World of Ham Radio 1997

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Text File | 1997-02-01 | 27KB | 2,953 lines

a. b. c. d. what exclusive frequency privileges in the 80-meter band are authorized to extra class control operators 3525-3775 kHz 3500-3525 3700-3750 3500-3550 75-meter 3775-3800 3800-3850 3750-3775 3800-3825 40-meter 7000-7025 7000-7050 7025-7050 7100-7150 20-meter 14.100-14.175 MHz and 14.150-14.175 14.000-14.125 14.250-14.300 14.025-14.050 14.100-14.150 14.000-14.025 15-meter 21.000-21.200 21.250-21.270 21.050-21.100 21.150-21.175 21.000-21.025 21.200-21.225 21.250-21.275 if a packet bulletin board station message forwarding system inadvertently forwards that is violation of FCC rules who accountable for operator originating conditionally first all stations not authenticating source from which they accept communications your communication violates action you should take discontinue as soon become aware it notify does comply with nearest field engineer's office messages must an amateur licensee do spurious emission his or her causes harmful interference reception another radio pay fine each time happens submit written explanation forfeit license more than once eliminate reduce when may exchange FCC-regulated non-amateur only during emergencies RACES operations armed forces day tests authorizes such under no circumstances public service events REACT type permitted operate 219-220 any those participating point-to-point fixed digital systems licensed using effective radiated power 25 watts PEP less why might modify relieve crowding certain bands better prepare national emergency enforce quiet zone within one mile airport promote interest convenience necessity installed on ship aircraft separate main installation condition be met before operated its operation approved by master pilot command antenna antennas transmitting radios use have supply completely independent marine endorsement FCC-issued permit required transmit vessel registered US while international waters reciprocal alien general higher special codes intended obscure meaning never temporary authority has been obtained controlling sending telecommand space following factors restrict physical location operator's equipment structure land environmental importance; significant american history architecture culture location's political societal importance geographical horticultural requiring consultation foreign governments outside distance monitoring facility located without concern protecting 1 3 miles 10 30 done placed officially designated wilderness area wildlife preserve listed register historical places A proposal submitted park letter intent filed audubon society assessment form FSD-15 department interior interferes broadcast well-engineered receiver hours shall NOT interfering frequencies daily 8 PM 10:30 local additionally AM sunday 6 12 5 continuous span at least 2.5 9 domestic good engineering design restricted used below above paid professional teacher teacher's classroom periods correctional institution part instruction educational making contacts similar other institutions compensation acting teachers students limits state authorities observe legislating height dimension restrictions structures FAA regulations specify minimum near airports 200 foot allowed PRB-1 specifies reasonably accommodate valley canyon apply extend feet average terrain ground level site there since would hazard top limitations repeater beacon auxiliary approval gain greater dBi none prior limited 20 kind erecting defined both approve manager zoning natural existing man made impose mounted motor vehicles 15 roof vehicle complex yagi quad beam recommendations manufacturer authorization holder issued allow nation except canada allowing handle third-party traffic between amateur's own agreement country passing amateurs two nations eligible anyone holding valid government non-US citizen operating shortwave listener's equivalent unless otherwise their union additional identification addition call sign grid-square locator closest present included serial number call-letter district letter-numeral indicating city obtain never; citizens imported held current 610 immigration 610-A registration ARF-1 disqualify being but citizenship granting them beyond document canadian aliens including canadians validation certificate grant examination period longer ten days age 16 years 18 others 21 how long date issue thirty ninety year person qualifies granted becomes void either his/her will voided audits database network providing athletic races civil corps services boat purpose provide civil-defense routine military organization defense bureau (except novice) certified responsible application modification sent washington DC gettysburg PA 610-B holds novice CW 5167.5 unattended HF packet-radio 237-MHz normally available organizations can cause president invokes war powers