph. 3 xlabels 4 off This command controls whether the labelling on the axis is turned on or off. Used in conjunction with the subcommands you can control the appearance of the labels. eg. xlabels dist .05 hei .3 font rm color blue 4 dist Adds to the distance away from the axis that the labels are drawn. 4 font Specifies the font that will be used for labelling the axis. Most fonts are available in standard, bold, italic, and bold/italic. There are 3 families of fonts - ps (postscript), tex and pl. Name Description rm Roman rmb Roman Bold rmi Roman Italic ss San Serif ssb San Serif Bold ssi San Serif Italic tt Typewriter psagb AvanteGarde-Book psbd Bookman-demi psc Courier psh Helvetica psncsb New Century Schoolbook pspr Palatino Roman pstr Times Roman pszcmi ZapfChancery-MediumItalic texcmb Computer Modern Bold texcmr Computer Modern Roman texcmsy Computer Modern Symbols plcc Complex Cartographic plge Gothic English plsg Simple German plsym1 Symbols 1 plsym2 Symbols 2 plba Block Ascii Refer to Appendix A.2 in the manual for a full listing of the fonts. 4 hei Sets the height of the major tick labels. This is measured in cm. 4 color Sets the colour of the major tick labels. Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 3 xside Sets features of the axis line itself (colour, line width, on/off) 4 lwidth Sets the line width of the axis line. This is measured in cm. The default is .02 cm. 4 off Turns off the axis line. 4 color Sets the colour of that side. Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 4 lwidth Sets the width of the line for that side. This is measured in cm The default is .02 cm. 3 xticks Sets features to control the appearance of the major ticks. (line style, line width, length, on/off) eg. xticks lwidth .01 length .1 lstyle 2 4 scale Scales the length of the major ticks 4 length Sets the length of the major ticks in cm. 4 lwidth Sets the line width of the major ticks. This is measured in cm The default is .02 cm. 4 color Sets the colour of the major ticks Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 3 xsubticks Sets features to control the appearance of the minor ticks. (line style, line width, length, colour, on/off) 4 scale Scales the length of the minor ticks 4 length Sets the length of the minor ticks in cm. 4 lwidth Sets the line width of the minor ticks. This is measured in cm The default is .02 cm. 4 color Sets the colour of the minor ticks Valid colours are black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow. The colours are implemented as shades of grey for monochrome postscript output. eg. grey10 = yellow 3 xtra This is the place to put EXTRA gle commands, that is any gle graph command which you can't find an entry cell for. For detailed control of each axis display there are further commands. xside -color, lwidth, off xticks -lstyle, lwidth, length, off xsubticks -lstyle, lwidth, length, off eg. xside lwidth .05 indicates the line width of the xaxis (only) is to be changed. ie. Not the ticks and associated xaxis parameters or. xticks length .1 width .01 for control of the xticks display. These subcommands can be applied to the xaxis, yaxis, x2axis or y2axis. This is also where gle will put any gle graph commands that it found in your file that it couldn't understand. 2 Keyboard (see commands begin key, for help on the key module) Keyboard Mappings: VT100 VT200 PC Meaning GOLD 1 F11 F1 Help GOLD 2 F12 F2 Save GOLD 3 F13 F3 Load GOLD 4 F14 F4 Save-as GOLD 9 F9 F9 Graph-menu GOLD 0 F10 F10 Draw-it Control+Z Control+Z Control+Z Exit/Escape Alt+X Exit/Escape Control+E Control+E Calls VAX EDT Control+F Control+F Toggle fast/slow text Control+R Control+R F5 Shows errors Control+S Shells to DOS Supported devices: VT100, REGIS (VT125, VT240), TEK4010, VWS, XWindows. Supported output: PostScript, HPGL, Epson, Epson 24pin, HP Deskjet Paintjet. 2 Beginners Drawing a Line on a Page ------------------------ Let's start with drawing a line on the page. GLE has to know what size piece of paper you are working with. You can tell it by giving a size command: size 18 27 This specifies a piece of paper 18cm wide and 27cm high. Now you must define a current point by moving to somewhere on the page: amove 2 4 The origin (0,0) is at the bottom left hand corner of the page. Now suppose we wish to draw a line from this point across 1 cm and up 2 cm: size 18 27 amove 2 4 rline 1 2 That was a relative movement as the x and y values were given as distances from the current point, alternatively we could have used absolute coordinates: size 18 27 amove 2 4 aline 3 6 ! absolute. Now if you want to draw some text on this page at the current point you would use the text command: text Hi there So we have now constructed an entire GLE program as follows, with the results illustrated below: size 12 8 box amove 2 4 rline 1 2 text Hi there Drawing a Simple Graph ---------------------- This section will describe how to go about drawing a simple graph. The following data