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- 178
- Roofers
-
- (D.O.T. 866.381-010, -014, and .684-010)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- A leaky roof can damage ceilings, walls, and furnishings. To
- protect buildings and their contents from water damage, roofers
- repair and install roofs of tar or asphalt and gravel, rubber,
- thermoplastic, and metal; and shingles made of asphalt, slate,
- fiberglass, wood, tile, or other material. Repair and reroofing
- replacing old roofs on existing buildings provide many work
- opportunities for these workers. Roofers also may waterproof
- foundation walls and floors.
-
- There are two types of roofs, flat and pitched (sloped). Most
- commercial, industrial, and apartment buildings have flat or
- slightly sloping roofs. Most houses have pitched roofs. Some
- roofers work on both types; others specialize.
-
- Most flat roofs are covered with several layers of materials.
- Roofers first put a layer of insulation on the roof deck. They then
- spread a coat of molten bitumen (a tar-like substance) over the
- insulation. Next, they install partially overlapping layers of
- roofing felt (fabric saturated in bitumen) over the insulation
- surface and use a mop to spread hot bitumen over it and under the
- next layer. This seals the seams and makes the surface watertight.
- Roofers repeat these steps to build up the desired number of layers
- (called plies). The top layer is either glazed to make a smooth
- finish, or has gravel embedded in the hot bitumen for a rough
- surface.
-
- An increasing number of flat roofs are covered with a single-ply
- membrane of waterproof rubber or thermoplastic compounds. Roofers
- roll these sheets over the roof's insulation and seal the seams.
- Adhesive, mechanical fasteners, or stone ballasts hold the sheets in
- place. The building must be of sufficient strength to hold the
- ballast.
-
- Most residential roofs are covered with shingles. To apply
- shingles, roofers first lay, cut, and tack 3-foot strips of roofing
- felt lengthwise over the entire roof. Then, starting from the
- bottom edge, they nail overlapping rows of shingles to the roof.
- Workers measure and cut the felt and shingles to fit intersecting
- roofs, and to fit around vent pipes and chimneys. Wherever two roof
- surfaces intersect or shingles reach a vent pipe or chimney, roofers
- cement or nail flashing (strips of metal or shingle) over the joints
- to make them watertight. Finally, roofers cover exposed nailheads
- with roofing cement or caulking to prevent water leakage.
-
- Some roofers also waterproof and dampproof masonry and concrete
- walls and floors. To prepare surfaces for waterproofing, they
- hammer and chisel away rough spots or remove them with a rubbing
- brick before applying a coat of liquid waterproofing compound. They
- also may paint or spray surfaces with a waterproofing material or
- attach waterproofing membrane to surfaces. When dampproofing, they
- usually spray a bitumen-based coating on interior or exterior
- surfaces.
-
- Roofers work outdoors in all types of weather.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Roofers' work is strenuous. It involves heavy lifting, as well as
- climbing, bending, and kneeling. Roofers risk injuries from slips
- or falls from scaffolds, ladders, or roofs, and burns from hot
- bitumen. In fact, of all construction industries, the roofing
- industry has the highest accident rate. Roofers work outdoors in
- all types of weather, particularly when making repairs. Roofs are
- extremely hot during the summer.
-
- Employment
-
- Roofers held about 127,000 jobs in 1992. Almost all wage and salary
- roofers work for roofing contractors. Two of every 5 roofers are
- self-employed. Many self-employed roofers specialize in residential
- work.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- Most roofers acquire their skills informally by working as helpers
- for experienced roofers. They start by carrying equipment and
- material and erecting scaffolds and hoists. Within 2 or 3 months,
- they are taught to measure, cut, and fit roofing materials and then
- to lay asphalt or fiberglass shingles. Because some roofing
- materials are used infrequently, it can take several years to get
- experience working on all the various types of roofing applications.
-
- Some roofers train through 3-year apprenticeship programs
- administered by local union-management committees representing
- roofing contractors and locals of the United Union of Roofers,
- Waterproofers, and Allied Workers. The apprenticeship program
- generally consists of a minimum of 1,400 hours of on-the-job
- training annually, plus 144 hours of classroom instruction a year in
- subjects such as tools and their use, arithmetic, and safety.
- On-the-job training for apprentices is similar to that for helpers,
- except that the apprenticeship program is more structured.
- Apprentices also learn to dampproof and waterproof walls.
-
- Good physical condition and good balance are essential. A high
- school education or its equivalent is helpful, as are courses in
- mechanical drawing and basic mathematics. Most apprentices are at
- least 18 years old.
-
- Roofers may advance to supervisor or estimator for a roofing
- contractor or become contractors themselves.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Jobs for roofers should be plentiful through the year 2005,
- primarily because of the need to replace workers who transfer to
- other occupations or who leave the labor force. Turnover is high;
- roofing work is hot, strenuous, and dirty, and a significant number
- of workers treat roofing as a temporary job until something better
- comes along. Some roofers leave the occupation to go into other
- construction trades.
-
- Employment of roofers is expected to increase about as fast as the
- average for all occupations through the year 2005. Roofs
- deteriorate faster than most other parts of buildings and
- periodically need to be repaired or replaced. About 75 percent of
- roofing work is repair and reroofing, a higher proportion than in
- most other construction work. As a result, demand for roofers is
- less susceptible to downturns in the economy than some of the other
- construction trades. In addition to repair and reroofing work on
- the growing stock of buildings, new construction of industrial,
- commercial, and residential buildings will add to the demand for
- roofers. However, many innovations and advances in materials,
- techniques, and tools have made roofers more productive and will
- restrict the growth of employment at least to some extent. Jobs
- should be easiest to find during spring and summer, when most
- roofing is done.
-
- Earnings
-
- Median weekly earnings for roofers working full time were about $315
- a week in 1992. The middle 50 percent earned between $295 and $595
- a week. The top 10 percent earned more than $830 weekly and the
- lowest 10 percent, less than $230.
-
- According to the Engineering News Record, average hourly earnings
- including benefits for union roofers were $23.63 in 1992. Wages
- ranged from a low of $14.85 in Atlanta to a high of $35.13 in New
- York City. Apprentices generally start at about 40 percent of the
- rate paid to experienced roofers and receive periodic raises as they
- acquire the skills of the trade. Earnings for roofers are reduced
- on occasion because poor weather often limits the time they can
- work.
-
- Some roofers are members of the United Union of Roofers,
- Waterproofers & Allied Workers.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Roofers use shingles, bitumen and gravel, single-ply plastic or
- rubber sheets, or other materials to waterproof building surfaces.
- Workers in other occupations who cover surfaces with special
- materials for protection and decoration include carpenters, concrete
- masons, drywall applicators, floor covering installers, plasterers,
- terrazzo workers, and tilesetters.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For information about roofing apprenticeships or work opportunities
- in this trade, contact local roofing contractors; a local of the
- Roofers union; a local joint union-management apprenticeship
- committee; or the nearest office of the State employment service or
- State apprenticeship agency.
-
- For information about the work of roofers, contact:
-
- National Roofing Contractors Association, 10255 W. Higgins Rd.,
- Rosemont, IL 60018.
-
- United Union of Roofers, Waterproofers and Allied Workers, 1125 17th
- St. NW., Washington, DC 20036.
-