provisions act 1934 limit single confined 25-mile VHF involving immediate danger loss life communicate novices official disaster permissible safety people property security satellite navigation earth satellites same purposes weather information gathering radar experimentation 40 m 17 segments mm 4 2 1.25 transmits initiate terminate functions licensees term space-to-earth transmissions results measurements data transmission frame check sequence telemetry describe 50 km earth's surface EME downlink ionospheric advanced initiating give pre-space notification months 72 27 after initiated in-space 24 7 terminated post-space later 48 describes volunteer examiner coordinator volunteered administer examinations entered into coordinate given examiners preparation among VEC grade examinee's answers inform examinees pass/fail collect forms documents test administering VEs assure desiring regard race sex religion origin cooperate maintaining pool questions element qualifying requirements exists furthering engaged manufacture and/or sale materials agree classes licenses accordance throughout connection organization's amateur-related sales small comparison overall manufacturing very specialized upon preventive measures taken preclude possible conflict question deleted due rule changes distribution publication obtaining selling publications cost coordinates preparing administration group three volunteers club circumstance employee company VE regardless employment receives permission employer accrediting reimburse VECs out-of-pocket expenses incurred processing conference coordinators treasury refuse accredit determines person's integrity honesty could compromise prospective member actively against accepts reimbursement fails annual expense certification suspend VE's accreditation disaccredit request where instructions gives FCC-maintained VEC-maintained appropriate report order accredited fellow administers fee staff process automatically conduct wish requests already ensures applicants meet serve receive license; old; interest; had suspended revoked persons seeking cannot ever employees federal records maintained reimbursements session accepted maintain was forward december january april october reimbursed teaching study courses none; purchasing distributing much money serving up hourly wage times spent maximum per applicant set willing donate 3(A) selects qualified supplier 3(B) 4(A) 4(B) administered credit successful completion (CSCE) elements CSCE indicates examinee passed telegraphy conducting observing candidate(s) entire leave room handing out exams concentrate exam material anywhere having participated proper necessary supervision coordinating charge candidate examiner's warn continued failure result termination immediately candidate's complete invalidate everyone's close papers completed candidates(s) collected graded grading score needed upgrade return grade(s) were incorrectly answered simply failure(s) show scores percentage correctly upgraded certify qualification new applications upgrading copy CSCEs credentials technician plus designates allows yet received team list identify identifier code "Extra" prefix "AE" suffix phrase "operating extra" added "E" direction ascending pass west east south north descending point satellite's orbit amount takes travel perigee apogee receiving retransmitting mode meters 70 centimeters B J centi- L 23 linear transponder passes signals device retransmits passband amplifier varies output linearly response input responds telecommands activate name effect vary several low-earth because changing kepler bernoulli einstein doppler signal phase exhibit fairly rapid pulsed fading rotating absorption low orbital altitude minimize effects spin modulation faraday rotation nonpolarized circularly polarized isotropic log-periodic dipole array many second transmitted fast-scan television 60 90 120 horizontal lines make 525 1050 interlace scanning pattern generated bottom left right next odd numbered even ones blanking video synchronization vertical sync pulses turning off traveling conclusion black white standard voltage tip whitest TV camera outputs modulator inputs volt peak-to-peak IEEE units volts RMS bandwidth vestigial sideband percent PEV 0% 12.5% 70% 100% 75% characteristic FMTV (Frequency-Modulated television) compared immunity limiting poor weak-signal performance complexity common method accompanying audio amplitude carrier frequency-modulated sub-carrier UHF link ideal strategy worldwide DX contest solar instead 160-40 emphasized evening; daylight little strategic difference 80 support mid-day tried hour sunset these standards generally follow always listen courteous reply calling CQ contact followed include transmitter on-the-air contests dollar-to-feature value difficult enhance communicating skills readiness measure capacity refracting RF varying conditions demonstrate typical