points are contained in a file called TUT.DAT x y ----- (These top two lines do not appear in the file) 1 2 2 6 3 2 4 5 5 9 The data is in two columns with white space separating each column of numbers. The following commands will draw a simple line graph of the data. size 6 3 begin graph size 6 3 data tut.dat yaxis min 0 d1 line marker star msize .2 end graph The first size command defines the size of the piece of paper which may contain several graphs. The second defines the size of this particular graph. The actual graph axes are by default 0.7 of these dimensions. The ratio can be changed with the vscale and hscale commands. Without the "yaxis min 0" command the yaxis would start at 2.0, because that is the minimum y value in the data. This makes the graph easier to interpret. Changing the above d1 command to: d1 line marker circle will mark each data point with a circle instead of a star. See appendix A for a list of other marker names. A smooth line can be drawn between the data points by changing the d1 command to: d1 line marker circle smooth The order of the commands is not important, except that circle is a parameter for the qualifier marker and therefore must come straight after it. E.g., d1 [marker circle] [line smooth] [color blue] 2 Commands A GLE command is a sequence of keywords and values separated by white space (one or more spaces or tabs). Each command must begin on a new line. Keywords may not be abbreviated, the case is not significant. All coordinates are expressed in centimetres from the bottom left corner of the page. GLE uses the concept of a current point which most commands use. For example, the command aline 2 3 will draw a line from the current point to the coordinates (2,3). The current graphics state also includes other settings like line width, color, font, 2d transformation matrix. All of these can be set with various GLE commands. 3 comment An "!" mark indicates the start of a comment. GLE ignores everything from the exclamation point to the end of the line. 3 at An "@" sign executes a subroutine. e.g. @mytree 3 aline aline x y [arrow start] [arrow end] [arrow both] Draws a line from the current point to the absolute coordinates (x,y), which then becomes the new current point. The arrow qualifiers are optional, they draw arrows at the start or end of the line, the size of the arrow is proportional to the current font height. 3 amove amove x y Changes the current point to the absolute coordinates (x,y). 3 arc arc radius a1 a2 Draws an arc of a circle in the anti-clockwise direction, centered at the current point, of radius radius, starting at angle a1 and finishing at angle a2. Angles are specified in degrees. Zero degrees is at three o'clock and Ninety degrees is at twelve o'clock. arc 1.2 20 45 The command narc is identical but draws the arc in the clockwise direction. This is important when constructing a path. 3 arcto arcto x1 y1 x2 y2 rad Draws a line from the current point to (x1,y1) then to (x2,y2) but fits an arc of radius rad joining the two vectors instead of a vertex at the point (x1,y1). 3 begin 4 block_name ... end block_name begin block_name ... end block_name There are several block structured commands in GLE. Each begin must have a matching end. Blocks which change the current graphics state (e.g. scale, rotate, clip etc) will restore whatever they change at the end of the block. Indentation is optional but should be used to make the GLE program easier to read. 4 box [fill pattern] [add gap] [nobox] [name xyz] begin box [fill pattern] [add gap] [nobox] [name xyz] Draws a box around everything between begin box and end box. The option add adds a margin of margin cm to each side of the box to make the box slightly larger than the area defined by the graphics primitives in the begin box end box group (to leave a gap around text for example). The option nobox stops the box outline from being drawn. The name option saves the coordinates of the box for later use with the join command. 4 clip begin clip This saves the current clipping region. A clipping region is an arbitrary path made from lines and curves which defines the area on which drawing can occur. This is used to undo the effect of a clipping region defined with the begin path command. See the example CLIP.GLE in appendix B at the end of the manual. 4 key Begin key position tr text "Green trees" marker heart fill grey 10 mscale 0.8 text "Oranges" marker square lstyle 3 msize 0.5 End key - This produces a key in the top right of the graph. The first dataset has the text Green trees with hearts as markers fill pattern of grey 10 and the marker scaled to 80% of the graph markers. The second dataset also has the linestyle specified and the marker size is .5cm. - You can position the key with one of two commands. offset xcm ycm position tl | bl | tr | br Commands which can be used to specify aspects of the key are text, lstyle, marker, msize, mscale, color, fill. 4 origin begin origin This makes the current point the origin. This is good for subroutines or something which has been drawn using amove, aline. Everything between the begin origin and end origin can be moved as one unit. The current point is also saved and restored. 