0 16 -666 0.5 500000 1925 0.5 0 30 0.5 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Nikolas Gregorius is very slow and ineffectual in his decisions. He shies away from direct competition, which makes him very easy to control." "Nikolas Gregorius"
1 33 -666 0.8 500000 1930 1 1 20 0.8 -666 -666 0 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Ernest O'Brien is not the quickest and, if possible, avoids competition. He does not enjoy agriculture, leaving this to his rivals." "Ernest O'Brien"
2 49 -666 0.9 500000 1928 1 1 15 1 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "If Sabrina Smith were only a little more aggressive, she would have what it takes to be a good businesswoman, but her defensive tactics really get in her way." "Sabrina Smith"
3 50 -666 1.2 500000 1930 2 0 15 1.5 -666 -666 0 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Jⁿrgen G÷bel is a rival to take seriously. Above all, his views on the value of his company are remarkable. His pride prevents him from going back on a decision, so economic fluctuations hit him very hard." "Jⁿrgen G÷bel"
4 -1 -666 0.7 500000 1932 2 0 -1 1.5 -666 -666 0 0 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Elias Rosenberg has a particular love for all forms of transport and uses vehicles for the shortest of journeys. This weakness should be exploited, since his decisions are otherwise spot on." "Elias Rosenberg"
5 99 -666 1.4 500000 1925 2 0 15 2 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 1 0 "" "Luigi Corleone's most prominent feature is an aggressiveness which borders on the spiteful - although he would prefer to describe his behaviour as sporty competitiveness." "Luigi Corleone"
6 66 -666 0.8 500000 1934 2 1 30 2 -666 -666 1 1 -666 0 -666 -666 -666 1 0 "" "Bill Wakeman will not let any competitor get in his way. If necessary, he will build up his businesses in direct competition to yours. It is worth noting his private soft spot for railways, which is reflected in his company." "Bill Wakeman"
7 98 -666 1.2 500000 1935 3 1 -1 3 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Whatever anyone else has, Catherine Du Pont must have it, too. Her quick and shrewd decisions make her a dangerous opponent. She doesn't give a damn about the welfare of any citizens and has no qualms about siting factories in residential areas." "Catherine Du Pont"
8 -1 -666 0.8 500000 1940 4 1 12 4 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 1 0 "" "You will quickly discover that Conte Fausto di Mendoza's drive to expand is unstoppable. His company will quickly reach a size that will be hard to beat. His only weakness is his soft spot for railways." "Fausto di Mendoza"
9 66 -666 1.3 500000 1945 5 1 -1 5 -666 -666 1 1 300000 0 -666 -666 -666 -1 0 "" "Wilhelm von Homburg is a rival to fear. He makes split-second decisions and is completely ruthless. If you want to succeed against him, you really will need to be on the ball." "Wilhelm von Homburg"
30 66 -666 4 500000 1910 -1 0 8 -1 -1 -666 1 1 300000 0 -1 -1 -1 -666 0 "Empty" "Characteristics :\n\n- This is not a personality at all :)\n\n- Meant for internal AI testing\n\n- Doesn't care about player. Only builds." "Free Builder"
AdvertisingConfig 4 5 0 Costs Influence StartYear Name
129 "Sadly, you were not successful in this mission.\n \nBut don't be discouraged; next time, you're bound to manage it!"
130 "Congratulations!\n\nThat was fantastic work, and you've proved your skill as an entrepreneur.\nThis mission has been accomplished.\n\nWhy not go straight on to the next mission?"
131 "Game lost - Sorry, but your performance in this game didn┤t earn you any rewards."
132 "Congratulations!\n\nUsing skill and judgement, you have achieved the first aim of the mission. This has earned you a bronze award. \n\nIf you stop now, you will get %s points for the highscore list.\n\nOr you could play on and try to achieve another of the mission's aims."
133 "Restart mission"
134 "Continue game"
135 "Player"
136 "Industry Giant 2"
137 "Couldn't open the configuration file."
138 "Couldn't open game map."
139 "Incompatible game version."
140 "Downloading config file ..."
141 "Couldn't download configuration."
142 "Downloading save game ..."
143 "Couldn't download save game."
144 "Couldn't create map file."
145 "Couldn't load the map."
146 "User"
147 "Not initialized"
148 "Initialization failed"
149 "Initialized"
150 "Connection failed"
151 "Connecting ..."
152 "Creating ..."
153 "Creating failed"
154 "Joining failed: incompatible version."
155 "Joining failed: game cancelled."
156 "Joining failed: game full."
157 "Joining failed: game already running."
158 "Joining failed: couldn't connect."
159 "Joining failed: couldn't connect."
160 "In staging room"
161 "Joining staging room"
162 "Waiting for the host ..."
163 "Loading map."
164 "Waiting for player(s)"
165 "Game could not be launched."
166 "In Game"
167 "Unknown state"
168 "Disconnected from the host."
169 "Invalid connection"
170 "Launching Game ..."
171 "Loading Map ..."
172 "Do you really want to overwrite"
173 "save game?"
174 "You cannot save "
175 " its read only flag is set!"
176 "Do you really want to delete "
177 "You cannot delete "
178 "Saving "
179 "Save failed."
