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- README.ide -- Information regarding ide.c and ide-cd.c (IDE driver in 1.2.x)
- ================================================================================
- Supported by: mlord@bnr.ca -- disks, interfaces, probing
- snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov -- cdroms, ATAPI, audio
-
- (see description later on below for handling BIG IDE drives with >1024 cyls).
-
- Major features of ide.c & ide-cd.c:
-
- - support for up to two IDE interfaces on one or two IRQs
- - support for any mix of up to four disk and/or cdrom drives
- - support for reading IDE ATAPI cdrom drives (NEC,MITSUMI,VERTOS,SONY)
- - support for audio functions
- - auto-detection of interfaces, drives, IRQs, and disk geometries
- -- "single" drives should be jumpered as "master", not "slave"
- - support for BIOSs which report "more than 16 heads" on disk drives
- - uses LBA (slightly faster) on disk drives which support it
- - support for lots of fancy (E)IDE drive functions with hdparm utility
- - optional (compile time) support for 32-bit VLB data transfers
- - support for IDE multiple (block) mode (same as hd.c)
- - support for interrupt unmasking during I/O (better than hd.c)
- - improved handshaking and error detection/recovery
- - can co-exist with hd.c to control only the secondary interface
- NEW! - support for reliable operation of buggy CMD-640 interfaces
- - use kernel command line option: hda=serialize
- NEW! - experimental support for DTC-2278D interfaces
- - use kernel command line option: hda=dtc2278
- NEW! - run-time selectable 32bit interface support (using hdparm-2.3)
-
- Under construction:
-
- - improved CMD support: tech info is supposedly "in the mail"
- - support for interface speed selection on jumperless interfaces
- - improved detection of non-standard IDE ATAPI cdrom drives
- - support for non-standard 3rd/4th drive interface on Promise cards
-
- ***
-
- IMPORTANT NOTICE: "CMD" EIDE Interfaces will not (by default) work *reliably*
- when drives are attached to the second interface. To "fix" this, supply the
- special kernel "command line" parameter to LILO: hda=serialize
- Failure to do so can cause severe data corruption!
-
- ***
-
- To access devices on the second interface, device entries must first be
- created in /dev for them. To create such entries, simply run the included
- shell script: MAKEDEV.ide1
-
- Apparently the early releases of Slackware 2.2 have incorrect entries
- in /dev for hdc* and hdd* -- this can also be corrected by running MAKEDEV.ide1
-
- ide.c automatically probes for the primary and secondary interfaces,
- for the drives/geometries attached to those interfaces, and for the
- IRQ numbers being used by the interfaces (normally IRQ14 & IRQ15).
-
- The primary and secondary interfaces may share a single IRQ if necessary,
- at a slight performance penalty, whether on separate cards or a single VLB card.
-
- Drives are normally found by auto-probing and/or examining the CMOS/BIOS data.
- For really weird situations, the apparent (fdisk) geometry can also be specified
- on the kernel "command line" using LILO. The format of such lines is:
-
- hdx=cyls,heads,sects,wpcom,irq
- or hdx=cdrom
-
- where hdx can be any of {hda,hdb,hdc,hdd}, or simply hd, for the "next" drive
- in sequence. Only the first three parameters are required (cyls,heads,sects),
- and wpcom is ignored for IDE drives. For example:
-
- hdc=1050,32,64 hdd=cdrom
-
- If an irq number is given, it will apply to both drives on the same interface,
- either {hda,hdb} or {hdc,hdd}. The results of successful auto-probing may
- override the physical geometry/irq specified, though the "original" geometry
- is retained as the "logical" geometry for partitioning purposes (fdisk).
-
- If the auto-probing during boot time confuses a drive (ie. the drive works
- with hd.c but not with ide.c), then an command line option may be specified
- for each drive for which you'd like the drive to skip the hardware
- probe/identification sequence. For example:
-
- hdb=noprobe
- or
- hdc=768,16,32
- hdc=noprobe
-
- Note that when only one IDE device is attached to an interface,
- it must be jumpered as "single" or "master", *not* "slave".
- Many folks have had "trouble" with cdroms because of this requirement
- of the ATA (IDE) standard.
-
- Courtesy of Scott Snyder, the driver now supports ATAPI cdrom drives
- such as the NEC-260 and the new MITSUMI triple/quad speed drives.
- Such drives will be identified at boot time, as hda,hdb,hdc or hdd,
- just like a harddisk.