minute listening contacting best accomplished WWV K index reading some split (transmitting different frequency) known attenuation sun asks grid square fed final station's RST subsection IARU region based dividing squares wide geographic "Maidenhead" (e.g. FN31AA) latitude longitude refer two-degree degree world numbering one-degree beginning pole wire amplify low-angle incoming reducing high-angle consisting screen positioned directly beneath radiating items typically stations' signs transmitter's VHF/UHF section expect find highest activity usually segment reserved middle weak ranges "gentlemen's agreement" 6-meter 50.000 50.025 50.050 50.075 50.100 50.125 texas 1832 replies "in window" this mean wrong window reached undesirable sunspot fluttery europe across european switch MUF increased lower decreased wait minutes so degradation attempting most emissions DTMF tones modulating FM FSK (frequency-shift keying) AFSK (audio frequency-shift key-operated on/off switching letters "FEC" relate AMTOR error correction fatal implemented blocks characters acknowledges FEC algorithm uses character twice specific acknowledgment shift according predefined "CMD:" displayed monitor TNC ready exit terminal program keyboard keystroke KISS running TCP/IP baudot modern computer-based seven bits binary eight alternate morse "International telegraph alphabet 2" (ITA2) five oscilloscope connected unit displaying crossed ellipses suddenly disappears indicate about observed phenomenon "selective fading" occurred filters saturated retuned probably moved least desired mark inverted responded change high-quality still images RTTY AMTEX facsimile imposed (fax) 7.245 14.245 21.345 28.945 phone voice 54 includes header determine previously ARQ cluster devoted primarily general-purpose boards linked together "cluster" entirely computer telephone/modem statements comparing 2-meter true rate 300 bauds; 1200 bauds licensees; meter open "CW/Data"-only segments; wherever separation moonbounce 500 moon 2000 5000 mutual lunar characterizes libration earth-moon-earth slow pitch irregular gradual rises returning echo hertz schedule full clear dynamic range noise figures sequencing 144 two-minute sequences then two-minutes one-minute two-and-one-half 2.5-minutes five-minute 432 half tune 144.000 - 144.001 144.100 144.300 145.000 145.100 70-cm 430.000 430.150 430.100 431.100 431.200 432.000 432.100 atmosphere struck meteor cylindrical free electrons formed layer ionosphere E F1 F2 D well suited meteor-scatter 1.8 1.9 14 28 148 220 450 two- 15-second 15-seconds 30-second 30-seconds transequatorial propagation points approximately magnetic equator continents way ducts along approximate 1000 2500 7500 morning noon afternoon early evening late night occurring pointed 180 degrees away strongest long-path sporadic-E auroral enhancement 160 consistently yields modest relatively high reason hearing directing toward stability producing causing direct reflected path terminator gray-line prevalent twilight sunrise overhead midday superheats refraction waves drops greatly atmospheric ionization weakened enough darkness remains steady midafternoon heats increasing wave 2,000 10-meter 750 6- 8,000 10,000 four 12,000 15,000 10- spectrum analyzer differ conventional time-domain reflection; displays electrical domain; domain frequencies; axis display resonance duration instrument wattmeter logic reflectometer intermodulation distortion products SSB something isolation ports duplexer whether crystal fundamental overtone speed transceiver switches spectral advantage advantages; inexpensive components time-varying representation envelope costs instrumentation useful probe over voltmeter status circuit leads connect analog circuits read accurately smaller shows simplified readout states ohmmeter electroscope wheatstone bridge short-circuit fault open-circuit resistance modules besides pulse sensitivity third-order intercept availability figure floor power-supply ripple two-tone impedance detector selectivity achieved front-end circuitry means filter stage preselector IF occurs too narrow undesired reach output-offset overshoot cross-modulation ringing desirable 100 hz 6000 2400 single-sideband 2.4 4.2 4.8 thermal-noise compare slightly received-signal FM-phone oscillator replace JFET mixer bipolar transistor capacitor remove AGC confine incorporate high-Q meant lowest tuned undistorted referenced milliwatt ratio discernible largest tolerable audible lowest-frequency highest-frequency detectable moving tuning knob problems caused desensitization strong adjacent instability frequent retuning ability recover opposite cross insufficient speaker severe defines entering relative strength front end succeeding stages reject unwanted associated mobile transceivers ignition mechanical vibrations procedure suppressing shielding filtering insulate plane sheet metal surfaces antistatic