4 path begin path [stroke] [fill pattern] [clip] Initialises the drawing of a filled shape. All the lines and curves generated until the next end path command will be stored and then used to draw the shape. stroke draws the outline of the shape, fill paints the inside of the shape in the given colour and clip defines the shape as a clipping region for all future drawing. Clipping and filling will only work on PostScript devices. 4 rotate begin rotate angle The coordinate system is rotated anti-clockwise about the current point by the angle angle (in degrees). For example, to draw a line of text running vertically up the page (as a Y axis label, say), type: 4 scale begin scale x y Everything between the begin and end is scaled by the factors x and y. E.g., scale 2 3 would make the picture twice as wide and three times higher. 4 table begin table This module is an alternative to the TEXT module. It reads the spaces and tabs in the source file and aligns the words accordingly. A single space between two words is treated as a real space, not an alignment space. With a proportionally spaced font columns will line up on the left hand side but not on the right hand side. However with a fixed pitch font, like tt, everything will line up. 4 text begin text [width exp] This module displays multiple lines/paragraphs of text. The block of text is justified according to the current justify setting. See the set just command for a description of justification settings. If a width is specified the text is wrapped and justified to the given width. If a width is not given, each line of text is drawn as it appears in the file. Remember that GLE treats text in the same way that LaTeXdoes, so multiple spaces are ignored and some characters have special meaning. E.g, \ ^ _ & { } To include Greek characters in the middle of text use a backslash followed by the name of the character. E.g., 3.3\Omega S would produce ``3.3OS''. To put a space between the Omega and the S add a backslash space at the end. E.g., 3.3\Omega\ S produces ``3.3O S'' Sometimes the space control characters (e.g. \:) are also ignored, this may happen at the beginning of a line of text. In this case use the control sequence \glasswhich will trick GLE into thinking it isn't at the beginning of a line. E.g., text \glass \:\: Indented text There are several LaTeXlike commands which can be used within text, they are: ^{} Superscript _{} Subscript \\ Forced Newline \_ Underscore character \, .5em (em = width of the letter `m') \: 1em space \; 2em space \char{22} Any character in current font \chardef{a}{hello} Define a character as a macro \def\v{hello} Defines a macro \movexy{2}{3} Moves the current text point \glass Makes move/space work on beginning of line \rule{2}{4} Draws a filled in box, 2cm by 4cm \setfont{rmb} Sets the current text font \sethei{.3} Sets the font height (in cm) \setstretch{2} Scales the quantity of glue between words \lineskip{.1} Sets the default distance between lines of text \linegap{-1} Sets the minimum required gap between lines 4 translate begin translate x y Everything between the begin and end is moved x units to the right and y units up. 3 bezier bezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 Draws a Bezier cubic section from the current point to the point (x3,y3) with Bezier cubic control points at the coordinates (x1,y1) and (x2,y2). For a full explanation of Bezier curves see the PostScript Language Reference Manual. 3 bigfile bigfile filename.gle This command reads the file one line at a time, compiles each line and executes it. This means it can read any sized file. However, complex multi-line commands cannot be used. Subroutines can be used but not defined, inside the bigfile. Note: there is also a bigfile option in the graphing module for large datasets. 3 box box x y [justify jtype] [fill color] [name xxx] [nobox] Draws a box, of width x and height y, with its bottom left corner at the current point. If the justify option is used, the box will be positioned relative to the specified point. E.g., TL = top left, CC = center center, BL = bottom left, CENTRE = bottom centre, RIGHT = bottom right, LEFT = bottom left. See set just for a description of justification settings. If a fill pattern is specified, the box will be filled. Remember that white fill is different from no fill pattern - white fill will erase anything that was inside the box. 3 circle circle radius [fill pattern] Draws a circle at the current point, with radius x. If a fill pattern is specified the circle will be filled. 3 closepath closepath Joins the beginning of a line to the end of a line i.e., it does an aline to the end of the last amove. 