CD Actual 15

home *** CD-ROM | disk | FTP | other *** search

/ CD Actual 15 / CDACTUAL15.iso / cdactual / program / basic / QBNWS104.ZIP / CALC.ZIP / CALCABRD.DOC < prev next >

Wrap

Text File | 1990-09-02 | 48.6 KB | 1,258 lines

******************************************************************************* Abridge Version of Documentation ******************************************************************************* ┌───────────────────────────────┐ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬┌─────────────────────────┐╬╬│ │╬╬│ LS-1.00 Plus │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Scientific Calculator │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ PROGRAM REFERENCE │╬╬│ │╬╬│ MANUAL │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Written and Developed │╬╬│ │╬╬│ by │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Lawrence Stone │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│ │╬╬│Copyright 1990, LSRGroup.│╬╬│ │╬╬│ Lawrence Stone Research │╬╬│ │╬╬│ Group │╬╬│ │╬╬└─────────────────────────┘╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ │╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬╬│ └───────────────────────────────┘ │ │ │ │ Published by │ │ LSRGroup │ P.O. Box 5715 │ Charleston, Oregon 79420 │ U.S.A. │ │ Telephone: (503) 888-9716 │ │ Electronic Messages: │ The Marshfield Exchange BBS 152/18 │ │ Latest Program Updates: │ The Empire Builder BBS (503) 888-4121 │ │ │ Copyright (C) 1990 by Lawrence Stone Research Group All Rights Reserved Published in the United States of America Acknowledgement Appreciation is extended to Dave Cleary, whose request for a TSR calculator, motivated this author into many days and sleepless nights, in the mad pursuit of the world's best, TSR, full function, scientific calculator for IBM and compatible computer systems. Further acknowledgement is extended to Bob Fetherson and Jim Copley for their ideas, suggestions, and assistance in the development of the LS-1.00 Plus, Scientific Calculator. LS-1.00 Plus Copyright ii COPYRIGHT NOTICE LSRGCALC.EXE (c) Copyright Lawrence Stone Research Group 1990 All Rights Reserved PROGRAM REFERENCE MANUAL (c) Copyright Lawrence Stone Research Group 1990 All Rights Reserved MOUSE.COM (c) Copyright Microsoft Corporation 1989, 1988, 1987 All Rights Reserved No parts of LS-1.00 Plus or this document may be copied in part or in whole, except as provided in the License in the following pages. Disclaimer LSRGroup makes no warranty of any kind, either express or implied, including but not limited to implied warranties of merchantability and fitness for a particular purpose, with respect to this software and accompanying documentation. IN NO EVENT SHALL LSRGroup BE LIABLE FOR ANY DAMAGES (INCLUDING DAMAGES FOR LOSS OF BUSINESS PROFITS, BUSINESS INTERRUPTION, LOSS OF BUSINESS INFORMATION, OR OTHER PECUNIARY LOSS) ARISING OUT OF THE USE OF OR INABILITY TO USE THIS PROGRAM, EVEN IF LSRGroup HAS BEEN ADVISED OF THE POSSIBILITY OF SUCH DAMAGES. Author's Note Concerning Software Piracy Piracy - The word conjures romantic images of Errol Flynn and swash- buckling buccaneers. Here is another image to consider: an indepen- ent, self-employed programmer who performs seven weeks, night and day, laborious effort in the endeavor to produce the best program of it's ilk. This man's time is not reimbursed through a company's vacation pay. Time spent programming, for this man, is income lost. Further, this programmer resides in one of America's poorest districts - Donald Trump or Bill Gates, he is not. Do you want to know what this author thinks of software pirates? He feels that only the scum of the Earth would steal seven weeks of someone's time without any consideration or thought of payment due. Shareware products are free to evaluate, not to steal. LS-1.00 Plus License iii LICENSE/REGISTRATION INFORMATION LSRGCALC.EXE is Copyright (c) 1990 by Lawrence Stone Research Group. LSRGCALC is not, nor has ever been, public domain or free software. The commercial, registered version of LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator may not be duplicated other than for backup purposes. A registered copy of LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator must be treated like a book, in that the same registered copy of LSRGCALC may not be used in more than one computer at the same time, just as a book can not be handled and read by more than one person at the same time. Users are granted a limited license to use the Shareware Edition, of LSRGCALC for a limited evaluation period of up to 30 days, in order to determine if it suits their needs. Any other use of LSRGCALC or use past this period