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- 200
- Painters and Paperhangers
-
- (D.O.T. 840.381, .681, and .684; 841.381; and 845.681)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Paint and wall coverings make surfaces clean, attractive and bright.
- In addition, paints and other sealers protect outside walls from
- wear caused by exposure to the weather. Although some people do
- both painting and paperhanging, each requires different skills.
-
- Painters apply paint, stain, varnish, and other finishes to
- buildings and other structures. They choose the right paint or
- finish for the surface to be covered, taking into account customers'
- wishes, durability, ease of handling, and method of application.
- They first prepare the surfaces to be covered so the paint will
- adhere properly. This may require removing the old coat by
- stripping, sanding, wire brushing, burning, or water and abrasive
- blasting. Painters also may wash walls and trim to remove dirt and
- grease, fill nail holes and cracks, sandpaper rough spots, and brush
- off dust. On new surfaces, they apply a primer or sealer to prepare
- them for the finish coat. Painters also mix paints and match
- colors, relying on knowledge of paint composition and color harmony.
-
- There are several ways to apply paint and similar coverings.
- Painters must be able to choose the right paint applicator for each
- job, depending on the surface to be covered, the characteristics of
- the finish, and other factors. Some jobs may only need a good
- bristle brush with a soft, tapered edge; others may require a dip or
- fountain pressure roller; still others can best be done using a
- paint sprayer. Many jobs need several types of applicators. The
- right tools for each job not only expedite the painter's work but
- also produce the most attractive surface.
-
- When working on tall buildings, painters erect scaffolding,
- including swing stages (scaffolds suspended by ropes or cables
- attached to roof hooks). When painting steeples and other conical
- structures, they use a bosun chair (a swinglike device).
-
- Paperhangers cover walls and ceilings with decorative wall coverings
- made of paper, vinyl, or fabric. They first prepare the surface to
- be covered by applying sizing, which seals the surface and makes the
- covering stick better. When redecorating, they may first remove the
- old covering by soaking, steaming, or applying solvents. When
- necessary, they patch holes and take care of other imperfections
- before hanging the new wall covering.
-
- After the surface has been prepared, paperhangers must prepare the
- paste or other adhesive. Then they measure the area to be covered,
- check the covering for flaws, cut the covering into strips of the
- proper size, and closely examine the pattern to match it when the
- strips are hung.
-
- The next step is to brush or roll the adhesive onto the back of the
- covering, then to place the strips on the wall or ceiling, making
- sure the pattern is matched, the strips are hung straight, and the
- edges butted together to make tight, closed seams. Finally,
- paperhangers smooth the strips to remove bubbles and wrinkles, trim
- the top and bottom with a razor knife, and wipe off any excess
- adhesive.
-
- Painters need to develop a knowledge of paint composition and color
- harmony.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Painters and paperhangers must stand for long periods. Their jobs
- also require a considerable amount of climbing and bending. These
- workers must have stamina because much of the work is done with
- their arms raised overhead. Painters and paperhangers risk injury
- from slips or falls off ladders and scaffolds. They may sometimes
- work with hazardous materials. Painters often work outdoors, but
- seldom in wet, cold, or inclement weather.
-
- Some painting jobs can leave a worker covered with paint; some can
- be hazardous if masks are not worn or if ventilation is poor.
-
- Employment
-
- Painters and paperhangers held about 440,000 jobs in 1992; most were
- held by painters. The majority of painters and paperhangers work
- for contractors engaged in new construction, repair, restoration, or
- remodeling work. In addition, organizations that own or manage
- large buildings, such as apartment complexes, employ maintenance
- painters, as do some schools, hospitals, and factories.
-
- One of every 2 painters and paperhangers is self-employed, compared
- to 1 out of 4 other building trades workers. Many painters work
- part time.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- Painting and paperhanging are learned through apprenticeship or
- informal, on-the-job instruction. Although training authorities
- recommend completion of an apprenticeship as the best way to become
- a painter or paperhanger, most painters learn the trade informally
- on the job. Few opportunities for informal training exist for
- paperhangers because few paperhangers have a need for helpers.
