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- -=[ MacDown 1.0 Copyright 1988 Jason Harper ]=-
-
- MacDown is a utility for converting some downloaded Macintosh
- files into formats usable on Apple II-series computers. It
- will run on any Apple II that supports ProDOS (in other
- words, at least 64K memory), but the screen displays will
- probably not be readable on an Apple ][ or ][+, even with a
- lower-case adapter. The program is freeware, meaning that it
- is a copyrighted work but I give users the right to freely
- distribute it and upload it to computer services.
-
- => Why Mac files are a bit difficult to work with.
- The Macintosh has a very unusual file system: its files,
- instead of being a single sequence of bytes as most
- computer's files are, consist of two completely separate
- sequences of bytes plus a substantial amount of information
- about the file, such as the format of data it contains and
- the program that created it. The two components of a Mac
- file are referred to as the 'data fork' and the 'resource
- fork': the data fork contains arbitrary data much as other
- computer's files do, and the resource fork contains a series
- of discrete data items ("resources") such as icons. A Mac
- file may be missing one or both forks: document files tend to
- be mainly data, while program files tend to be mainly
- resources. This file arrangement makes it impossible to
- simply send a Mac file via modem: there must be some way to
- recreate the two forks and the file's directory information.
- Early Mac communication programs actually transmitted files
- in three pieces which were glued back together at the
- receiving end: this works when connected directly to another
- Mac, but non-Mac host computer systems generally are not
- prepared to handle such files. So, a standard was developed
- to allow all the parts of a Mac file to be appended into a
- single data stream, with imbedded information to allow the
- original file to be recovered unchanged...
-
- => The MacBinary standard.
- All current Mac communication programs now automatically
- convert transmitted files into MacBinary format, and rebuild
- received MacBinary files into an exact copy of the original
- file. The format is quite similar to the Binary II format
- used for transfer of files between Apple II computers (which
- was based on MacBinary): the transmitted data starts with a
- 128-byte header containing the file's directory information
- and the length of the two forks, followed by the data fork
- (if any) rounded up to a multiple of 128 bytes, followed by
- the resource fork (if any) also rounded up. There are
- provisions for tacking on additional information at the end,
- but this is seldom (if ever) implemented. Using MacBinary
- files downloaded on an Apple II isn't very difficult: since
- most Mac files that are meaningful on other computers contain
- only data and no resources, just stripping off the first 128
- bytes of the file is sufficient. This can be done (on files
- at most 32K long) from ProDOS Basic with the commands:
- BLOAD mac.file,Ttxt,A$1000
- BSAVE mac.file,Ttxt,A$1080
- replacing 'mac.file' and 'txt' with the downloaded file's
- actual name and filetype. The process gets much more
- complicated with longer files, and there are other problems
- to worry about...
-
- => Compressed files.
- Mac files tend to be pretty large, so it is a common practice
- to apply some sort of compression to them. There are two
- compression methods in current use: PackIt and StuffIt. Such
- files can be easily identified because their names will end
- with .PIT or .SIT, respectively. Another advantage of using
- these schemes is that related files (a program and its
- documentation, for example) can be packed into one file for
- transmission: unlike Binary II, the current implementation of
- MacBinary does not allow for multiple files. StuffIt is the
- more recent and more efficient of the two formats:
- unfortunately, its author has not seen fit to release enough
- information on the format to allow decoders to be developed
- for other computers. PackIt is, however, publicly defined
- and MacDown will allow you to decompress such files for use
- on an Apple II.
-
- => Mac file formats.
- Mac files are identified by a 4-character filetype code and a
- 4-character creator code: for example, a MacPaint picture has
- filetype=PNTG and creator=MPNT. A MacPaint-format picture
- generated by some other program will still have a filetype of
- PNTG but will have a different creator. Some common types:
- * PNTG: MacPaint picture. MacDown will allow you to view
- these in HiRes graphics. If you have an Apple IIgs, see my
- SHRConvert utility which will convert these files directly
- into several IIgs SuperHiRes formats.
- * TEXT: plain text. Usable with any Apple II program that
- deals with text, although some Mac characters (accented
- vowels, for example) will not translate properly.
- * APPL: application program. Totally useless on a II.
- * PIT : PackIt-format compressed file.
- * SIT!: StuffIt-format compressed file: currently unusable.
- There are numerous other Mac file formats, such as word
- processor documents, that could be used on an Apple II if
- someone would write a converter for them (hint hint).
-
- => Using MacDown.
- MacDown is a ProDOS SYStem program, so you can run it from
- Basic by typing "-MACDOWN" (without the quotes, of course).
- The program should be fairly easy to use: it is controlled
- entirely with the arrow keys (to move the hilighted selection
- up or down), Return (to accept the current selection), and
- Escape (to go back to the previous menu). The trickiest part
- is the file selector routine used in various parts of the
- program: I'd suggest that you put an unimportant disk in a
- drive, select 'ProDOS commands' from MacDown's main menu, and
- play with it for a while. Pay close attention to the [set
- prefix here] option at the top of each directory listing: you
- must use that command at some point to select where you want
- converted Mac files to go. If you're trying to put converted
- files on a different disk, both disks must be online at the
- same time: disk swapping is not allowed. All downloaded Mac
- files should first be processed with the 'Extract MacBinary'
- command. If the file is PackIt-compressed, you should then
- use 'De-compress PackIt' on the extracted file. You can then
- use 'MacPaint => hires' to display any picture files. For
- each file produced by the conversion process, you will be
- presented with some info about the file, and given options to
- save or not save each fork. You generally won't want to save
- the resource fork of any file, since it is not meaningful on
- an Apple II. Data forks will be saved with the closest
- ProDOS equivalent to the original Mac filename: resource
- forks will be saved with the same name with '.R' appended.
- If a name conflict arises, you will be given options to
- cancel, save with a different name ('.N' will be added to the
- name), rename the existing file ('.O' will be added), or
- delete the existing file. Note that PackIt files will take a
- long time to process, even if you aren't saving either fork.
-
- => The end.
- Thanks to George Photakis for beta-testing this program.
- Please send any questions, comments, bug reports, gripes,
- or suggestions (or large sums of money, for that matter) to:
- Jason Harper
- CompuServe: 76703,4222 (preferred)
- GEnie: JR.HARPER
- 1480 Michelle Ct. #A
- Colorado Springs, CO 80916
-