requires registration. All users are granted a limited license to copy the Shareware Edition of LSRGCALC only for the purpose of allowing others to try it, subject to the above restrictions as well as these: LSRGCALC must be distributed in absolutely unmodified form, including ALL program, documentation, and other files. LSRGCALC may not be included with any other product for any reason whatsoever without a license from LSRGroup. No charge or payment may be levied or accepted for LSRGCALC without written permission from LSRGroup. Bulletin Board system operators may post the unregistered, Shareware Edition of LSRGCALC on their BBS for downloading by their users with- out written permission only if the above conditions are met, and only if no special fee is necessary to access the LSRGCALC files (a general fee to access the BBS is ok). Distributors of User Supported and Public Domain software MUST ob- tain written permission from LSRGroup before distributing LSRGCALC and must follow the above conditions. Permission is almost always granted; this requirement is necessary to ensure protection for our- selves and LSRGCALC users from unscrupulous individuals. The following section contains information on registration and li- censing. LS-1.00 Plus License iv Registration Information Registering LSRGCALC allows you to use the product after the trial pe- riod. Registered LSRGCALC users get the latest copy of the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator on disk and, free product support for three months from date of registration (product telephone support is limited to 30 minutes connect time during the hours of 10:00 am to 4:00 pm, Pacific Time Zone, Monday through Friday). The registered version of the calculator has instant pop up and pop down (no need to wait while the calculator opens and closes) and also includes REMOVE.COM to remove the calculator from memory without having to first pop it up. LSRGCALC registration costs $39 US. The fee covers the cost of the diskette, mailing and handling. A pre-printed LSRGCALC Program Reference Manual (this document) is an additional $10 US. Customized Hot Key configurations are available for an additional $5 US. Corporate Site Licenses/Quantity Purchases All corporate, business, government, agencies of government, or other commercial users of the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator must be re- gistered. Quantity discounts and corporate or site licensing is avail- able. Call or write LSRGroup for quantity discount pricing. Educational Institution Discounts Educational Institutions will receive an Educational Institution Discount Rate with their Site/Quantity purchase. Call or write LSRGroup for details. Developer's Licenses Developers wishing to bundle LSRGCALC with their programs need to write LSRGroup stating the nature of your program and the quantity of sales you anticipate. LSRGroup will respond with a proposed agreement stating your cost and duration of agreement. ORDERING INFORMATION Note: All prices and discounts are subject to change without notice. Discounts apply only to separate orders, they are not cumulative. To place an order, please use the order form at the end of this manual. All orders must include check, money order, or warrant. LS-1.00 Plus Contents v C O N T E N T S 1 Introduction.............................................1 1.1 Program Description.................................1 1.2 The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Philosophy...3 1.3 System Requirements.................................4 1.4 LSRGCALC Files......................................5 2 Getting Started..........................................6 2.1 Starting the Program................................7 2.1.1 Loading LSRGCALC Non-Resident...................7 2.1.2 Using the EMS Option............................7 2.1.3 Using the DISK Option...........................8 2.1.4 Using the DOS Option............................8 2.2 Hot Keys............................................9 3 Using the Calculator....................................10 3.1 Mouse Operation....................................10 3.2 Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation..................11 3.3 Immediate Key Actuation............................13 3.3.1 The Enter Key..................................14 3.3.2 The Spacebar Key...............................14 3.3.3 The BackSpace Key..............................14 3.3.4 The Esc Key....................................14 3.4 Definition of Symbols..............................14 3.5 The Rules of Algebraic Operations..................15 5 ORDER FORM..............................................17 