-
- If for some reason your cdrom drive is *not* found at boot time, you can force
- the probe to look harder by supplying a kernel command line parameter
- via LILO, such as: hdc=cdrom
-
- For example, a GW2000 system might have a harddrive on the primary
- interface (/dev/hda) and an IDE cdrom drive on the secondary interface
- (/dev/hdc). To mount a CD in the cdrom drive, one would use something like:
-
- ln -sf /dev/hdc /dev/cdrom
- mkdir /cd
- mount /dev/cdrom /cd -t iso9660 -o ro
-
- Please pass on any feedback on the cdrom stuff to the author & maintainer,
- Scott Snyder (snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov).
-
- The kernel is now be able to execute binaries directly off of the cdrom,
- provided it is mounted with the default block size of 1024.
-
- The hdparm.c program for controlling various IDE features is now packaged
- separately. Look for it on popular linux FTP sites.
-
- mlord@bnr.ca
- snyder@fnald0.fnal.gov
- ================================================================================
-
- Some Terminology
- ----------------
- IDE = Integrated Drive Electronics, meaning that each drive has a built-in
- controller, which is why an "IDE interface card" is not a "controller card".
-
- IDE drives are designed to attach almost directly to the ISA bus of an AT-style
- computer. The typical IDE interface card merely provides I/O port address
- decoding and tri-state buffers, although several newer localbus cards go much
- beyond the basics. When purchasing a localbus IDE interface, avoid cards with
- an onboard BIOS and those which require special drivers. Instead, look for a
- card which uses hardware switches/jumpers to select the interface timing speed,
- to allow much faster data transfers than the original 8Mhz ISA bus allows.
-
- ATA = AT (the old IBM 286 computer) Attachment Interface, a draft American
- National Standard for connecting hard drives to PCs. This is the official
- name for "IDE".
-
- The latest standards define some enhancements, known as the ATA-2 spec,
- which grew out of vendor-specific "Enhanced IDE" (EIDE) implementations.
-
- ATAPI = ATA Packet Interface, a new protocol for controlling the drives,
- similar to SCSI protocols, created at the same time as the ATA2 standard.
- ATAPI is currently used for controlling CDROM and TAPE devices, and will
- likely also soon be used for Floppy drives, removable R/W cartridges,
- and for high capacity hard disk drives.
-
- How To Use *Big* ATA/IDE drives with Linux
- ------------------------------------------
- The ATA Interface spec for IDE disk drives allows a total of 28 bits
- (8 bits for sector, 16 bits for cylinder, and 4 bits for head) for addressing
- individual disk sectors of 512 bytes each (in "Linear Block Address" (LBA)
- mode, there is still only a total of 28 bits available in the hardware).
- This "limits" the capacity of an IDE drive to no more than 128GB (Giga-bytes).
- All current day IDE drives are somewhat smaller than this upper limit, and
- within a few years, ATAPI disk drives will raise the limit considerably.
-
- All IDE disk drives "suffer" from a "16-heads" limitation: the hardware has
- only a four bit field for head selection, restricting the number of "physical"
- heads to 16 or less. Since the BIOS usually has a 63 sectors/track limit,
- this means that all IDE drivers larger than 504MB (528Meg) must use a "physical"
- geometry with more than 1024 cylinders.
-
- (1024cyls * 16heads * 63sects * 512bytes/sector) / (1024 * 1024) == 504MB
-
- (Some BIOSs (and controllers with onboard BIOS) pretend to allow "32" or "64"
- heads per drive (discussed below), but can only do so by playing games with
- the real (hidden) geometry, which is always limited to 16 or fewer heads).
-
- This presents two problems to most systems:
-
- 1. The INT13 interface to the BIOS only allows 10-bits for cylinder
- addresses, giving a limit of 1024cyls for programs which use it.
-
- 2. The physical geometry fields of the disk partition table only
- allow 10-bits for cylinder addresses, giving a similar limit of 1024
- cyls for operating systems that do not use the "sector count" fields
- instead of the physical Cyl/Head/Sect (CHS) geometry fields.
-
- Neither of these limitations affects Linux itself, as it (1) does not use the
- BIOS for disk access, and it (2) is clever enough to use the "sector count"
- fields of the partition table instead of the physical CHS geometry fields.
-
- a) Most folks use LILO to load linux. LILO uses the INT13 interface
- to the BIOS to load the kernel at boot time. Therefore, LILO can only
- load linux if the files it needs (usually just the kernel images) are
- located below the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary" (more on this later).
-
- b) Many folks also like to have bootable DOS partitions on their
- drive(s). DOS also uses the INT13 interface to the BIOS, not only
- for booting, but also for operation after booting. Therefore, DOS
- can normally only access partitions which are contained entirely below
- the magic 1024 cylinder "boundary".