-
- The apprenticeship for painters and paperhangers consists of 3 to 4
- years of on-the-job training, in addition to 144 hours of related
- classroom instruction each year. Apprentices receive instruction in
- color harmony, use and care of tools and equipment, surface
- preparation, application techniques, paint mixing and matching,
- characteristics of different finishes, blueprint reading, wood
- finishing, and safety.
-
- On-the-job instruction covers similar skill areas for both
- apprentices and helpers. Under the direction of experienced
- workers, trainees carry supplies, erect scaffolds, and do simple
- tasks while they learn about paint and painting equipment. Within 2
- or 3 years, trainees learn to prepare surfaces for painting and
- paperhanging, to mix paints, and to apply paint and wall coverings
- efficiently. Near the end of their training, they may learn
- decorating concepts, color coordination, and cost-estimating
- techniques.
-
- Apprentices or helpers generally must be at least 16 years old and
- in good physical condition. A high school education or its
- equivalent that includes courses in mathematics is generally
- required to enter an apprenticeship program. Applicants should have
- manual dexterity and a good color sense.
-
- Painters and paperhangers may advance to supervisory or estimating
- jobs with painting and decorating contractors. Many establish their
- own painting and decorating businesses.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of painters and paperhangers is expected to grow faster
- than the average for all occupations through the year 2005 as the
- level of new construction increases and the stock of buildings and
- other structures that require maintenance and renovation grows. In
- addition to job openings created by rising demand for the services
- of these workers, many tens of thousands of jobs will become
- available each year as painters and paperhangers transfer to other
- occupations or leave the labor force. Because there are no strict
- training requirements for entry, many people with limited skills
- work as painters or paperhangers for a short time and then move on
- to other types of work, creating many job openings. Because the
- number of paperhangers is comparatively small, many fewer openings
- will exist in this occupation.
-
- Prospects for persons seeking jobs as painters or paperhangers
- should be quite favorable, due to the high turnover and minimal
- training requirements. Despite the favorable overall conditions,
- jobseekers considering these occupations should expect some periods
- of unemployment because of the short duration of many construction
- projects and the cyclical and seasonal nature of construction
- activity. Remodeling, restoration, and maintenance projects,
- however, often provide many jobs for painters and paperhangers even
- when new construction activity declines. The most versatile
- painters and paperhangers are most apt to be kept on the payroll
- during downturns in the economy.
-
- Earnings
-
- Median weekly earnings for painters who were not self-employed were
- about $376 in 1992. Most earned between $283 and $534 weekly. The
- top 10 percent earned over $703 and the bottom 10 percent earned
- less than $202 a week. In general, paperhangers earn more than
- painters.
-
- Hourly wage rates for apprentices usually start at 40 to 50 percent
- of the rate for experienced workers and increase periodically.
-
- Many painters and paperhangers are members of the International
- Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades. Some maintenance
- painters are members of other unions.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Painters and paperhangers apply various coverings to decorate and
- protect wood, drywall, metal, and other surfaces. Other occupations
- in which workers apply paints and similar finishes include billboard
- posterers, metal sprayers, undercoaters, and transportation
- equipment painters.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For details about painting and paperhanging apprenticeships or work
- opportunities, contact local painting and decorating contractors; a
- local of the International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied
- Trades; a local joint union-management apprenticeship committee; or
- an office of the State apprenticeship agency or State employment
- service.
-
- For general information about the work of painters and paperhangers,
- contact:
-
- Associated Builders and Contractors, 729 15th St. NW., Washington,
- DC 20005.
-
- International Brotherhood of Painters and Allied Trades, 1750 New
- York Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20006.
-
- National Association of Home Builders, Home Builders Institute, 1090
- Vermont Ave. NW., Washington, DC 20005.
-