LS-1.00 Plus Introduction 1 1. INTRODUCTION 1.1 Program Description The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator is a full-featured terminate and stay resident (TSR) program for PCs running under the PC/MS-DOS operating system. LSRGCALC features include: - seventy two "buttons" provide ninety two functions. - mouse support (MS mouse compatible), scroll keys and spacebar actuation, immediate keys, and/or any combination of mouse, scroll and immediate key control. - backspace key for minor fixes, CE/CL key to clear entry and clear all. - three ways in which to become RAM resident; EMS and DISK reduce the LSRGCALC DOS memory requirement from approximately 204,000 bytes to 11,000 bytes, while "popped down". This means around 193,000 bytes of DOS are freed to run other programs with. Use the "Sleep" key to "pop down" the memory resident calculator or the "End" key to entirely remove it from memory. Or, run the program without going memory resident. The choice is yours. - five hundred and twelve line, user configurable, fully scrollable, look-up table for holding information such as: values of constants, conversion formulas, laws of mathematics, crib sheets, or those special proprietary formulas, you or your company's business must have at hand, for immediate calculations. - five hundred element statistical array! - automatic summations and standard deviations, arithmetic means, quadratic means, harmonic means, and geometric means calculated from the numbers entered into the statistical array. - permutations and combinations. You tell LSRGCALC the number of items and the rate, and LSRGCALC immediately displays the answer. LS-1.00 Plus Program Description 2 - factorials for any real number (whole integer) from 1 to 170. - random number generator offers "Defined Range" randoms (you define the range for the random number), "Exp Distributed" randoms (returns a real value with an exponential distribu- tion defined by your mean), "Normal Curve" randoms (returns a real value with a normal curve defined by your mean and your standard deviation). - scrollable history log. Review the last 100 operations entered into the calculator. - toggle printer on and off. Keep a written record of every keystroke in a similar manner as a desk-top adding machine. - toggle disk file on and off. Send every keystroke to a disk file for later review. The disk file will be created in the active path were the calculator "popped up". - the stuff key button places the displayed number into the keyboard buffer. This will automatically transfer the number displayed back to the program in which the calculator "popped up" over. - date difference calculations and date mathematics determine the number of days between two dates or, add and/or subtract a specified number of years, months, and days from a given date. - time difference calculations and time mathematics determine the difference between one time of day from another time of day or, add and/or subtract a specified number of hours, minutes, and seconds from a time of day. - calculate sines, cosines, tangents, arc or hyp functions or inverse hyperbolic functions in degree, radian, or gradian modes. - calculate numbers with fixed or floating decimals. Allows fixed decimals from zero to 15 places. - perform calculations in real, binary, octal, hexidecimal, or complex number modes. LS-1.00 Plus Program Description 3 - calculate Log base e, Log base 10, or Log base n. Use the Log e button to compute the log of a complex number. - calculate nth root of any real number, real number roots of complex numbers or complex roots of complex numbers. - calculate nth power of any real number or the complex power of any complex number. - use the Exp button to work with scientific notation for any real number or, calculate the exponential function for any complex number with the Exp button (create complex numbers to powers of ten with the "E" key). - determine the reciprocal of any real or complex number with the "1/n" button. - determine the exact order in which algebraic expression are evaluated with the parenthesis keys. You can have up to eight pending parenthesis operations at any one time. - work with any real number in the range of -2,147,483,648 to +2,147,483,647. Real numbers greater than this range are automatically forced into scientific notation with a range of -1.79 x 10^308 to +1.79 x 10^308. - work with any hexidecimal number in the range of zero to 7FFFFFFF, any octal number in the range of 0 to 17777777777, or any binary from 1000000000000000 to 0111111111111111. Complex numbers can range from (-3.40x10^38 -3.40x10^38i) to (+3.40x10^38 +3.40x10^38i). 