3 curve curve ix iy [ x1 y1 x y x y ... xn yn] ex ey Draws a curve starting at the current point and passing through the points (x1,y1) (xn,yn), with an initial slope of (ix,iy) to (x1,y1) and a final slope of (ex,ey). All the vectors are relative movements from the vector before. 3 define define marker markername subroutine-name This defines a new marker called markername which will call the subroutine subroutine-name whenever it is used. It passes two parameters, the first is the requested size of the marker and the second is a value from a secondary dataset which can be used to vary size or rotation of a marker for each point plotted. 3 for for var = exp1 to exp2 [step exp3] command [...] next var The for ... next structure lets you repeat a block of statements a number of times. GLE sets var equal to exp1 and then repeats the following steps. If var is greater than exp2 then GLE commands are skipped until the line after the next statement. The value exp3 is added to var. The statements between the for and next statement are executed. itemize If exp1 is greater than exp2 then the loop is not executed. 3 fopen fopen "myfile.dat" chan-name read|write Opens a data file for read or write and associates a channel name with it, e.g. fopen "a.dat" inchan read fopen "b.dat" outchan write until feof(inchan) fread inchan x y z rline x y fwrite outchan "In reverse " z y x fwriteln outchan " Total " x+y+z next fclose inchan fclose outchan 3 fclose fclose chan-name Closes a channel which has been opened using fopen. 3 fread fread chan-name variable-list Reads data from a file and places it in the variables. e.g. fread inchan i j x y z freadln is identical except that after reading the variables it will then skip an extra numbers on the end of the line. 3 fwrite fwrite chan-name expression-list Writes the results of the string and numeric expressions out to the channel which must have been opened using fopen. fwriteln prints a newline character after printing the numbers. 3 grestore grestore Restores the most recently saved graphics state. This is the simplest way to restore complicated transformations such as rotations and translations. It must be paired with a previous gsave command. 3 gsave gsave Saves the current graphics transformation matrix and the current point and the current colour, font etc. 3 if if expression then command [...] else command [...] end if If expression evaluates to true, then execution continues with the statements up to the corresponding else, otherwise the statements following the else and up to the corresponding end if are executed. amove 3 3 if xpos()=3 then text We are at x=3 else text We are elsewhere end if Note: end if is not spelt endif. 3 include include filename The commands in filename are read just as if they were in the current GLE file. With a large include file GLE may run out of memory. If this happens, use the bigfile command instead of include. Note: there is also a bigfile option in the graphing module. 3 join join object1.just sep object2.just Draws a line between two named objects. An object is simply a point or a box which was given a name when it was drawn. The justify qualifiers are the standard GLE justification abbreviations (e.g. TL=top left, see set just for details) If sep is written as -, a line is drawn between the named objects e.g. join fred.tr - mary.tl Arrow heads can be included at both ends of the line by writing sep as <->. Single arrow heads are produced by <- and ->. Note that sep must be separated from object1.just and object2.just by white space. If the justification qualifiers are omitted, a line will be drawn between the centres of the two objects (clipped at the edges of the rectangles which define the objects). See Chapter 5 for an example of joining objects. 3 marker marker marker-name [ scale-factor] Draws marker marker-name at the current point. The size of the marker is proportional to the current font size, scaled by the value of scale-factor if present. Markers are referred to by name, eg. square, diamond, triangle and fcircle. Markers beginning with the letter f are usually filled variants. Markers beginning with w are filled with white so lines are not visible through the marker. For a complete list of markers refer to Appendix A.1. 3 defmarker defmarker mname fontname char_num scale dx dy This command defines a new marker, from any font, it is automatically centered but can be adjusted using dx,dy. e.g. defmarker hand pszd 43 1 0 0 3 postscript postscript filename.eps width-exp height-exp Includes an encapsulated postscript file into a GLE picture, the postscript picture will be scaled up or down to fit the width given. On the screen you will just see a rectangle. Only the width-exp is used to scale the picture so that the aspect ratio is maintained. The height is only used to display a rectangle of the right size on the screen. 3 rbezier rbezier x1 y1 x2 y2 x3 y3 This command is identical to the BEZIER command except that the points are all relative to the current point. 