180 "You cannot use \\/:*?<>| in filename!"
181 "You cannot use "
182 " in filename!"
183 "City Info"
184 "Inhabitants"
185 "Player's image"
186 "Size"
187 "Update Interval"
188 "Store growth modifier"
189 "Factory growth modifier"
190 "Special building growth modifier"
191 "Special building level"
192 "Enter message:>"
193 "Lorry"
194 "Train"
195 "Ship"
196 "Aeroplane"
197 "Autosave"
198 "Software cursor"
199 "Interface fixed position"
200 "News automatically popup"
201 "Tool tips"
202 "Videos"
203 "Soundtrack"
204 "Vehicle and bldg. FX"
205 "Ambient FX"
206 "Fireworks"
207 "Animated water"
208 "Cloud shadows only"
209 "Clouds"
210 "Gimmicks"
211 "Building animations"
212 "Vehicle animations"
213 "City buildings"
214 "Trees"
215 "City signs"
216 "Terminal signs"
217 "Resources visible"
218 "Product Icons"
219 "Load Icons"
220 "Player Icons"
221 "Building Icons"
222 "Vehicle numbers"
223 "Player colours"
224 "Show shipping routes"
225 "Options & Skins"
226 "Years"
227 "Vehicle list"
228 "Share tracks"
229 "Takeover"
230 "Opponent name:"
231 "May use my tracks: yes"
232 "May use my tracks: no"
233 "Takeover price:"
234 "You can┤t take over this opponent at this time!"
235 "Do you really want to buy the company of ''%s'' for a price of ''%s''?"
236 "Do you really want to allow ''%s'' to use your tracks?"
237 "Confirmation"
238 "Yes"
239 "No"
240 "Lexicon"
241 "Most cash"
242 "Highest turnover"
243 "Highest company value"
244 "Highest luxury building"
245 "Start next mission"
246 "Game Over !"
247 "has won the game."
248 "You have won the game."
249 "Current position"
250 "End year"
251 "Victory conditions"
252 "You can┤t take over a human opponent!"
253 "Opponent info"
254 "Units sold"
255 "All Ways"
256 "Game is out of sync !"
257 "This demo ends after five years!\n\nThank you for playing."
258 "The CD key entered is invalid. Please check your entry."
259 "The CD key could not be saved properly. Please reinstall the product."
260 "Please enter a valid CD key. You will find it on the reverse side of your CD case."
261 "Town growth"
262 "slow"
263 "normal"
264 "fast"
265 "Positive influence"
266 "Negative influence"
267 "Leisure facilities"
268 "\tc \n \tc \n \ft Chicago16 \tc Producer & game designer\n \tc Hans Schilcher\n \tc \n \tc Project management\n \tc Michael Kairat\n \tc Stefan Karl\n \tc \n \tc Programming\n \tc Dieter Bernauer-Schilcher\n \tc Peter Reiterer\n \tc Jari Saarhelo\n \tc Rafael Ubl\n \tc Markus Zeller\n \tc \n \tc Graphics\n \tc Christian Glatz\n \tc Robert Hernler\n \tc Isolde Ertl\n \tc Martina Lindenmayr\n \tc \n \tc 3D-graphics\n \tc Thomas Egelkraut\n \tc Johann Reitinger\n \tc Jⁿrgen Wagner\n \tc Martin Weinacht\n \tc \n \tc Level design\n \tc Thomas Egelkraut\n \tc Isolde Ertl\n \tc Andreas Obermayr\n \tc Martina Lindenmayr\n \tc Johann Reitinger\n \tc Hans Schilcher\n \tc Jⁿrgen Wagner\n \tc Martin Weinacht\n \tc \n \tc Inventor of luxury points\n \tc Robert Al-Yazdi\n \tc \n \tc Ebensee quality assurance\n \tc Reinhard Gollowitsch\n \tc Norbert Landertshamer\n \tc Jⁿrgen Maier\n \tc Michael Schr÷ck\n \tc \n \tc Videos\n \tc Thomas Egelkraut\n \tc Johann Reitinger\n \tc Jⁿrgen Wagner\n \tc \n \tc Video post-production\n \tc Christian Glatz\n \tc \n \tc Music and sound effects\n \tc Harald Riegler, Sproing\n \tc Joe\n \tc \n \tc Texts\n \tc Christina Grabner\n \tc \n \tc Production assistants\n \tc Petra Magritzer\n \tc Sabine Pendl\n \tc \n \tc Neu-Isenburg QA\n \tc Gregor Wilkenloh (Manager)\n \tc Thorsten R÷pke (Lead Tester)\n \tc Stephan Berger\n \tc Daniel Kociok\n \tc Alexander Drossel\n \tc Eva Franz\n \tc Gerrit Hansen\n \tc Timm Hartmann\n \tc Max Jahn\n \tc Norman Joseph\n \tc Silas Katzenbach\n \tc Thomas Koch\n \tc Olli Landrock\n \tc Andrey Pavlenko\n \tc Torsten SchΣfer\n \tc Alexander Skrinjar\n \tc Stefan Spill\n \tc Joanis Thomas\n \tc Falk Trintz\n \tc Tai von Keitz\n \tc Marc Reinfelder\n \tc \n \tc Thanks to:\n \tc Herbert Feichtinger\n \tc Helmut Furlan\n \tc Austrian Railway \n \tc History Society\n \tc Aleksander Cundiff\n \tc Thierry Pool\n"
269 "Done"
270 "none"
271 "Not possible"
272 "Bad"
273 "Prod. costs"
274 "Update with repair facility"
275 "Congratulations!\n\nYou successfully completed all the tasks in this campaign."