1.2 The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Philosophy When LSRGCALC was written, one basic idea was kept in mind. It was felt that a powerful, interactive calculator program could be as easy to operate, or easier, as the hand-held calculator resting on top of the desk, along-side your computer. Couple this power with versatility, functionality and blazing speed. We believe, after trying LSRGCALC, that you will end up placing that hand-held pocket calculator, presently at rest beside your computer, into your briefcase where it belongs. LS-1.00 Plus System Requirements 4 1.3 System Requirements - IBM PC, XT, AT, PS/2, or close compatible. - PC/MS DOS version 3.0 or newer. - 80 column monitor in 80 x 25, 80 x 43 or 80 x 50 text mode. LSRGCALC will refuse to "pop up" over a graphics screen mode. - Hard disk or floppy with 640 Kbytes available for program file space (minimum disk space required can be as low as 162,000 bytes if you are not using the DISK option). - 204,000 bytes of free DOS memory to initially load LSRGCALC as RAM resident (or as a "normal", non-resident program). When LSRGCALC is loaded as TSR (RAM resident) and "asleep", it will free up all but around 11,000 bytes of it's DOS memory for use by other programs. If you make it RAM resident in DOS, then all 204,000 bytes will remain in DOS. - LSRGCALC's EMS option requires 212,992 bytes available LIM (Lotus-Intel-Microsoft) EMS (Expanded Memory System) version 4.0 or newer. LIM EMS is highly desirable but not necessary. Although LSRGCALC can perform the DISK option from a floppy drive (with sufficient free disk space), we don't recommend this because "pop up" and "pop down" time from floppy drives will take several seconds. 1.4 LSRGCALC Files LSRGCALC comes with a number of files and may create more in its normal operation. Files included in the LSRGCALC package are: LSRGCALC.EXE - The LSRGCALC program itself LSRGCALC.DOC - The LSRGCALC program reference manual CALCSCRN.MON - The LSRGCALC screen file for monochrome systems CALCSCRN.CLR - The LSRGCALC screen file for color systems LSRGCALC.TBL - The LSRGCALC, user configurable look-up table README.NOW - File containing information relating to any changes or other details not covered in this manual. MOUSE.COM - Microsoft mouse driver. REMOVE.COM - Registered versions of the calculator only. LS-1.00 Plus LSRGCALC Files 5 Files that LSRGCALC may create during it's normal operation are: LSRGCALC.FIL - The file created in the default path when you choose the "File" button. C100 & C101 - The files created by LSRGCALC when it goes RAM resident with the DISK option. These files are automatically removed by LSRGCALC when you "END" it from memory (terminate). LS-1.00 Plus Getting Started 6 2. Getting Started First, before you do anything else, make a backup copy of your LSRGCALC diskette. Although you can run LSRGCALC from a floppy drive (with sufficient free disk space), it is not recommended. If you do so, and if you install LSRGCALC RAM resident with the DISK option, then you must keep the LSRGCALC diskette in the drive so that LSRGCALC can read and write two "C1" files. A more practical method for loading and running LSRGCALC is from a hard drive. Create a free directory for LSRGCALC and its files. You create the new directory by first, checking into the appropriate drive with a command such as: C: (then press Enter) Next, tell DOS to make a new directory. We suggest you call your new directory "CALC". Issue the command: md \CALC (then press Enter) Now, have your computer reference itself from within your new directory by typing the command: cd \CALC (then press Enter) Finally, place the LSRGCALC diskette into a floppy drive, such as A: drive, and copy all the LSRGCALC files with the command: copy a:*.* (then press Enter) The LSRGCALC files that you must have, in order to run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator are: LSRGCALC.EXE CALCSCRN.MON (if you have a monochrome video card) CALCSCRN.CLR (if you have a color video card) LSRGCALC.TBL (not necessary but highly recommended) LS-1.00 Plus Starting the Program 7 2.1 Starting the Program To run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator, your computer must first reference itself to the drive and path in which the LSRGCALC files are located. This means that if the LSRGCALC files reside in another drive OR another directory, you must first issue the DOS command to change to the appropriate drive and/or directory before you tell LSRGCALC to load and run. If you are working from within, let's say, drive D: and the LSRGCALC are in C:\CALC then type the following commands: C: (then press Enter) cd \CALC (then press Enter) You can run