-
- There are at least seven commonly used schemes for kludging DOS to work
- around this "limitation". In the long term, the problem is being solved
- by introduction of an alternative BIOS interface that does not have the
- same limitations as the INT13 interface. New versions of DOS are expected
- to detect and use this interface in systems whose BIOS provides it.
-
- But in the present day, alternative solutions are necessary.
-
- The most popular solution in newer systems is to have the BIOS shift bits
- between the cylinder and head number fields. This is activated by entering
- a translated logical geometry into the BIOS/CMOS setup for the drive.
- Thus, if the drive has a geometry of 2100/16/63 (CHS), then the BIOS could
- present a "logical" geometry of 525/64/63 by "shifting" two bits from the
- cylinder number into the head number field for purposes of the partition table,
- CMOS setup, and INT13 interfaces. Linux kernels 1.1.39 and higher detect and
- "handle" this translation automatically, making this a rather painless solution
- for the 1024 cyls problem. If for some reason Linux gets confused (unlikely),
- then use the kernel command line parameters to pass the *logical* geometry,
- as in: hda=525,64,63
-
- If the BIOS does not support this form of drive translation, then several
- options remain, listed below in inverse order of popularity:
-
- - boot from a floppy disk instead of the hard drive (takes 10 seconds).
- - use a partition below the 1024 cyl boundary to hold the linux
- boot files (kernel images and /boot directory), and place the rest
- of linux anywhere else on the drive. These files can reside in a DOS
- partition, or in a tailor-made linux boot partition.
-
- If you cannot use drive translation, *and* your BIOS also restricts you to
- entering no more than 1024 cylinders in the geometry field in the CMOS setup,
- then just set it to 1024. As of v3.5 of this driver, Linux automatically
- determines the *real* number of cylinders for fdisk to use, allowing easy
- access to the full disk capacity without having to fiddle around.
-
- Regardless of what you do, all DOS partitions *must* be contained entirely
- within the first 1024 logical cylinders. For a 1Gig WD disk drive, here's
- a good "half and half" partitioning scheme to start with:
-
- geometry = 2100/16/63
- /dev/hda1 from cyl 1 to 992 dos
- /dev/hda2 from cyl 993 to 1023 swap
- /dev/hda3 from cyl 1024 to 2100 linux
-
- To ensure that LILO can boot linux, the boot files (kernel and /boot/*)
- must reside within the first 1024 cylinders of the drive. If your linux
- root partition is *not* completely within the first 1024 cyls (quite common),
- then you can use LILO to boot linux from files on your DOS partition
- by doing the following after installing slackware (or whatever):
-
- 0. Boot from the "boot floppy" created during the installation
- 1. Mount your DOS partition as /dos (and stick it in /etc/fstab)
- 2. Move your kernel (/vmlinuz) to /dos/vmlinuz with: mv /vmlinuz /dos
- 3. Edit /etc/lilo.conf to change /vmlinuz to /dos/vmlinuz
- 4. Move /boot to /dos/boot with: cp -a /boot /dos ; rm -r /boot
- 5. Create a symlink for LILO to use with: ln -s /dos/boot /boot
- 6. Re-run LILO with: lilo
-
- A danger with this approach is that whenever an MS-DOS "defragmentation"
- program is run (like Norton "speeddisk"), it may move the Linux boot
- files around, confusing LILO and making the (Linux) system unbootable.
- Be sure to keep a kernel "boot floppy" at hand for such circumstances.
-
- If you "don't do DOS", then partition as you please, but remember to create
- a small partition to hold the /boot directory (and vmlinuz) as described above
- such that they stay within the first 1024 cylinders.
-
- Note that when creating partitions that span beyond cylinder 1024,
- Linux fdisk will complain about "Partition X has different physical/logical
- endings" and emit messages such as "This is larger than 1024, and may cause
- problems with some software". Ignore them for linux partitions. The "some
- software" refers to DOS, the BIOS, and LILO, as described previously.
-
- Western Digital now ships a "DiskManager 6.03" diskette with all of their big
- hard drives. Burn it! That idiotic piece of garbage isn't even universally
- compatible with DOS, let alone other operating systems like Linux. Eventually
- some kind person will kludge Linux to work with it, but at present the two
- are completely incompatible. If you have this version of DiskManager on your
- hard disk already, it can be exterminated at the expense of all data on the
- drive (back it up elsewhere), by using the "DM" command from the diskette
- as follows: DM /Y-
-
- mlord@bnr.ca
-