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- 195
- Veterinarians
-
- (D.O.T. 073. except .361-010)
-
- Nature of the Work
-
- Veterinarians care for pets, livestock, sporting and laboratory
- animals, and protect humans against diseases carried by animals.
- Veterinarians diagnose medical problems, dress wounds, set broken
- bones, perform surgery, prescribe and administer medicines, and
- vaccinate animals against diseases. They also advise owners on care
- and breeding.
-
- Most veterinarians are in private practice. Some have a general
- practice, treating all kinds of animals. The majority, however,
- just treat small companion animals such as dogs, cats, and birds.
- Others treat both small and larger animals, and some treat only
- large animals, such as cattle and horses.
-
- Veterinarians in companion animal medicine provide services in
- 20,000 animal hospitals or clinics.
-
- Veterinarians for large animals treat and care for cattle, horses,
- sheep, and swine. They also advise ranchers and farmers on the
- care, breeding, and management of livestock. Others specialize in
- fish and poultry.
-
- Veterinarians contribute to human as well as animal health. A
- number of veterinarians engage in research, food safety inspection,
- or education. Some work with physicians and scientists on research
- to prevent and treat diseases in humans. Veterinarians are also in
- regulatory medicine or public health. Those who are livestock
- inspectors check animals for disease, advise owners on treatment,
- and may quarantine animals. Veterinarians who are meat inspectors
- examine slaughtering and processing plants, check live animals and
- carcasses for disease, and enforce government food purity as well as
- sanitation regulations. Some veterinarians care for zoo or aquarium
- animals or for laboratory animals.
-
- Veterinarians help prevent the outbreak and spread of animal
- diseases, some of which like rabies can be transmitted to humans,
- and perform autopsies on diseased animals. Some specialize in
- epidemiology or animal pathology to control diseases transmitted
- through food animals and to deal with problems of residues from
- herbicides, pesticides, and antibiotics in animals used for food.
-
- Veterinarians usually treat pets in hospitals and clinics.
-
- Working Conditions
-
- Veterinarians usually treat pets in hospitals and clinics. Often
- these facilities are noisy. Those in large animal practice usually
- work out of well-equipped mobile clinics and may drive considerable
- distances to farms and ranches. They may work outdoors in all kinds
- of weather. Veterinarians can be exposed to disease and infection
- and may be kicked, bitten, or scratched.
-
- Most veterinarians work 50 or more hours a week, however, about a
- fifth worked 40 hours. Those in private practice may work nights
- and weekends.
-
- Employment
-
- Veterinarians held about 44,000 jobs in 1992. About a third was
- self-employed, in solo or group practices. Most others were
- employees of a practice. The Federal Government employed about
- 2,000 civilian veterinarians, chiefly in the U.S. Departments of
- Agriculture, Defense, and Health and Human Services. Other
- employers of veterinarians are State and local governments, colleges
- of veterinary medicine, medical schools, research laboratories,
- animal food companies, and pharmaceutical companies. A few
- veterinarians work for zoos. Most veterinarians caring for zoo
- animals are private practitioners who contract with zoos to provide
- services, usually on a part-time basis.
-
- Training, Other Qualifications, and Advancement
-
- All States and the District of Columbia require that veterinarians
- be licensed. To obtain a license, applicants must have a Doctor of
- Veterinary Medicine (D.V.M. or V.M.D.) degree from an accredited
- college of veterinary medicine and pass a State board examination.
- The majority of States allow an individual to apply for licensure
- upon receiving the D.V.M. degree without a residency and without
- completing a prescribed number of hours of practice. Some States
- issue licenses without further examination to veterinarians already
- licensed by another State.
-
- For research and teaching jobs, a master's or Ph.D. degree usually
- is required. Veterinarians who seek specialty certification in a
- field such as opthalmology, pathology, surgery, radiology, or
- laboratory animal medicine must complete 3-year residency program,
- and pass an examination.