3 return return exp The return command is used inside subroutines to return a value. 3 reverse reverse Reverses the direction of the current path. This is used when filling multiple paths in order that the Non-Zero Winding Rule will know which part of the path is `inside'. With the Non-Zero Winding Rule an imaginary line is drawn through the object. Every time a line of the object crosses it from left to right, one is added to the counter; every time a line of the object crosses it from right to left, one is subtracted from the counter. Everywhere the counter is non-zero is considered to be the `inside' of the drawing and is filled. 3 rline rline x y [arrow end] [arrow start] [arrow both] Draws a line from the current point to the relative coordinates (x,y), which then become the new current point. If the current point is (5,5) then rline 3 -2 is equivalent to aline 8 3. The optional qualifiers on the end of the command will draw arrows at one or both ends of the line, the size of the arrow head is proportional to the current font size. 3 rmove rmove x y Changes the current point to the relative coordinate (x,y). If the current point is (5,5) then rmove 3 -2 is equivalent to amove 8 3. 3 save save objectname This command saves a point for later use with the join command. 3 set 4 cap set cap butt | round | square Defines what happens at the end of a wide line. 4 color set color col Sets the current colour for all future drawing operations. There are several pre-defined colours which can be specified by name. black, white, red, green, blue, cyan, magenta, yellow, grey10, grey20 ... grey90, shade1 ... shade5, grid1 ... grid5 It is also possible to specify a grey scale as an expression with 0.0 = black and 1.0 = white. 4 dashlen set dashlen dashlen-exp Sets the length of the smallest dash used for the line styles. This command MUST come before the set lstyle command. This may be needed when scaling a drawing by a large factor. 4 font set font font-name Sets the current font to font-name. Valid font-names are listed in Appendix A.2. There are three types of font: PostScript, LaTeXand Plotter. They will all work on any device, however LaTeXfonts are drawn in outline on a plotter, and so may not look very nice. PostScript fonts will be emulated by LaTeXfonts on non-PostScript printers. 4 fontlwidth set fontlwidth line-width This sets the width of lines to be used to draw the stroked (Plotter fonts) on a PostScript printer. This has a great effect on their appearance. 4 hei set hei character-size Sets the height of text. For historical reasons, concerning lead type and printing conventions, a height of 10cm actually results in capital letters about 6.5cm tall. 4 join set join mitre | round | bevel Defines how two wide lines will be joined together. With mitre, the outside edges of the join are extended to a point and then chopped off at a certain distance from the intersection of the two lines. With round, a curve is drawn between the outside edges. 4 just set just left | center | right | tl | etc... Sets the justification which will be used for text commands. 4 lstyle set lstyle line-style Sets the current line style to line style number line-style. There are 9 predefined line styles (1--9). When a line style is given with more than one digit the first digit is read as a run length in black, the second a run length in white, the third a run length in black, etc. 4 lwidth set lwidth line-width Sets the width of lines to line-width cm. A value of zero will result in the device default of about 0.02 cm, so a lwidth of .0001 gives a thinner line than an lwidth of 0. 3 sub sub sub-name parameter1 parameter2 etc Defines a subroutine. The end of the subroutine is denoted with end sub. Subroutines must be defined before they are used. Subroutines can be called inside any GLE expression, and can also return values. The parameters of a subroutine become local variables. Subroutines are reentrant. sub tree x y a$ amove x y rline 0 1 write a$ return x/y end sub @tree 2 4 "mytree" (Normal call to subroutine) slope = tree(2,4,"mytree") (Using subroutine in an expression) 3 text text unquoted-text-string This is the simplest command for drawing text. The current point is unmodified after the text is drawn so following one text command with another will result in the second line of text being drawn on top of the first. To generate multiple lines of text, use the begin text end text construct. text "Hi, how's tricks", said Jack! 3 write write string$ This command is similar to text except that it expects a quoted string, string variable, or string expression as a parameter. The built in functions sqrt() and time$() are described in appendix A.3. 