276 "Congratulations!\n\nUsing skill and judgement, you have achieved another of the mission's aims. This has earned you a silver award.\n\nIf you stop now, you will get %s points for the highscore list.\n\nOr you could try to achieve the final aim of the mission."
277 "Congratulations!\n\nYou've performed outstandingly and achieved all three aims of the mission. You really have earned the gold award.\n \nYou get %s points for the highscore list.\n\nNow you can play on, but there are no more points to be scored."
278 "First aircraft in service"
279 "First ship in service"
280 "First steam loco in service"
281 "First truck in service"
282 "First modern steam loco in service"
283 "First diesel loco in service"
284 "First modern truck in service"
285 "First electric loco in service"
286 "Can be sold in"
300 "Could you see the JoWooD logo?"
301 "Your graphics card is compatible with Industry Giant 2.\nYou can now test other modes."
302 "This graphics mode could not be initialised.\nDo you want this program to propose a suitable mode?"
303 "You have cancelled the test."
304 "You have installed a new graphics card or graphics driver.\nThe hardware test will now be restarted."
305 "The compatability of your graphics card with Industry Giant 2 will now be tested."
306 "You have not carried out a test yet.\nAre you sure you want to cancel the hardware test?"
307 "Your graphics card is not compatible with Industry Giant 2.\nUpgrade your graphics driver or install a compatible graphics card."
308 "It may be that your screen cannot display the recently-tested resolution at the defined refresh rate.\nDo you want this resolution to be tested again at a reduced refresh rate?"
0 "Bart County\n\nMap Size: Small\nInitial year: 1900\nEnd of mission: 1905\nCampaign: Easy\nMission: 1\n\nYou have got limited available capital. Fortunately you have decided to invest it in a business enterprise instead of squandering it.\n\nAs your capital is rather small, it is strongly recommended you start your business career in the agricultural sector.\nYour target is to double your initial capital within 5 years.\nThat is to say, you ought to have at least 4 million in your account by 1905.\n\nYou can either plant fruit or try and make money with chicken farms and cattle ranches.\n\nGood luck!\n" "01_00"
1 "Florida\n\nMap size: Small\nInitial year: 1940\nEnd of mission: 1949\nCampaign: Easy\nMission: 2\n\nMission Description:\nWhy not found a business venture in the sunny south and so combine business with pleasure. Sunny beaches, white towns, blue sea ... is this not the ideal location for a successful manager to spend his free time?\nIn order to be able to afford such a 'dolce vita', you must achieve a company value of 10 million within 10 years by selling inflatable boats.\nPerhaps you could also breed crocodiles as a sideline. This swampy region would be the ideal place for establishing crocodile farms. But, of course, whether you do so or not remains your own decision.\n\nGood luck!" "01_01"
2 "Emerald Creek\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1950\nEnd of mission: 1959\nCampaign: Easy\nMission: 3\n\nMission Description:\nYou have bought some mines and oilfields at a ridiculously low price.\nNow your task is to establish a flourishing household equipment industry. Please pay attention to the fact that as there are no more prospectors┤ licences available in this area, you will not be allowed to build any new mines or drilling-derricks.\n\nBy the way, for your purchase price you also got a storage space filled with electric engines. Perhaps you will find some use for these goods. If not, don't worry.\n\nTry to achieve a company value of 15 million by the end of 1959.\n\nGood luck!" "01_02"
3 "Great Peninsula\n\nMap size: Large\nInitial year: 1960\nEnd of mission: 1979\nCampaign: Easy\nMission: 4\n\nMission Description:\nNow start building up a company once again. This time, you have to show that you are capable of achieving a company value of 20 million within 20 years.\n\nThe basic conditions are particularly advantageous. Make use of the manifold possibilities offered to you by this environment. And, if possible, rely on high-quality products. Try to avoid the excessively long transport routes resulting from the map size.\n\nGood luck!" "01_03"
4 "Greenland\n\nMap size: Small\nInitial year: 1910\nEnd of mission: 1924\nCampaign: Medium\nMission: 1\n\nMission Description:\nStart from scratch and, within 15 years, establish a business enterprise with an annual turnover of no less than 10 million.\n\nIt could well turn out to be essential that you keep a sharp eye on your surroundings. At the moment, there is a feeling that a new era is about to dawn in this region. This may give rise to some interesting challenges and opportunities.\n\nGood luck!" "02_00"
5 "Punta Estrella\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1925\nEnd of mission: 1934\nCampaign: Medium\nMission: 2\n\nMission Description:\nThe years of fun have been consigned to history. Alcohol is now seen as shameful and 'prohibition' is the watchword.\nIt is no longer permitted to sell alcoholic drinks. However, this condition is likely to only last for a very short period of time. The nightmare will probably be over in 10 years.\nAnd this could be a unique chance for you. To be on the safe side, you have already established a secret storage space in the mountains.\nYour task is to pile up masses of whisky in your storage space over the next 10 years. Soon that money will be rolling in again!\nNevertheless, you have to be able to finance this adventure. Considering this, you should achieve a company value of 10 million within 10 years maximum.\n\nGood luck!" "02_01"
