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1992-04-05
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General
From Thomas, "Archaeology" and F. Whittaker's lectures
Artifact
Anything that owes any aspect of its form or position to human activity; portable
Feature
Non-portable artifact, studied in place
Provenience
Location; in a site, horizontal and vertical position of an object in established coordinate system
Site
Spatial cluster of artifacts &/or features
Nabonidus
538 BC - Early antiquarian
Petrarch
1304-1374 First humanist, encouraged archy to search past for morals
Ciriaco
1391 - ca. 1449 Helped establish modern discipline of archaeology
Jacques Boucher de Perthes
Found axeheads w/ extinct mammal bones; 1st to excavate at an open site
Thomas Jefferson
First scientific excavation
C.B. Moore
(1852-1936) First to do detailed and documented excavations
Nels Nelson
(1875-1964) Advanced stratographic techniques; first working archaeologist
A. V. Kidder
(1886-1963) Founder of anthropological archaeology; organized Pecos Conference
Pecos Conference
(1927) to determine a uniform cultural chronology and a relatively consistent terminology
James A. Ford
(1911-1968) Reconstructionist; advanced seriation based on pottery, artifact classification
Steno
(1669) Discovered law of superposition
Christion Thomsen
(18th C) Established Stone Bronze Iron ages
George Cuvier
(1808) Fossil sucession as relative dating\
W. W. Taylor
(1913-) Attacked lack of cultural study in archy; advocated conjunctive approach
Conjunctive Approach
Connecting artifacts within their cultural context
Lewis R. Binford
(1930-) Father of New Archy; pushed for broader range of study, reconstruction, research
Cultural Evolution
Study systematic change of cultural systems over time
Cultural ecology
Study relationships between human populations, other organisms, and their environments
Social Organizations
Structural make-up of society; divided into groups, has statuses and roles for groups
Technomic artifacts
Tools used primarily to cope with environment; variability is explained largely in ecological terms
Sociotechnic Artifacts
Used in social subsystem
Ideotechnic
Distinctive properties of artifact reflect mental, cognitive component of culture
Anthropometry
Measuring human morphology
Emic
Anthropological concepts & distinctions that are meaningful to participants in culture
Etic
Concepts and distinctions that are meaningful to scientific observers
Ideational research strategy
ideas, symbols, & mental structures are driving forces shaping behavior
Adaptive research strategy
Technology, ecology, demography and economy are driving forces shaping behavior
Adaptive
Cultures in dynamic equilibrium within their ecosystem, primarily economy
Marvin Harris
Cultural materialism
Cultural materialism
modes of production and reproduction lie at causal heart of every sociocultural system
infrastructure
elements which satisfy basic human needs
Structure
Domestic and political system
Superstructure
values, aesthetics, rules, beliefs, religions and symbols
Infrastructural Determinism
Society optimizes cost/benefits of primary needs; determine changes in rest of system
Critical Theory
Attempt to adapt Marx's ideas to an understanding of events and circumstances
Claude Levi-Strauss
Father of structural anthropology
Structural Anthropology
Culture is shared symbolic structures that are cumulative creations of the mind
Symbolic Anthropology
Culture is a code for communication
Acculturation
Adoption of a trait or traits by one culture from another; the influence of one culture on another
Cultural Chronologies
Ordering of past material culture into meaningful temporal segments
Cultural Processes
the "why" of culture; cause and effect cultural relationships
Culture (Binford's)
An extrasomaic means of adaptation
Index Fossil Concept
Strata containing similar fossil assembleges will tend to be similar age
William Smith
1790s - 1st to recognize fossils can relate strata
G. Buffon
1770s - Epochs of the Earth - 1st to split human and earth history
J. Worsaae
1840's - Used superposition to verify 3 age system
Brixham Cave
1858 - Paleontological site; mapped location of every bone; stone tools w/ excinct animals
paleoethnology