3 expressions Wherever GLE is expecting a number it can be replaced with an expression. For example rline 3 2 and rline 9/3 sqrt(4) will produce the same result. An expression in GLE is delimited by white space, so it may not contain any spaces - ` rline 3*3 2' is valid but ` rline 3 * 3 2' will not work. Or ` let d2 = 3+sin(d1)' will work and ` let d2= 3 + sin(d1) ' won't. Expressions may contain numbers, arithmetic operators ( +, -, *, /, ^(to the power of)), relational operators ( >, <, =>, <=, =, <>) boolean operators ( AND, OR), variables and built-in functions. When GLE is expecting a colour or marker name (like `green' or `circle') it can be given a string variable, or an expression enclosed in braces). GLE provides a large number of built in functions, these are listed in Appendix A.3. 3 functions xg(), yg() With these functions it is possible to move to a position on a graph using the graph's axis units. To draw a filled box on a graph, at position x=948, y=.004 measured on the graph axis: begin graph xaxis min 100 max 2000 yaxis min -.01 max .01 ... end graph amove xg(948) yg(.004) box 2 2 fill grey10 xend(), yend() These functions return the end point of the last thing drawn. This is of particular interest when drawing text. text abc set color blue text def This would draw the def on top of the abc. To draw the def immediately following the abc simply do the following (Note that absolute move is used, not relative move): xpos(), ypos() Returns the current x and y points. 3 offset offset x-exp y-exp Specifies the offset in cm from the current point to the bottom left hand corner of the graph. This command should be on a line of its own. 3 position position justify-exp This is an alternative to the OFFSET command. It allows you to specify a position on the graph, e.g., tl = top left. This command should be on a line of its own. See set just for a list of justify settings. 3 text text str-exp The text which will be displayed on the end of the line. 3 lstyle lstyle style-num The line style which will be used for the short line drawn in the key. 3 marker marker marker-name The marker which will be used for that line of the key. See GLE GRAPH MDATA for information on how to define a subroutine as a marker. 3 mdata This allows you to pass an extra parameter to a subroutine which has been defined as a marker. In this example boxes of different sizes would be drawn on each point on the graph. sub mark_sub1 mysize gsave ! save font and x,y box mysize mysize justify cc grestore ! restores font and x,y end sub define marker myname mark_sub1 The second parameter is supplied using the MDATA command when drawing a graph, this gives the marker subroutine a value from another dataset to use to draw the marker. For example the marker could vary in size, or angle, with every one plotted. d3 MARKER myname MDATA d4 3 msize msize exp Specifies the size of the markers in cm. 3 mscale mscale exp Specifies how much to scale the size of the marker. E.g., 0.5 would produce a marker half as big as normal. 3 color color color-name The colour of the text, line and marker. 3 hei hei cm-exp This sets the height of the text used to draw the key. The key will change in size to fit around the text. If you omit this command the current font size is used. 3 fill fill fill-pattern The fill pattern used in that line of the key. 2 Color Internally GLE treats colour and fill identically, they are simply an intensity of Red, Green and Blue. Each of the predefined colour names (yellow,grey20,orange,red) simply define the ratio of red, green and blue. There are two ways to use variables to show colour, one is for shades of grey: for i = 0 to 10 box 3 .2 fill (i/10) rmove 0 .2 next i The other is for passing a colour name as a variable: sub stick c$ box .2 2 fill c$ end sub @stick "green" Remember a fill pattern completely obscures what is behind it, so the following command would produce a box with a shadow: amove 4 4 box 3 2 fill grey10 rmove -.1 .1 box 3 2 fill white rmove .4 .4 text hello 2 Devices GLE supports the following devices. Interactive: IBM/PC (BGI), VT100, REGIS (VT125, VT240), TEK4010, VWS, XWindows. Output: PostScript, HPGL, EPSON, EPSON 24pin, HP Deskjet. 3 Screen Remember that what you see on the screen isn't always what you will get on the printer. For example filled regions will not be filled, and some characters may not look right. After pressing F10 and drawing the graph it can be annotated by using the mouse (or arrow keys) to draw lines, text and boxes. To draw lines simply click on the points of the line, use the right hand mouse button to `pick up' the pen. To draw text press the letter `t' and then click on where you would like the text to be drawn. All movements are rounded to the grid size settings which are 1.0cm, 0.1cm, 0.01cm etc. The height and colour of the text/lines is determined by the current settings at the end of the GLE file. If there is no mouse driver loaded then a cross-hair will appear and it can be moved around using the arrow keys. Press `c' to click, instead of the mouse button. 