6 "Mississippi\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1935\nEnd of mission: 1944\nCampaign: Medium\nMission: 3\n\n\nMission Description:\nProhibition is finally over. In the middle of the Mississippi swamps you still possess a storage space with good quality, illegally distilled whisky. You can make money with this whisky - however, to do so, you have to deliver it to your storage space in Jonesville.\nUnfortunately, you first have to create a traffic connection bertween the two locations.\nDue to various new regulations, the construction of bridges has become exorbitantly expensive. So you have to get money to finance the construction. You should transport the whisky within 10 years┤ time.\n\nBy the way: While planning your route, bear in mind the fact that the shortest way is not necessarily the cheapest solution.\n\nGood luck!" "02_02"
7 "Smoky Mountains\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1948\nEnd of mission: 1959\nCampaign: Medium\nMission: 4\n\nMission Description:\nYour company specialises in the production of clockwork trains.\nEven the kids living in the Smoky Mountains would like to play. So why not expand to this region too? There are enough resources and customers, so your first problem has already been solved.\n\nThe only problem is the fact that, unfortunately, you don't possess a licence for building tracks. As compensation for this, you have acquired several engines formerly belonging to the local railroad company at a very low price. Since all producers are currently suffering from enormous delivery difficulties, you should have sufficient equipment with the available vehicles.\n\nBy the way, there are rumours that there will be a considerable upheaval in this toy sector. \n\nAchieve a company value of at least 15 million by the end of 1959.\n\nGood luck!" "02_03"
8 "Ridge Islands\n\nMap size: Large\nInitial year: 1960\nEnd of mission: 1979\nCampaign: Medium\nMission: 5\n\nMission Description:\nThere seems to be something fishy going on in your electronics company. In spite of all efforts, you are not making any profit at all. Find out the reason for this unsatisfactory situation and optimize your production, transport and sales in a way that your business ends up in the black again.\n\nYou can only use ships for transporting your goods. However, even this adverse fact should not prevent you from becoming profitable again.\n\nAchieve a company value of 50 million within 20 years.\n\nGood luck!" "02_04"
9 "New Caledonia\n\nMap size: Small\nInitial year: 1910\nEnd of mission: 1924\nCampaign: Difficult\nMission: 1\n\nMission Description:\nYou are dead set on building up a business enterprise in the far north - a rather inhospitable area. This is actaully not a bad idea, as the region's inhabitants also need to spend money.\nYour ambitious target is to achieve a company value of 25 million within 15 years by only producing and selling building materials and household utensils.\n\nUnfortunately, the forestry commission couldn't make up their minds about granting you a lumberjack licence. Nevermind, at least you have a prospector's licence which allows you exploit natural resources. You can also fall back on three full petroleum storage spaces which you took over at an extremely low price from a company that had been about to go bankrupt.\n\nGood luck!" "03_00"
10 "Red Islands\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1925\nEnd of mission: 1939\nCampaign: Difficult\nMission: 2\n\nMission Description:\nYour company has earned a lot of money by clearing the forests on Red Islands.\nIt is a shame that you have 'forgotten' the original agreement that you would have to reforest the woods. Now the area is a wasteland.\n\nOwing to this, the government has forced you to supply the inhabitants of the towns and cities with bread.\nYou have to meet at least an average of 40 per cent of the demand over the next 15 years.\nThe rate of demand coverage will be averaged out over 15 years. That is to say, if you deliver less than the prescribed amount one year, you will have to balance the lack in one of the following years.\nBread prices are very low, so you will hardly be able to cover your regular costs!\n\nAttempt to make up for your mistake by delivering the necessary quantities.\nIn spite of this rather difficult task, your account should show a balance of 4 million after 15 years.\n\nPlease note that wood prices have meanwhile fallen considerably!" "03_01"
11 "Northern Sund\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1940\nEnd of mission: 1955\nCampaign: Difficult\nMission: 3\n\nMission Description:\nYou are taking over a company which has concentrated on the production of toys for local consumption in a very difficult environment.\nGet the company going again. Achieve a company value of 20 million within 15 years and prove your business skills by increasing your annual turnover by at least 5 per cent each year.\n\nBut be very careful, for a negative sales trend will be judged a failure. Therefore, expand wisely!" "03_02"
12 "Motor County\n\nMap size: Medium\nInitial year: 1955\nEnd of mission: 1964\nCampaign: Difficult\nMission: 4\n\nMission Description:\nIt is high time better cars were released on the market. The more expensive and luxurious they are, the earlier customers are going to make a run on automobile stores.\nThe shops are already there and simply waiting to be supplied with goods.\nThe demand for luxury cars will increase by an average of 50 per cent over the next ten years.\nPlease note that you are not allowed to demolish any city buildings.\nAs far as prices are concerned, you are absolutely free to fix them at whatever level you want.\n\nGood luck!" "03_03"
13 "Christmas Bay\n\nMap size: Large\nInitial year: 1960\nEnd of mission: 1979\nCampaign: Difficult\nMission: 5\n\nMission Description:\nStart again from scratch. Establish a business enterprise out of nothing and achieve a company value of at least 400 million within 20 years.\nYou are absolutely free to take any measures you want in order to be successful.\n\nDon┤t lose any time. Good luck!" "03_04"