the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator four different ways, by typing the following commands: 2.1.1 Loading LSRGCALC Non-Resident Type the command: LSRGCALC (then press Enter) This will make LSRGCALC load and run as a normal, non-RAM resident program. That is to say, when you exit the program with the "End" or "Sleep" buttons (or the Esc key), LSRGCALC will 100% free it- self from memory, returning all of the memory it used to DOS and any other program that may need it. 2.1.2 Using the EMS Option Type the command: LSRGCALC ems (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your expanded memory system (note - expanded memory is NOT the same as extended memory). If you issue the above command and EMS memory is not available, or insufficient EMS is available, or your system has an EMS hardware problem, LSRGCALC will then load itself RAM resident within DOS memory. When this option is used, LSRGCALC moves all of it's memory "image" to EMS memory except for a small 11 Kbyte DOS kernel. This means that approximately 193,000 bytes of DOS memory is freed for use by other programs. LS-1.00 Plus Using the DISK Option 8 2.1.3 Using the DISK Option Type the command: LSRGCALC disk (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your disk to temporarily store it's memory "image". If you issue the above command and there is insufficient disk space or a disk hard- ware problem, LSRGCALC will attempt to terminate and remove itself from your system's memory. When this option is used, LSRGCALC will write all of it's memory "image" (except for a small 11 K- byte kernel) as two files to your disk in the same location that the LSRGCALC.EXE resides. These files will be named, "C100" and "C101" and will initially be zero bytes and approx. 194,768 bytes, respectively. After you have "popped up" the calculator, these files will be about the same size, approximately 194,768 bytes each (or somewhat less). When you un-install the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator from your system's memory with the "End" button, the last two "C1" files created by LSRGCALC will be automatically deleted from your disk. (Registered versions of the calculator can use REMOVE.COM to un-install the calculator directly from the DOS prompt). 2.1.4 Using the DOS Option Type the command: LSRGCALC dos (then press Enter) The above command will install LSRGCALC as RAM resident using your system's DOS memory. This option leaves the LSRGCALC memory "image" entirely in DOS leaving approximately 204,000 bytes less memory available for other programs to use. LS-1.00 Plus Hot Keys 9 2.2 Hot Keys When LSRGCALC successfully becomes RAM resident, it will display the messages: "LSRGCALC is Loaded into Memory and is Going to Sleep." "Use <Right Shift> + <Spacebar> Key Combination to Awaken." Now, to "pop up" the calculator, at any time, simply press and hold down the Right Shift key then, tap the Spacebar key. If the calculator is RAM resident using DOS or EMS memory, the calculator will immediately "pop up" over the current program. If you have made the calculator RAM resident using the DISK option then, the calculator will take a second or so to "pop up". If your system is using a slow disk drive, it may take two or three seconds to "pop up". To let you know that something is, indeed, happening, you will notice that there will be a square, blinking, green cursor at the upper-left most corner of the monitor. You may only have one copy of the calculator RAM resident at a time. If you try to load a second copy as RAM resident, you will be informed: "LSRGCALC Already Installed in Memory!" "Use <Right Shift> + <Spacebar> Key Combination to Awaken." You are, however, allowed to install one copy of the calculator as RAM resident, then load and run a second copy of the calculator as a "normal", non-resident program. This would serve no useful purpose except to allow you to perform two calculations on two copies of the calculator, from within one computer system. LS-1.00 Plus Using the Calculator 10 3. Using the Calculator ┌──┤ LS-1.00 Plus Calculator ├──┬───────────────────────────────┐ │ ╔═════════════════════════╗ │ Operation Indicators │ │ ║ Primary Display Window ║ │╔═════════════════════════════╗│ │ ╚═════════════════════════╝ │║ Operations Indicator Window ║│ │ Copyright 1990, LSRGroup. │╠═════════════════════════════╣│ │┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐│║ History Window ║│ ││ ARC │ Exc │ Rcl │ Sto │CE/CL││║ Displays Previous 2 Entries ║│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│╠═════════════════════════════╣│ ││ HYP │ SIN │ COS │ TAN │Sleep││║ Info From The Look-Up Table ║│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│╚═════════════════════════════╝│ ││ n^ │ Exp │ ( │ ) │ End ││┌─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┬─────┐│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││Stuff│Hist │ Lpt │File │Table││ ││ √n │ D │ E │ F │ ÷ ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ n! │ Σ+ │ Σn │Perm │Comb ││ ││ 1/n │ A │ B │ C │ x ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ Rand│Ari ñ│Qua ñ│Har ñ│Geo ñ││ ││Log10│ 7 │ 8 │ 9 │ - ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││ │ Deg │ Rad │Grad │ ││ ││Log e│ 4 │ 5 │ 6 │ + ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤││Float│ Bin │ Oct │ Dec │ Hex ││ ││Log n│ 1 │ 2 │ 3 │ ││├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤│ │├─────┼─────┼─────┼─────┤ = │││ Fix │Compx│Stats│ Date│ Time││ ││ π │ 0 │ ∙ │ +/- │ ││└─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┘│ └┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴─────┴┴───────────────────────────────┘ 3.1 Mouse Operation The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will make use of a MS mouse (or compatible), if installed. Simply position the mouse cursor over a calculator button and click with either the right or left mouse keys. The experienced mouse user will want to click and drag while using the Hist or Table functions. This will not work. Scrolling these functions require positioning the mouse cursor over the "+" or "-" button and clicking the right or left mouse key (refer to chapter 4.16.4). This was done to make all functions, whether mouse or keyboard, operate in a manner similar to a pocket calculator. With a pocket cal- culator, you would move a finger over the appropriate button and press it down. Use your mouse as an extension of your finger. LSRGCALC.EXE is programmed for the Microsoft mouse or 100% compatables. If you are experiencing problems with your mouse, try loading MOUSE.COM supplied with this program. LS-1.00 Plus Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation 11 3.2 Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator was designed to be used in a manner similar to a pocket calculator. With a pocket calculator, you move a finger over the appropriate button and then press the button. With LSRGCALC, you move the highlight over the appropriate button and press the spacebar key. The philosophy for operating the calculator in this manner is, "if you already know how to operate a typical pocket calculator then your learning time required to become proficient with the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator is almost zero." The following keys will scroll the calculator's highlight: Up Arrow: Moves the highlight up one button at a time. Wraps at the top button to the bottom button on the same column of buttons. Down Arrow: Moves the highlight down one button at a time. Wraps at the bottom button to the top button on the same column of buttons. Right Arrow: Moves the highlight right one button at a time. Wraps at the right-most button of the row to the corresponding row's left-most button. Left Arrow: Moves the highlight left one button at a time. Wraps at the left-most button of the row to the corresponding row's right-most button. PgUp: Moves the highlight to the top-most button of the column. Does not wrap. PgDn: Moves the highlight to the bottom-most button of the column. Does not wrap. Home: The Home key moves the highlight to the left- most button on the side of the calculator it is on. If the highlight is positioned on the right side of the calculator, the second tap on the key will move it to the right-most button on the left side, and the third tap of the Home key will move the highlight to the far left. LS-1.00 Plus Scroll Key and Spacebar Operation 12 This facilitates moving to the beginning column of buttons for the side of the calculator you are working with. The Home key will not wrap. End: The End key moves the highlight to the right- most button on the side of the calculator it is on. If the highlight is positioned on the left side of the calculator, the second tap on the key will move it to the left-most button on the right side, and the third tap of the End key will move the highlight to the far right. This facilitates moving to the ending column of buttons for the side of the calculator you are working with. The End key will not wrap. To "press" a button, move the highlight over it using one or more of the scroll keys, then tap your spacebar key. DO NOT USE THE ENTER KEY. The Enter key is reserved by LSRGCALC for use as an equal button (refer to the following chapter entitled, "Immediate Key Actuation"). To facilitate cursor movement, LSRGCALC dramatically