-
- The D.V.M. degree requires a minimum of 6 years of college
- consisting of at least 2 years of preveterinary study that
- emphasizes the physical and biological sciences and a 4-year
- veterinary program. Most successful applicants to veterinary
- programs have completed 4 years of college. In addition to academic
- instruction, training includes clinical experience in diagnosing and
- treating animal diseases, performing surgery, and performing
- laboratory work in anatomy, biochemistry, and other scientific and
- medical subjects.
-
- In 1992, all 27 colleges of veterinary medicine were accredited by
- the Council on Education of the American Veterinary Medical
- Association (AVMA). Admission is highly competitive. Applicants
- usually have grades of B or better, especially in sciences.
- Applicants must take the Veterinary Aptitude Test, Medical College
- Admission Test, or the Graduate Record Examination and submit
- evidence they have experience working with animals. Colleges
- usually give preference to in-State applicants, because most are
- State supported. There are regional educational agreements in which
- States without veterinary schools send students to designated
- regional schools. In other areas, schools give preference to
- applicants from nearby States that do not have veterinary schools.
-
- To meet State licensure requirements, foreign-trained veterinarians
- must fulfill the English language and clinical evaluation
- requirements of the Educational Commission for Foreign Veterinary
- Graduates.
-
- Most veterinarians begin as employees or partners in established
- practices. With experience, they may set up their own practice or
- purchase an established one.
-
- Newly trained veterinarians may become U.S. Government meat and
- poultry inspectors, disease-control workers, epidemiologists,
- research assistants, or commissioned officers in the U.S. Public
- Health Service. A State license may be required.
-
- Veterinarians need good manual dexterity. They should be able to
- calm animals that are upset, and get along with animal owners, and
- be able to make decisions in emergencies.
-
- Job Outlook
-
- Employment of veterinarians is expected to grow faster than the
- average for all occupations through the year 2005. The number of
- pets is expected to show a steady increase because of rising incomes
- and the movement of baby boomers into the 34-59 year age group, for
- which pet ownership is highest. Pet owners may also more willingly
- pay for more intensive care than in the past. In addition, emphasis
- on scientific methods of breeding and raising livestock and poultry,
- and continued support for public health and disease control programs
- will contribute to the demand for veterinarians. Jobs will also
- open as veterinarians retire.
-
- The outlook is good for veterinarians with specialty training.
- Demand for specialists in toxicology, laboratory animal medicine,
- and pathology is expected to increase. Most jobs for specialists
- will be in metropolitan areas. Prospects for veterinarians who
- specialize in farm animals are also good, because most veterinarians
- prefer working in metropolitan areas.
-
- Earnings
-
- The average starting salary of 1991 veterinary medical college
- graduates was $27,858, according to the American Veterinary Medical
- Association. The average income of veterinarians in private
- practice was $63,069 in 1991.
-
- The average annual salary for veterinarians in the Federal
- Government in nonsupervisory, supervisory, and managerial positions
- was $50,482 in 1993.
-
- Related Occupations
-
- Veterinarians prevent, diagnose, and treat diseases, disorders, and
- injuries in animals. Workers who do this for humans include
- audiologists, chiropractors, dentists, optometrists, physicians,
- podiatrists, and speech pathologists. Other occupations that
- involve working with animals include animal trainers, zoologists,
- marine biologists, naturalists, and veterinary technicians.
-
- Sources of Additional Information
-
- For more information on careers in veterinary medicine and
- veterinary technology write to:
-
- American Veterinary Medical Association, 1931 N. Meacham Rd., Suite
- 100, Schaumburg, IL 60173-4360.
-
- For information on scholarships, grants, and loans, contact the
- financial aid officer at the veterinary schools to which you wish to
- apply.
-
- For information on veterinary education, write to:
-
- Association of American Veterinary Medical Colleges, 1101 Vermont
- Ave. NW., Suite 710, Washington, DC 20005.
-
-
- Health Assessment and Treating Occupations
-