0 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 400 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 1 1 2560 "Hard meteor iron was already used in ancient Egypt, Mesopotamia, India and Asia Minor and was worked to create jewellery and tools. It replaced bronze and thereby introduced a seperate age.\nThe Hittites and Indians are considered the inventors of iron ore (circa 1510 BC). In the Middle Ages, craftsmen changed from wrought to moulded iron.\nThe first blast-furnace was constructed by the Spaniards around 700 AD. From 1728 on, the metal was worked into sheets by rolling - a revolutionary technique discovered by the Englishman Henry Cort.\nTowards the end of the 18th century, melting-pots gradually came into use for the production of steel. They were finally replaced by blast-furnaces in 1902." "00_00" "" "Since 1902, steel works have used blast furnaces for transforming iron ore into solid metal. In this huge melting-pot, pure iron is extracted from a mixture of iron ore and coke through a smelting process.\nAll over the world, new iron resources are constantly being discovered. In mountainous regions, the raw metal is exploited by strip mining.\nNormally, tapped pig iron is made into wrought and cast iron, the demand for which gradually increased over the first decade of the twentieth century.\n" "Iron ore"
1 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 420 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 1 1 2560 "In 1821 the aluminium ore, bauxite, was discovered near the town of Les-Beaux-de-Provence situated in the Southern French Alps.\nThis location is what gave the ore its name. Bauxite is a white-grey, yellowish, red or brown mineral mixture from which the desired aluminium can be extracted.\nFurthermore, the rock can be used for the baking of fire-resistant bricks, the production of artificial corund and catalyst supports. Bauxite revolutionized the metal industry.\n" "00_01" "" "Chemically defined, bauxite is aluminium oxide containing impurities of iron oxide and silicium oxide. Its melting-point is as high as 2,000 ░ Celsius and it has a catalytic effect on many chemical processes.\nIn the technology-driven first half of the 20th century, bauxite was one of the world's most heavily exploited natural resources." "Bauxite"
2 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 260 8000 255 255 255 0 9900 1 1 2560 "The Swedish chemist J÷ns Jacob Berzelius discovered silicium and zirconium in 1824.\nIn 1952, Bell Laboratories in America produced silicium crystals which were needed for manufacturing super-pure semi-conductors. To do so, silicium mono-crystals had to be 'bred' in a complicated smelting and recrystallization process. The purity level of these mono-crystals had to be extremely high, for only very pure crystals could be used in the production of extremely sensitive transistors.\nSilicium revolutionized computer electronics in 1967." "00_02" "" "With a frequency of 16.3%, silicium is a common element in the earth┤s mantle. It conducts more electricity as its temperature increases and is therefore known as a semiconductor.\nUnlike real metals such as iron and copper, this element is not fully conductive and is therefore a half-metal.\nIn the first half of the 20th century, silicium was discovered to be the essential raw material for the construction of highly-sensitive transistors. In the 60s, computer companies used the semiconductor for their latest inventions." "Silicium"
3 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 260 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 1 1 2560 "In 1839 the Frenchman Marc Antoine Augustin Gaudin succeeded in melting glass of pure quartz.\nIts advantage, compared to conventional, partially cristallized molten glass, was the fact that the melting point of quartz was much higher. Soon, it was used as a special glass (for example, in high-temperature thermometers), since it was extremely heat-resistant and highly UV-transparent. Moreover, its thermal expansion was very low.\nIn 1888 Boys produced pure quartz glass. In 1929 the American clockmaker Warren Alvin Marrison of New Jersey invented the quartz watch." "00_03" "" "As glass is becoming more and more important to different types of industry, the exploitation of quartz sand is constantly increasing too.\nIn order to be transformed into glass, quartz has to go through a melting and cooling process in which the material has no time to form crystals.\nThe advantage of quartz glass is its high melting point of 1,600 ░ Celsius. This makes it very strong, transparent to UV-rays and resistant to massive temperature changes. It is therefore the ideal raw material for the production of windows and bottles." "Quartz sand"
4 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 560 9000 255 255 255 0 1900 1 1 2560 "The ancient Egyptians mined for gold in Nubia (ancient Egyptian 'nub' = gold). They also knew of other ores such as silver, copper, etc.\nSlaves used pickaxes to dig into the veins of gold embedded in blocks of quartz. It was then extracted from silver by a process of grinding, whiting and smelting. Around 2810 BC Egyptian goldsmiths made wire and handles of pure gold.\nBy around 2708 BC, people had mastered a method of beating gold and sliver leafing.\nGold was first worked in Central America around 850 BC. Around 685 BC, the Lydians were the first to produce a metal money made of electron (leaf gold).\nThe method of separating gold and silver was invented by the French chemical scientist D'Arcet." "00_04" "" "The need for precious metals, such as gold, silver and platinum, is created by the continuous development of new industries.\nOn the one hand, people wear more valuable jewellery, as they earn more money and can afford more luxury goods than previous generations. On the other hand, solid and stainless metals with conductive qualities are desperately needed by the electric and electronic industries." "Precious metals"