reduces your computer's cursor delay rate. The effect is a tremendous increase in your cursor response time. However, whenever you End or put the calculator to Sleep, LSRGCALC will re-set the cursor's delay rate to it's original state (Well behaved computer program's must always restore EVERYTHING to their original conditions before they terminate control!). In other words, if your cursor is sluggish, it will speed up when you "pop up" the calculator and slow down when you "pop down" the calculator. LS-1.00 Plus Immediate Key Actuation 13 3.3 Immediate Key Actuation Please note: "button" refers to any of the 72, rectangular areas of the calculator that perform computations. "Key" refers to any of the keys on your computer's keyboard. To help non-mouse users operate the calculator with almost the same speed that can be achieved with a mouse, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator allows direct key correlation between your keyboard and 27 of it's buttons. The following keys on your computer's keyboard will immediately active the listed buttons: Immediate Key Button Selected ═══════════════════════════════ ═══════════════ 0 through 9 0 through 9 A through F {shift key ignored} A through F . or Del . ( {use shift + 9} or [ ( ) {use shift + 0} or ] ) \ or / ÷ * x - - + + = or Enter = ^ {use shift + 6} ^ @ {use shift + 2} √n ! {use shift + 1} 1/n Using any of the above listed keys will immediately actuate the appropriate calculator button. You do not need to use the space- bar with Immediate Keys. To maximize operation speed of your calculator, place your right hand at the separate number pad on the right side of the keyboard and your left hand near the spacebar. Your right hand then controls the selection of math operators (grey keys), as well as, controls movement of the highlight with appropriate scroll keys. Your left hand handles all non-shifted immediate keys, as well as, the spacebar. REMEMBER: THE ENTER KEY IS YOUR EQUAL KEY - IT WILL NOT WORK AS YOUR SPACEBAR. To actuate a highlighted button, use the spacebar not the Enter key - your Enter key only actuates the "=" button. LS-1.00 Plus The Backspace Key 14 3.3.1 The Enter Key The Enter key only actuates the equal button (=). Use the spacebar key to actuate any other button while highlighted. 3.3.2 The Spacebar Key The spacebar actuates any button currently highlighted. 3.3.3 The BackSpace Key Unlike your pocket calculator, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will make use of your computer's backspace key. Each press of the backspace key will delete the right-most digit of the number shown in the Primary Display Window. The backspace key is inactive in the Date or Time Number Modes, as well as, whenever you are entering a number re- quired by any Immediate Function button. When working with complex numbers, the backspace key will not delete the right-most digit of the real component if you have informed the calculator that you are entering the imaginary component. Once you have informed the calculator that you are entering the imaginary component, the backspace key will only delete the right-most digits of the imaginary component. 3.3.4 The Esc Key If you have loaded LSRGCALC without any options, the Esc key will terminate the program, removing all of it's memory for use by other programs. If you have loaded LSRGCALC with either the EMS, DISK, or DOS options, the Esc key will "pop down" the calculator and put it to Sleep. The Esc key can be used to exit the History Log, as well as, to exit the Look Up Table. 3.4 Definition of Symbols Because of the nature of a computers non-graphics screen display and because of the limitations of the typical keyboard, many mathematical symbols are difficult (and sometime impossible) to replicate on your monitor. Therefore, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator may use some unfamiliar symbols. For example, 4² or 4 squared is relatively easy to display - even many typewriters can handle that one. But, how do we display 4 to the power of 16? ²√ for the square root is easy but how about the cubed root? LS-1.00 Plus Definition of Symbols 15 The calculator, as well as, this manual will use the following symbols (among others): ^ exponent, such as 3^5 meaning 3 to the power of 5 √ root, such as √3 for the cubed root ÷ or / division, such as 5 / 4 for 5 divided by 4 1/n reciprocal, a number divided into 1 sd standard deviation, used with statistical functions ñ mean (average), used with statistical functions x or * multiplication, such as 5 * 4 for 5 times 4 r√ real number root of a complex number (²√, etc.) j√ complex root of a complex number The n^ √n and 1/n buttons are