4 SuperVGA To use a SuperVGA card you first need to get a BGI driver that supports your card. From anonymous FTP you can get svgabgi3.zip: ftp wuarchive.wustl.edu ftp> user anonymous ftp> (mail ident) ftp> cd /mirrors/msdos/borland ftp> binary ftp> get svgabgi3.zip ftp> quit Then unzip it, decide which driver will match your SVGA card and copy that driver into \GLE\EXE c:> pkunzip svgabgi3.zip c:> type readme. c:> copy svga16.bgi \gle\exe Define an environment variable to tell gle about this driver and which mode to use. (put this line in your autoexec.bat) c:> set gle_addbgi=4.svga16 3 PostScript To print a GLE file to the laser printer type: $ cgle myfile /print or on a PC: C:\GLE> psgle myfile C:\GLE> print myfile.ps or on Unix: gle myfile -dps (normal) gle myfile -deps (Encapsulated Postscript) gle myfile -dps -addd (Normal with ^D characters) The postscript drivers for GLE will automatically flip a picture to best fit onto the page, e.g. a wide graph (as defined by the size command at the top) will be drawn in landscape mode and a tall thin graph will be drawn in portrait mode. To produce an .eps file on a VAX for inclusion in LaTeX or WordPerfect you would type: $ cgle myfile /dev=eps On a PC you would type: C:\GLE> psgle myfile /eps (this creates myfile.eps, not myfile.ps) Inside your LaTeX document use the LaTeX command: \graphin{myfile.eps}{12.0cm}{3.0cm}{1.0} The width and height are used by LaTeX to reserve enough space for the drawing and the last parameter is a scale factor. The laser printer driver will draw all zero width lines .02cm wide for any line width equal to zero, but if an lwidth is greater than zero and less than or equal to .0001 then it will use a line width of 1 pixel. Without this it would be impossible to specify a line width that didn't occasionally get rounded to 2 pixels. 3 TEK4010 This driver allows initialization sequences to be defined with the symbols TEK_OPEN and TEK_CLOSE. On a VAX this is normally done by CGLECMD.COM so that when you specify /DEV=V550 the assignments are done for you. (V550 = Visual 550) 3 HPGL This driver allows initialization sequences to be defined in the symbols HPGL_OPEN and HPGL_CLOSE. On the PC use environment variables and on the VAX use DCL symbols. Also HPGL_WIDTH and HPGL_HEIGHT can be defined for non A3 plotters. HPGL_ADDX, HPGL_ADDY are margins for the lower left hand corner of the page, defaults are .9cm and 1.5cm On a VAX this is normally done by CGLECMD.COM so that when you specify /DEV=HPA4 the assignments are done for you. The HPGL driver assigns the following colours to pen numbers: 1=black, 2=red, 3=green, 4=blue, 5=magenta, 6=white 3 dotmatrix GLE supports the EPSON 8 and 24 pin and HP deskjet/laserjet printers. To support bitmap devices which require a large amount of memory GLE first writes a device independent file OUT.DVI, then the appropriate bitmap driver for your printer will read the OUT.DVI file and create a bitmap which it then prints to LPT1: C:> dvigle myfile (produces OUT.DVI) C:> dviprint -depson (creates bitmap and prints to LPT1:) The output options are: Usage: dviprint [-depson | -dlj] [-old] [-hires] [-debug] [-output xx.prt] -depson To produce output for epson printers -dwp To add tiff image to wp .eps file -dlj To produce output for HP LaserJet printers -dpj To produce output for HP PaintJet printers -over Overhead transparency mode for PaintJet -old For old HP Laser Jet printers (no compression) -hires Uses high resolution for that printer (slower) -wide If your printer has a wide carriage -noflip Disable's auto flipping -nosquash Tries to print it full size -compress Force internal bitmap compression (slow,saves memory) -noff No form feed -debug Prints debug messages -out x.x Prints output to file instead of printer port The high resolution drivers (dviep24, dvilj300) are significantly slower than the low resolution drivers so would only be used for final output. 2 Fonts font-name Description rm Roman rmb Roman Bold rmi Roman Italic ss San Serif ssb San Serif Bold ssi San Serif Italic tt Typewriter ttb Typewriter Bold tti Typewriter Italic font-name Description psagb AvantGarde-Book psagbo AvantGarde-BookOblique psbd Bookman-Demi psbdi Bookman-DemiItalic psbl Bookman-Light psbli Bookman-LightItalic psc Courier pscb Courier-Bold pscbo Courier-BoldOblique psco Courier-Oblique psh Helvetica pshb Helvetica-Bold pshbo Helvetica-BoldOblique psho Helvetica-Oblique psncsb NewCenturySchlbk-Bold psncsi NewCenturySchlbk-Italic psncsr NewCenturySchlbk-Roman pspr Palatino-Roman pstr Times-Roman psti Times-Italic pstb Times-Bold pstbi Times-BoldItalic pszcmi ZapfChancery-MediumItalic pszd ZapfDingbats pssym Symbol font-name Description texcmb Computer Modern Bold texcmex Computer Modern Extensible texcmitt Computer Modern Italic Typewriter texcmmi Computer Modern Maths Italic texcmr Computer Modern Roman texcmss Computer Modern Sans Serif texcmssb Computer Modern Sans Serif Bold texcmssi Computer Modern Sans Serif Italic texcmsy Computer Modern Symbol texcmti Computer Modern Text Italic texcmtt Computer Modern Typewriter Text font-name Description plcc Complex