5 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 520 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 1 1 2560 "Around 3000 BC, the Sumerians were the first to produce bronze. This new alloy turned out to be a blessing for the manufacturing of tools.\nThe procedure of moulding metal, as well as using blast furnaces, was already known in Mesopotamia thousands of years ago. Copper had been in use as early as about 1000 BC.\nCyprus and Egypt were considered the strongholds of copper and iron smelting around 2670 BC.\nIt was only in 1903 that the German chemist Heinrich Wohlwill invented a method of producing copper oxide electrolytically. Between 1866 and 1900 the annual copper output of the Northern German Refinery increased from 200 to 2,000 tons. This was due to the enormous expansion of the electrical industry." "00_05" "" "Alloys like brass and bronze were very fashionable at the turn of the century. Both of them contain copper, as well as zinc and tin.\nCopper mines are almost as old as mankind. However, brand new types of industry are popping up like mushrooms and transforming the manufacturing process - as well as the everyday life of many citizens - almost overnight.\nNew inventions in electronics are bringing about a huge demand for copper wire and conductive materials.\nMr. Bell┤s crank-handle telephone is already bridging enormous distances and, once and for all, revolutionizing the world of communications." "Copper ore"
6 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 540 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 2 1 2560 "In 1556 the German mineralogist Georgius Agricola described how to skim off petroleum at seeping sites and thicken it by heating it in order to gain a material suitable for the waterproofing and caulking of ships.\nFrom 1650 on, petroleum was distilled - a procedure which produced car lubricants, varnish and paint bonding agents as well as lamp oil.\nTowards the end of the 1850s, the petroleum industry came into existence with the introduction of systematic crude-oil drilling. In 1890 the US chemists James Dewar and R. Redwood got their commission for a new procedure of cracking petroleum thermically which, compared to previous methods, brought about a higher yield of heating oil." "01_00" "" "Towards the end of the 1850s, the petroleum industry came into being with the introduction of systematic crude oil drilling.\nIn 1890 the US-chemical scientists James Dewar and R. Redwood got their commission for a new method of cracking crude oil thermically. Compared to earlier techniques, this procedure enabled a higher exploitation of resources.\nThe 20th century can be called the 'age of black gold' - the term which economists use for petroleum - as crude oil is essential to modern society." "Petroleum"
7 0 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 320 6000 255 255 255 0 1900 3 1 2560 "As early as around 2940 BC, the Sumerians made ploughs out of wood.\nIn 1776 the English engineer Hatton invented the automatic wood plane, thereby replacing the manual plane. In 1793 Samuel Bertham began the construction of a circular saw, a long-hole drill and a mechanical chisel.\nIn 1818 the London machine constructor Faveryear built a special facility which removed the bark from cylindrical blocks of wood in a spiral pattern from the outside to the inside. The veneer grain thus obtained was more attractive than the one obtained by conventional veneer cutting." "02_00" "" "The wood industry was booming around the turn of the century.\nCut wood of all lengths and diameters is now a highly sought after everyday item. Large companies are mass-purchasing all kinds of wood.\nOn the one hand, planks are being turned into furniture and other household objects by joiners and craftsmen. On the other hand, wood is needed as a raw material by the ever expanding paper industry. Sawmills all over the country are running at full capacity.\nForest-covered regions now have the possibility of profiting from this boom." "Cut wood"
8 0 30 0 0 0 6 3 1 160 3000 255 255 255 0 1900 4 1 2560 "From the 6th century on, bed ploughs slowly came into use in central European agriculture. They were made from iron and were dragged by oxen.\nFrom the 12th century on, farmers bred giant horses to replace cattle whenever ploughing, harrowing or pulling of heavy cereal loads had to be done.\nPeople had used hook and arc sickles to mow grass since Antiquity. They had serrated blades so working with them was difficult enough. Scythes were only invented as late as the 9th century, and the 12th century saw the appearance of a curved sickle with a smooth blade for easier cutting. \nThe conventional system of rotation agriculture was gradually replaced by three-acre cultivation. At the height of the Middle Ages, people were able to harvest cereals twice a year, thanks to the new manures they were using.\nAs the European population had grown by 20% between 1150 and 1200, higher yields were needed. At that time the wheat harvest was as much as five times the seed sown, and in France it reached eleven times the seed sown." "03_00" "" "Wheat is the most popular cultivated plant in the world. Farmers are continuously switching to wheat and reducing the amount of land allotted to cattle..\nThe annual world harvest of the crop amounts to millions of tons.\nWheat is one of the world's oldest cereals and counts as a member of the grass family.\nA major part of the food industry would be paralysed without wheat deliveries." "Wheat"
