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- Chapter 1
- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
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- THIS CHAPTER IS FOR NEW PROGRAMMERS
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- If you are a complete novice to computers you will find the
- information in this chapter useful. If however, you have had some
- experience with programming, you can completely ignore this
- chapter. It will deal with a few fundamentals of computers in
- general and will introduce nothing that is specific to Pascal.
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- WHAT IS A COMPUTER PROGRAM?
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- A computer is nothing but a very dumb machine that has the ability
- to perform mathematical operations very rapidly and very
- accurately, but it can do nothing without the aid of a program
- written by a human being. Moreover, if the human being writes a
- program that turns good data into garbage, the computer will very
- obediently, and very rapidly, turn the good data into garbage. It
- is possible to write a computer program with one small error in it
- that will do that very thing, and in some cases appear to be
- generating good data. It is up to the human programmer to design
- a program to achieve the desired results.
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- A computer program is simply a "recipe" which the computer will use
- on the input data to derive the desired output data. It is similar
- to the recipe for baking a cake. The input data is comparable to
- the ingredients, including the heat supplied by the oven. The
- program is comparable to the recipe instructions to mix, stir,
- wait, heat, cool, and all other possible operations on the
- ingredients. The output of the computer program can be compared
- to the final cake sitting on the counter ready to be cut and
- served. A computer program is therefore composed of two parts, the
- data upon which the program operates, and the program that operates
- on the data. The data and program are inseparable as implied by
- the last sentence.
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- WHAT ARE CONSTANTS?
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- Nearly any computer program requires some numbers that never change
- throughout the program. They can be defined once and used as often
- as needed during the operation of the program. To return to the
- recipe analogy, once you have defined how big a tablespoon is, you
- can use the same tablespoon without regard to what you are
- measuring with it. When writing a computer program, you can define
- the value of PI = 3.141592, and continue to use it wherever it
- makes sense knowing that it is available, and correct.
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- Page 1-1
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- Chapter 1 - What is a computer program?
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- WHAT ARE VARIABLES?
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- In addition to constants, nearly every computer program uses some
- numbers that change in value throughout the program. They can be
- defined as variables, then changed to any values that make sense
- to the proper operation of the program. An example would be the
- number of eggs in the above recipe. If a single layer of cake
- required 2 eggs, then a triple layer cake would require 6 eggs.
- The number of eggs would therefore be a variable.
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- HOW DO WE DEFINE CONSTANTS OR VARIABLES?
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- All constants and variables have a name and a value. In the last
- example, the name of the variable was "eggs", and the value was
- either 2 or 6 depending on when we looked at the stored data. In
- a computer program the constants and variables are given names in
- much the same manner, after which they can store any value within
- the defined range. Any computer programming language has a means
- by which constants or variables can be first named, then assigned
- a value. The means for doing this in Pascal will be given
- throughout the remainder of this tutorial.
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- WHAT IS SO GOOD ABOUT PASCAL?
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- Some computer languages allow the programmer to define constants
- and variables in a very haphazard manner and then combine data in
- an even more haphazard manner. For example, if you added the
- number of eggs, in the above recipe, to the number of cups of
- flour, you would arrive at a valid mathematical addition, but a
- totally meaningless number. Some programming languages would allow
- you to do just such an addition and obediently print out the
- meaningless answer. Since Pascal requires you to set up your
- constants and variables in a very precise manner, the possibility
- of such a meaningless answer is minimized. A well written Pascal
- program has many cross checks to minimize the possibility of a
- completely scrambled and meaningless output.
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- Notice however, in the last statement, that a "well written" Pascal
- program was under discussion. It is still up to the programmer to
- define the data structure in such a way that the program can help
- prevent garbage generation. In the end, the program will be no
- better than the analysis that went into the program design.
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- If you are a novice programmer, do not be intimidated by any of the
- above statements. Pascal is a well designed, useful tool that has
- been used successfully by many computer novices and professionals.
- With these few warnings, you are ready to begin.
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