Behavior of the past, past lifeways, kinship (culture reconstruction)
Midwestern Taxonomic Method
McKern Classification - form trait list, divide into foci -> aspects -> phases -> base
William Rathje
Director of the Garbage project
John Yellen
Ethnoarcheologist - Worked with the !Kung
Ethnoarcheology
Study contemporary peoples to determine processual relationships that will help solve archy record
Profile
Section or exposure showing primary depositional or developmental strata
Cryoturbation
The Freeze/thaw cycle
Karl Butzer
First Geoarchaeologist: establishes three components of a site
Physiogenic compontent of a site
Changes due to natural earth forces
Biogenic component of a site
Changes due to animals and plants
Anthropogenic component of a site
Changes due to people
Components of a site (3) (From Karl Butzer
Physiogenic, Biogenic, Anthropogenic
Two concerns of Geoarchaeology
Site formation, Post-depositional processes
Post-depositional processes (4)
Faunal turbation, floral turbation, cryoturbation, argilliturbation
Argilliturbation
Clay expansion/contraction due to water content
Krotovina
Animal burrow
Three ways to shape a stone
1) Chipping, flaking, knapping 2) Pecking 3) Grinding
Montmorilonite
Type of clay - expands and shrinks with humidity; difficult to use in pottery
Kaolinite
Type of clay - pure and clean, stable - excellent for pottery
Radiation Offset
Use surveyor's instrument to measure every single point
Classification
Creation of units of meaning by stipulating redundancy
Spaulding
C.R. - used statistical method for type definition - attribute cluster analysis
Attribute cluster analysis
any occurance of attributes significantly above expected constitutes a type
Seriation
Ordering of assemblages chronologically on the basis of frequency or occurrence of temporal types
Fordian Bar Graph
By James Ford: graph % frequency of temporal types
Assumptions of Seriation - All assemblages being seriated must:
be of comparable duration; belong to same cultural tradition; be drawn from same geographical area
Occurance seriation
Based on presence or absence of historical types
Occurance Law
the distribution of historical types through time is continuous
Radiocarbon dating - what is it?
Counts beta particle emissions as carbon-14 decays
Radiocarbon - 1/2 life
5730
Radiocarbon - range
to 40,000 BP
Radiocarbon - event dated
Death of organism (removal from crabon exchange)
Accelerated Mass Spectrometry
Radiocarbon dating - counts atoms of carbon-14 directly
Accelerated Mass Spectrometry - range
to 75,000 - 100,000 BP
Dendrochronology - what is it?
Counts annual growth rings in trees sensitive to climatic variations
Dendrochronology - range
to 8000 BP
Obsidian Hydration
Measures the absorption of water into obsidian
Obsidian Hydration - event dated
Breakage of obsidian exposing a fresh surface
Obsidian hydration - range
to 800,000 BP
Thermoluminescence - what is it?
Measures trapped light energy in rocks
Thermoluminescence - range
to 1,000,000 BP
Thermoluminescence - what and event dated?
ceramics, glass - last time material heated above critical termperature at which light is emitted
Potassium-Argon dating - what is it?
Measures argon gas trapped in rock
Potassium-Argon - 1/2 life
1.3 billion years
Potassium-Argon - range
30,000 to 2 billion years
Potassium-Argon - event dated
Formation of the rock
Archaeomagnetism
Compares magnetic orientation of material to changes in earth's magnetic pole
Archaeomagnetism - range
to 2,000 BP
Archaeomagnetism - material dated
Fixed (have not moved) fired clay features such as hearths
W. F. Libby
Founder of radiocarbon dating
Zooarchaeology
study of animal remains from archy context
Taphonomy
Study of processes that affect bone after death of animal
Slip
Watery clay mixture applied to the surface of a pot before fireing to change the color or texture
Temper
non-plastic material added to clay to control shrinkage and prevent cracking in drying and firing
Erraillure
Small flake sometimes removed from area of the bulb of percussion
Arris
Ridge created by intersecting flake scars
Dorsal face
Back, away from the core
Ventral face
Inner face, against the core
Distal end
End away from striking platform
Proximal end
End with the striking platform