9 0 30 0 0 0 8 3 1 200 3000 255 255 255 0 1900 4 1 2560 "The ancient Egyptians and Mesopotamians didn't brew their beer from hops, but from crushed wheat, barley or millet grains. A quarter of the ingredients were moistened and warmed in the sun, while the rest were lightly baked in order to preserve valuable enzymes. The soft loaves were cut into pieces and mixed with the warm, moistened wholemeal. The dough was then fermented with water.\nIt is not known when hops was first used in brewing beer.\nHops plants were attached to tall poles and harvested in mid-summer.\nFor beer production, only female plants are needed - these contain a resin that gives the beer its bitter taste and preserves it for long periods of time." "03_01" "" "Hops is a valued provider of lupuline for beer brewing as well as an attractive meadow plant with a highly decorative effect. Due to its winding nature, the product is very similar to hemp which belongs to the same botanic family. As always, plenty of different classes of hops are cultivated.\nLots of farmers specialise in the growing of hops, as their soil is more suitable for its growth than for the cultivation of wheat or barley.\nA lack of hops cultivation would put an end to the drinks industry and breweries." "Hops"
10 0 30 0 0 0 7 5 1 180 3000 255 255 255 0 1900 4 1 2560 "In the course of the Industrial Revolution, cheap cotton came to replace English wool and traditional linen.\nAs a consequence of this, cotton plantations were opened all over the British Commonwealth and the textile trade flourished. The US in particular profited from the boom as they had the cheapest available manpower - African slaves.\nFrom 1807 on, the punchcard-controlled loom invented by J.-M. Jacquard was in regular use. It led to the full automation of textile industry. In 1845 Josua Heilmann invented the cotton-combing machine which made conventional scratching of the natural fibre superfluous." "03_02" "" "America┤s plantations supply consumers from all over the world with cotton, while overseas exports of the fibre are constantly increasing.\nThe latest fashion is based on natural raw materials. Nowadays, all children want to wear breathable clothes next to their skin.\nIn addition to this, plenty of people have sweaty, physically demanding jobs. Therefore, their everyday clothes have to be particularly durable, absorbent and kind to the skin.\nEven as bed sheets, covers and table cloths, people are now replacing traditional linen with smoother, more easily cleanable cotton, for the average citizen can by no means afford silk." "Cotton"
11 0 30 0 0 0 2 6 1 140 3000 255 255 255 0 1905 4 1 2560 "Considered botanically, peanuts are not nuts at all but beans, and were already known in prehistoric times.\nThey come from South America and, long before Columbus arrived there, reached the North American continent via Brazil. In the Southwest they were first cultivated as pig and hen feed. Slaves regularly ate them and called them 'goobers'.\nAs late as the American Civil War, the Yankees started to use peanuts to feed their soldiers.\nAt the end of the 1880s, T. P. Barnum offered small bags of peanuts as snacks during the increasingly popular circus performances of the time." "03_03" "" "Towards the end of the 1880s, the American T. P. Barnum offered peanuts in small bags to audiences at the increasingly popular circus performances. At that time, the nuts were not roasted.\nThe peanut is, botanically speaking, not a nut at all, but a bean. Originally, the peanut came from Brazil. In the US, it had to satisfy soldiers' hunger during the Civil War.\nInitially used as pig feed, the peanut is now a popular snack with humans too." "Peanuts"
12 1 -666 0 0 0 3 5 1 280 3000 255 255 255 6000 1900 4 1 7 "The ancient Greeks had discovered how to squeez fruit juice by around 600 BC. Primitive juicers have been found at archaeological sites.\nWe also know that fruit formed part of almost every banquet in other ancient cultures. Growing and eating fruit is therefore nearly as old as man himself.\nAs everybody knows, primitive man was a gatherer. He chiefly ate wild fruit, mushrooms and roots.\nQueen Elizabeth I is said to have explicitly demanded juiced cherries as a filling for her cakes and pies." "03_04" "" "The health boom is not over yet. Therefore, the market potential for fruit has grown larger. Fruit is still the number one vitamin supplier.\nAt the moment, the 'sweetest fruits' are not just the preserve of the rich. Instead, everyone is pouncing on fruit, fruit juice and preserved fruit.\nHealth disciples and fitness specialists are advocating slim-fast diets based on fruit and freshly squeezed juice. Now people trying to lose weight don't have to do without sweet things and can eat as much fruit as they like!\n" "Fruit"
13 1 -666 0 0 0 9 1 1 140 3000 255 255 255 7920 1913 4 1 3 "Actually, the ancient tradition of putting a fir or pine tree into one┤s home for Christmas and decorating it with lots of glitter and glimmer is not of Christian origin.\nOn the contrary, evergreen trees had already been a symbol of fertility and spring-time rebirth in Celtic and Germanic times. The Christmas celebration was only adopted by Constantine the Great in the fourth century AD. He simply transferred this custom from paganism to Christianity.\nPre-Christian cultures had celebrated the birth of their Sun gods around the time of the winter solstice. This custom also contains the origins of the enduring habit of lighting candles around Christmas." "03_05" "" "As a farmer you have not only the possibility of cultivating conventional cereals and breeding cattle, but you can also plant Christmas trees on a large scale.\nPay attention to the increasing demand for evergreen trees in the fourth quarter of the year! It is a well-known fact that nobody needs any Christmas trees in spring or summer.\nIt is therefore wise to establish a second or even third business for seasons of reduced revenue.\nThe inhabitants of your cities are about to remember old traditions and customs.\nAmong these, Christmas is the center of the Christian religious year." "Christmas trees"