Cartographic plcg Complex Gothic plci Complex Italic plcr Complex Roman plcs Complex Script pldr Duplex Roman plge Gothic English plgg Gothic German plgi Gothic Italian plsa Simplex Ascii plsg Simplex German plsr Simplex Roman plss Simplex Script plsym1 Symbols one plsym2 Symbols two plti Triplex Italic pltr Triplex Roman plba Block Ascii Fonts (font mapping) By default the generic fonts (rm, rmb, ss, tt etc) will all map to PLSR (plotter simplex roman) on BITMAP and HPGL drivers. To make this happen on other drivers put the command plotter fonts immediately after the size command at the top of the GLE file. A typical result of this change in fonts is that something that lines up on the screen will not line up when printed to an EPSON printer. If this happens then use the plotter fonts command. If a character is missing from a font, or isn't the particular variation you like, you can define a character to be from a different font in this way: \chardef{%}{{\setfont{texcmr}\char{37}}} \chardef{[}{{\setfont{texcmr}\char{91}}} \chardef{]}{{\setfont{texcmr}\char{93}}} On the PC some fonts may not be installed to save disk space. When one of the missing fonts is called for, a replacement font will be displayed, this may look terrible and some special characters may be completely wrong. More importantly if you use a font which does not have its font metric file installed (e.g. C:/GLE/FONTS/PLSR.FMT) then the PostScript driver will space the characters incorrectly. This can be fixed by extracting that particular metric file from the distribution file CGLE_FVE.ZIP using PKUNZIP. 2 Clip It is possible to set up arbitrary clipping regions. To do this draw a shape and make it into a path by putting a begin path clip ... end path, around it. Then draw the things to be clipped by that region. To clear a clipping path surround the whole section of GLE commands with begin clip ... end clip Characters can be used to make up clipping paths, but only the PostScript fonts will currently work for this purpose. size 10 5 begin clip ! Save current clipping path begin path clip stroke ! Define new clipping region amove 2 2 box 3 3 amove 6 2 box 3 3 end path amove 2 2 set hei 3 text Here is clipped text end clip ! Restore original clipping path 2 Variables GLE has two types of variables, floating point and string. String variables always end with a dollar sign. A string variable contains text like ``Hello this is text'', a floating point variable can only contain numbers like 1234.234. name$ = "Joe" height = 6.5 ! Height of person shoe = .05 ! shoe adds to height of person amove 1 1 box .2 height+shoe write name$ 2 Functions Function Name Returns TIME$() current time e.g. ``11:44:27'' DATE$() current date e.g. ``Tue Apr 09 1991'' LEFT$(str$,exp) left exp characters of str$ RIGHT$(str$,exp) rest of str$ starting at exp SEG$(str$,exp1,exp2) str$ from exp1 to exp2 NUM$(exp) string representation of exp NUM1$(exp) as above but with no spaces VAL(str$) value of the string str$ POS(str1$,str2$,exp) position of str2$ in str1$ from exp LEN(str$) the length of str$ Function Name Returns ABS(exp) absolute value of expression ATN(exp) arctan COS(exp) cosine EXP(exp) exponent FIX(exp) exp rounded towards 0 INT(exp) integer part of exp LOG(exp) log to base e of exp LOG10(exp) log to base 10 of exp SGN(exp) returns 1 or -1. SIN(exp) sine of exp SQR(exp) exp squared TAN(exp) tangent of exp NOT(exp) logical not of exp RND(exp) random number from seed exp SQRT(exp) square root of exp Function Name Returns XEND() the x end point of a text string when drawn YEND() the y end point of a text string when drawn XPOS() the current x point YPOS() the current y point TWIDTH(str$) the width of str$ assuming current font, size THEIGHT(str$) the height of str$ assuming current font, size TDEPTH(str$) the depth of str$ XG(xexp) converts units of last graph to abs cm. YG(yexp) converts units of last graph to abs cm. tabular 2 Changehelp If you change the help file, (graph.hlp) then you must re-create the help index file GRAPH.IDX, to do this simply type in C:\GLE> makeidx 2 Usage The command syntax depends largely on your system (UNIX,VMS,PC) but most of these qualifiers should work: /trace Prints each line as it is executed /debug For debugging purposes, use at own risk /drawit To draw on screen directly from DOS. /nod Don't add ^D's to postscript file. /addd Do add ^D's to postscript file. /eps Create Encapuslated Postscript file. /nomaxpath Don't limit size of complex path's /out=a.ps Specify output file (depends on device) e.g. (VAX) $ cgle test /dev=ps /trace (PC) C:> psgle test /eps unix> gle test -dps /addd Environment variables (PC): To stop GLE from adding ^D characters to PostScript files use: C:> set gle_nocontrold=true If you want to put your BGI files in a different directory to GLE\EXE then: C:> set gle_bgi=c:\tc\bgi If you want to use a non standard BGI driver then define: C:> set gle_addbgi=4.svga256 (mode,filename) 2 (end) 1 (end)