spray liberally non-metallic install capacitors series wiring ferrite beads suppress resistive high-voltage cable starter solenoid primary secondary lead ensuring connecting reduces spark helps radiate encourages resonances static buildup body alternator whine minimized radio's battery longest shortest installing high-pass vehicle's conducted automobile suppressed blocking low-pass parallel coaxial major sunspots thunderstorms airplanes showers line-noise problem home power-line AC waveform turn breaker battery-operated electric bead line brute-force AC-line bypass ground-fault interrupter picked common-mode electrical-sparking differential-mode harmonics locate directional hand-held sniffer ultrasonic transducer parabolic reflector drawback wire-loop finding bidirectional broadside loop non-rotatable equally directions practical direction-finding non-cardioid front-to-back front-to-side ratios top-to-bottom side-to-side shallow nulls triangulation geometric angle sky plots headings map plot attenuator narrows eliminates radiation prevents overload extremely sense produce cardioid adcock omnidirectional sky-wave circularly-polarized large coil tightly wound around core turns shape coupled feed through inductive permeability shield broad-side responses aimed deep null pinpoint sharp peak pin-point high-radiation short-distance errors homogeneous smooth grassy varied buildings mountains fox hunting receivers techniques attempt hidden helping track radio-transmitter collars attached animals assemble generators portable photoconductivity conversion photon energy electromotive conductivity illuminated semiconductor junction photoconductive light shines increases decreases stays temperature dependent optocoupler resistor modulated helium-neon laser LED phototransistor optoisolator P-N develops excess positive exposed cell optical shaft encoder neon indicators whose controlled wheel optocouplers coded crystalline solid capacitance inductance gravity greatest visible potassium nitrate sulfide cadmium sodium chloride infrared affected ordinary heavy liquid RC charged 63.2% exponential constant factor RL build discharge 36.8% initial stored constants 86.5% 95% discharged starting 13.5% 100-microfarad 470-kilohm resistors 47 seconds 101.1 103 220-microfarad 1-megohm V decrease 7.36 0.01-microfarad 2-megohm 0.02 0.08 1350 0.37 800 294 450-microfarad graph calculate smith chart logarithmic jones circles reactance calculations performed patterns azimuth elevation bearings SWR values families shown E5-1 free-Space directivity vertical-space horizontal-space outer circle bounding portion prime polar straight normalizing reassigning center curved portions third family solving standing-wave antenna-length coaxial-length radiation-pattern wavelength scales calibrated rectangular comprised 0.1-microhenry inductor 20-ohm + j19 19 j20 30-ohm j3 j30 10-microhenry 40-ohm j31,400 31,400 j40 100-picofarad 4,000-ohm 2490 ohms @ 51.5 4000 @ 38.5 @ -51.5 5112 @ -38.5 0.001-microfarad 400-ohm 318 j400 400 j318 50-ohm 140-picofarad 162 j50 212 j162 capacitive ohm 6.4 @ 53 @ 37 @ 45 @ -51 E5-2 represents 38-picofarad 300-ohm 18-microhenry 3.505 19-picofarad 21.200 0.64-microhenry 85-picofarad 24.900 100-ohm-reactance 100-ohm 121 @ 35 141 161 @ 55 181 @ 65 @ 90 @ 0 @ 100 400-ohm-reactance 240 @ 36.9 @ -36.9 @ 53.1 @ -53.1 300-ohm-reactance 600-ohm-reactance @ 27 @ 17 @ 10 1.0-millihenry 200-ohm j188 188 j200 10-millihenry 600-ohm 628 j600 600 j628 0.1-microfarad j32 32 @ -25 191 @ -85 @ -65 @ -45 31 @ -15 51 71 91 @ 47 700 @ 57 represent component reactive sum numbers define axes respect falls side know contains pure "X-Y" visual graphically maidenhead containing -j100 admittance 7.09 millisiemens 45 5.03 x 10(-5) 19,900 -30 173 j100 36.9 3.33 10(-3) j2.50 siemens 192 j144 enhancement-mode FET channel gate zero hinder channel; depletion-mode applied; flows E6-1 schematic symbol N-channel MOSFET P-channel dual-gate terminals field-effect drain emitter base collector devices built-in gate-protective zener diodes reference correct reverse-bias protect substrate excessive voltages keep specifications prevent overheating insulation punctured charges initials CMOS stand oscillating complementary mica-oxide silicon metal-oxide knowing impedance; FETs transistors operational high-gain direct-coupled differential characteristics determined external increase frequency- legal subroutine calculates op-amp infinite flat closed-loop feedback collector-to-base PNP load input-offset minus potential open-loop theoretically E6-2 phase-locked electronic servo voltage-controlled also monostable multivibrator precision push-pull wideband AF amplification counter photovoltaic coupling synthesis demodulation compares (VCO) produces VCO's doubly balanced variable capture lock recommended TTL integrated 1.5 13.6 assume high-logic low-logic randomized consistent ignored 