defined as: n to the power of, the nth root, and the reciprocal of n, respectively. Scientific notation is a form for expressing numbers (called the mantissa) multiplied by 10 raised to a power (the exponent). This is a very useful method to work with very large or very small num- bers. The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator will use a capital "D" to show scientific notation for any real number, whereas, complex numbers will use a capital "E". For example: 7.56987345 x 10^199 is expressed as 7.56987345D+199 7.56987345 x 10^-98 is expressed as 7.56987345D-98 (3.45x10^23 -4.5x10^19i) is expressed as (3.45E+23 -4.5E+19i) 3.5 The Rules of Algebraic Operations Mathematics is a science with some concrete rules. One of it's most basic rule is to never allow two different answers to the same series of calculations. Because of this, mathematics has a universal set of rules for performing calculations employing mixed operations. For example, what is the correct answer to the following problem: 3 + 7 - 2 x 24 ÷ 12 = ? There is only one correct answer, and the answer is 6, not 16. "Whoa, just a second", you say. "My adding machine just did the above calculation and it printed out 16, not 6 as you say." LS-1.00 Plus The Rules of Algebraic Operations 16 Well, your adding machine is correct if we consider each subset of operations, in the above example, as separate problems, with the result of each previous operation applied to the next subset. In other words: 3 + 7 = 10 - 2 = 8 x 24 = 192 ÷ 12 = 16 However, the example equation above is not composed of a separate subset of problems, but rather, is one problem, represented by one equation, and, therefore, only has one correct answer and that answer is 6, due to the rules of algebraic operations. The universal rule for determining which operation has priority over the other operators and, hence is performed first is: Priority Operations ════════════════════════════════════════════════════════════ 1 (highest) parenthesis, hyperbolic, trigometric, factorial, reciprocal, angle conversion, combinations, permutations, logarithms ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 2 powers and roots ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 3 multiplication and division ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── 4 (lowest) addition and subtraction ──────────────────────────────────────────────────────────── The LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator does NOT use the rules of Algebraic Operations. Rather, like your adding machine, it applies each operator to the result of the previous operation. However, the LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator can be instructed to calculate a subset of data as a separate operation then, apply the results of the subset to the rest of the calculation. You instruct it to do so by placing parenthesis around the set of operators and numbers that have "priority". 5. ORDER FORM LS-1.00 Plus Scientific Calculator Registration/Order Form Please fill out this form, then mail it along with a check, money order or warrent to: Lawrence Stone Research Group P.O. Box 5715 Charleston, Oregon 97420 Thanks for your support! Name:_________________________________________________________ Title:________________________________________________________ Company:______________________________________________________ Address:______________________________________________________ ______________________________________________________ City: _____________________ State: _________ Zip:______ Telephone:__________________________________ If Customized Hot Key configuration is requested, please enclose an extra $5 US, and list at least five key combinations desired on the back of this form. +============================================================================+ |Please send me ____ copies of LSRGCALC @ $_____/each for a total of $______ | | Please send me ____ copies of the pre-printed manual @ $10 / each $______ | | I am adding $5 US and requesting Customized Hot Key Configuration $______ | | | | TOTAL ENCLOSED $______ | | Call or write for multiple copy (site license) prices. | +----------------------------------------------------------------------------+ +===================== Check One ====================+ | [__] 5 1/4" Diskettes [__] 3 1/2" Diskette | +----------------------------------------------------+ Where did you get the LSRGCALC calculator from (check one - fill in line)? [__] User Group Name of Group:_____________________________________ [__] BBS Name:_______________________)(Tel #:______________________ [__] Other Such as: ________________________________________________