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@091 CHAP 2
┌─────────────────────────────────────────────┐
│ PARTNERSHIPS: ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES │
└─────────────────────────────────────────────┘
"And the lion and the calf shall lie down together,
but the calf won't get much sleep." -- Woody Allen
A business partnership is much like a sole proprietorship in many res-
pects, except that it has two or more owners. Creating a partnership
can be a very simple matter, since the law does not require any formal
written documents or other formalities for most partnerships. However,
as a practical matter, it is much sounder business practice for part-
ners in a business to have a written partnership agreement that, at a
minimum, spells out their agreement on such basic issues as:
. How much and what kind of property will each partner contribute
to the partnership?
. What value will be placed on the contributed property?
. How will profits and losses be divided among the partners?
. When and how will profits be withdrawn from the partnership?
. How will certain partners be compensated for their services to
the partnership (if at all)?
. How will partners be compensated for making capital available to
the partnership?
. How will changes in ownership of interests in the partnership be
handled?
. When will the partnership terminate its existence?
A written partnership agreement should be prepared by an attorney and,
if possible, should be reviewed by a tax accountant before it is put
into effect.
Keep in mind, when considering a partnership arrangement, that partner-
ships are a bit like marriages--they usually start out with a great
deal of trust and have a very high break-up rate. Like marriages, it
has been said, partnerships are easy to get into, require a lot of pa-
tience and understanding to live within, and are often costly and pain-
ful to get out of.
Each partner is an agent for the partnership and can do anything ne-
cessary to operate the business, such as hire employees, borrow money,
or enter into contracts on behalf of the partnership. Each partner,
except for a LIMITED PARTNER in a LIMITED PARTNERSHIP, has personal
liability for the debts, taxes, and other claims against the partner-
ship. If the partnership's assets are not sufficient to pay creditors,
the creditors can satisfy their claims out of the individual partners'
personal assets. In addition, when a partner fails to pay personal
debts, the partnership's business may be disrupted if his creditors
seek to satisfy their claims out of his interest in the partnership, by
seeking what is called a "charging order" (in some states) against the
partnership assets.
While a partnership must file federal and usually state information re-
turns (Form 1065 is the federal return), it generally pays no income
tax. Instead, it reports each partner's share of income or loss, tax
credits, etc. on the information return, and each partner reports the
income or loss on Schedule E of his or her individual tax return.
@CODE: CA
The California partnership tax return form is Form 565, and is very
similar to the federal 1065.
@CODE:OF
@CODE: MI
Note that the Michigan Single Business Tax DOES apply to the partner-
ship as an entity, however. In addition, the taxable income of the
partnership must also be reported by the partners on their Michigan
individual income tax returns.
@CODE:OF
@CODE: DC
Note that business income of a partnership or sole proprietorship is
NOT generally reported on the individual partner or proprietor's D.C.
income tax return, but is instead separately taxable under the
D.C. Unincorporated Business Franchise Tax (Form D-30) at a tax
rate of 10.5% (10.25% for periods ending after September 30, 1992).
@CODE:OF
In addition, since 1985, partnerships have been required to file a
report with the IRS (Form 8308) regarding so-called "hot assets" each
time a sale or exchange of an interest in the partnership occurs.
Like a sole proprietor, a partner is not generally considered an em-
ployee of the partnership for income tax and payroll tax purposes.
The income tax advantges and disadvantages of a sole proprietorship
also are equally applicable to a partnership, since a partner's share
of income from a partnership is treated essentially the same as income
from a sole proprietorship. For example, a partner's income from a
partnership may be subject to self-employment tax, but not federal
or state payroll taxes.
Unless a partnership agreement provides otherwise, a partnership usual-
ly terminates when any partner dies or withdraws from the partnership.
This is in contrast to a corporation, which theoretically has perpetual
existence. Bankruptcy of a partner or the partnership itself will
cause the dissolution of the partnership regardless of any agreement,
under the laws of most states. Note that for federal income tax pur-
poses that a partnership is deemed to terminate for tax purposes if
there is a 50% (or more) change in ownership interest in the partner-
ship in any 12-month period. This can have important tax ramifications
(mostly negative ones) and is therefore a potential tax trap for the
unwary or the unsophisticated.