5-volt 2.0 5.5 3.0 1.0 -5.0 -2.0 -5.5 0.0 0.8 -0.8 0.4 size consumption ease larger threshold one-half stronger AND NAND OR NOR vacuum tube commonly found cameras traveling-wave klystron vidicon cathode-ray electron deflected bias forming grids inside electromagnetic fields CRT deflection high-frequency tubular electrostatic cathode ray (CRT) persistence image appear turned brightness ambient remain focus length designed anode 25,000 happen 35,000 X-rays brighter apparent exceeding rating generate heater charge-coupled (CCD) combination delay analog-to-digital converter samples stores rapidly charger function photogenerated corresponding pixels generates focuses combines composite liquid-crystal (LCD) replacement quartz refracted frequency-determining glowing brightly lit dim principle consume instantly easily interchanged bistable "AND" "OR" flip-flop clock every trigger applied "T" divided electronically free-running astable flip-flops divide alternates stable unstable 0 momentarily returns original "clock" bit maintains variations logical perform "0" "1" logic"1" truth table symbols diagram showing device's combinations characterize positive-logic positive-transition negative-transition negative-logic prescaler converts JK RS multiplies low-frequency oscillation divides decade IC decodes decimal seven-segment adds 100-kHz crystal-controlled marker generator markers emitter-follower multipliers divider 1-MHz divide-by-ten sinusoidal 10-kHz low-stability "sweeps" often craft's inner high-stability intervals C wired add locked calibrating receiver's settings accuracy depend internal voltage-regulated unvarying balancing counts total monitors measured proportional counter's voltage- active capacitances resistances built op-amp's smoothness slew advantages LC op-amps rugged withstand abuse varieties rather insertion electrolytic disc ceramic polystyrene paper dielectric prevented multisection Q parameter selected designing bandpass coefficient involves tradeoff parts choice inductors steps selecting chosen calculated tested adjustments easier unusual widely begin equations block RFI transmitters smoothing strip jack multiplier low-level relationship inverting noninverting expected E7-1 R1 kilohms 0.01 1800 68 0.03 38 76 3300 0.07 0.00021 9400 4700 2350 logarithmically essentially common-source gate-biasing 1,000 -10 millivolts -100 2.3 -2.3 -23 pulse-modulation duty cycle reaches spikes pulse-width depending instant position pulse-position intensity pulse-height 5-micro 5-kHz 1-kHz 1-micro pulse-modulated short sent; separates time; employs passive regulator impedance-matching ensure regulation regular rectifier avoid consists unequal ASCII AX.25 differences eight; six error-correction features fewer upper case text "shift" send numeric ACSSB spread checks (FCS) FCS parity repeats 13-WPM A1A 13 26 52 104 170-hertz 300-baud J2D 0.3 0.5 1000-Hz 1200-baud F1D 440 4800-Hz 9600-baud 15.36 9.6 5.76 compandored incorporating speech compression expansion compandoring compressing expanding audio-frequency pulse-length combining detecting demodulating converting tone amplitude-compandored permits replaces escape high-powered acts 455 packed wide-bandwidth predetermined spread-spectrum technique alters pseudo-random channels hopping fast stream phase-shift keying controls spreading frequency-agile high-speed mechanism linear-feedback resistant removed carrier-frequency "hunt" interfere channelized avoids detected detect excursion viewed inverse negative easiest viewing sine symmetrical 1:1 2:1 3:1 4:1 input-amplitude valuable evaluating signal-handling capability resting exceed allowable properly adjusted peak-reading 4.5 dissipated 35 12.2 9.9 24.5 reads 65 46 92 130 184 34 123 96 55 easy radiator hypothetical tropical latitudes air directive substantially unaffected compass grounded theoretical spacecraft gains testing dummy provides quarter-wave bobtail curtain strengths distant 1/2-wavelength dB 2.1 6.0 3.9 8.1 10.0 6.1 12.0 14.1 half-wave tear drop sphere spiral H Z 1/4-wavelength spaced apart unidirectional figure-8 end-fire 1/8-wavelength elliptical description resonant rhombic unidirectional; four-sided half-wavelength long; equal bidirectional; four-sided; vertex connection; resonate length; traps usage nonresonant double open-ended triangular sides diagonal compact disadvantages sturdy supports aluminum tubing terminating reflects standing back polarization match preamplifier presence absence EIRP signal-to-noise orientation horizon dish doubled multiplied 0.707 beamwidth geometrically arithmetically 10.1 20.3 45.0 60.9 3.2 37 60.4 36.1 3.61 34.8 58.0 51.0 circular produced linearly-polarized stack yagis respective planes arrange perpendicular driven need rotators orbits terrestrial rotate elevate towards matches high-impedance fraction gamma matching delta omega stub unbalanced feeding resonating pF 140 0.2 shorted far