14 1 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 280 12500 255 255 255 6070 1900 5 1 5 "As early as prehistoric times, settlers bred sheep and worked their wool and skin into protective roofs and clothes.\nSpinning wheels with pedals have been in use since 1530 - an invention of Johann Jⁿrgens of Wattenbⁿttel.\nPreviously, women had had to spin wool manually by means of a distaff and a spindle, which was extraordinarily strenuous work. In 1480 the wing spinning-wheel first appeared.\nIn 1589 the English theology student William Lee built the first manual weaving-loom for the production of stockings and tights.\nIn 1808 the French knitting machine, invented by Julien le Roys, was first put into operation. It was capable of producing flat textiles." "04_00" "" "In 1808 the Parisian engineer Julien Le Roy invented the first knitting machine in history, called the 'tricoteur franτais'. With the help of this technical invention, flat fabrics could be produced, something the old weaving machines could not do.\nFrom 1828 on, the flat prick knitting machine constructed by the German spinning-mill owner Josua Heilmann, came into use.\nWool was the raw material which brought about the rise of Great Britain as a world economic power.\nAround the turn of the century, knitwear was very popular in many regions of the globe and expressed the wearer's wealth and love of nature.\n" "Wool"
15 0 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 360 15000 255 255 255 0 1900 5 1 2560 "Around 1880 BC, tanneries popped up like mushrooms all over ancient Egypt. This took place under the rule of Pharaoh Sesostris III. To get a special smooth kind of leather, the skin was worked with grease, whereas all other leather types were cooked with acacia husks.\nAround 1050, real tanning was invented. To produce the tanning acid, the Egyptians made a substance from plant sap and fruit such as periploca, alder, pomegranate, oak, etc.\nUntanned hides rotted very quickly and weren't much use at all.\nFor tanning a hide, people needed special knives, scrapers, reamers and rivets that they constructed themselves.\n" "04_01" "" "At the turn of the century, leather was becoming more and more fashionable. Linen and cotton were still popular but tanneries were also sprouting up all over place due to the boom in cattle-breeding.\nOn the one hand, the fashionable Wild West look required a lot of leather.\nOn the other hand, Parisian fashion designers were experimenting with new fabrics.\n" "Leather"
16 1 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 320 12500 255 255 255 5230 1900 5 1 7 "Approximately 150,000 years ago, it is thought the Neanderthal tribes used to eat animals which they killed with stone weapons and cooked over fires.\n'Cro-Magnon Man' hunted in packs and did not shrink from spearing gigantic mammoths and cunning cave bears in order to feast on them. They were the first big-game hunters in history.\nSince then, almost all cultures, with a few exceptions, have lived chiefly on meat.\nIn 1714, the German universal scholar Leibnitz extracted a powder from meat consommΘ that was meant to increase the physical strength of military troops on their endless marches." "04_02" "" "In 1934 the meat and food industries were booming.\nMore and more people could afford to enjoy meat and fish almost every day.\nTo cope with this increased demand, companies started to mass produce canned meat. " "Meat"
17 1 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 220 9375 255 255 255 4540 1900 6 1 7 "Milking is as old as cattle breeding. Primitive man already used to breed sheep and cattle. They not only enjoyed their meat, but also turned the animal skins into clothes. Even then, milk was the most popular drink after water.\nAs early as Antiquity, people knew how to make butter and cheese. Goat's, cow's and sheep's milk regularly stood on the tables of both wealthy and simple people.\nIn 1860 the US engineer L.O. Colvin got his commission for the very first milking-machine in history.\nPasteur┤s bacteriological research led to the industrial production of long-lasting milk that was sterile and low in fat." "05_00" "" "Milk has always been one of the most important basic foods.\nAdults like milk just as much as babies and children do.\nMilk contains plenty of vital vitamins and calcium which is particularly important for bone formation.\nIn 1865 the French chemist Louis Pasteur discovered that food and drinks could be preserved and sterilized by heating. Since then, milk has always been pasteurized and is therefore healthier and more easily digestible than farm fresh milk." "Milk"
18 1 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 180 6250 255 255 255 4150 1900 7 1 7 "Hens were probably already bred by the very first primitive settlers. Soon, people realized that poultry not only provided chicken to eat and feathers as a filling material, but also eggs to enjoy.\nOf course, in prehistoric times they were predominantly eaten raw. Fried and boiled eggs are relatively recent gastronomic inventions.\nEven very poor people who could not afford cattle and horses at least had eggs, although they did not possess anything to slaughter or milk. In this way, they were able to survive long, fierce winters even if they had no meat or milk, as eggs are essential protein suppliers. Although, at that time, nobody really knew anything about their nutritional value.\n" "06_00" "" "Nutritional tables were first published at the beginning of the 20th century.\nThe poorer classes were always able to afford eggs as a source of protein even if they couldn't afford meat or fish.\nEggs were very popular with both city and country folk.\nEggs were also the centrepiece of Easter festivities at that time and kids had great fun hunting for multi-coloured eggs." "Eggs"
19 0 -666 0 0 0 3 3 1 560 25000 255 255 255 0 1936 8 1 2560 "The oldest tanneries were founded around 1880 BC, when Egypt was ruled by Pharaoh Sesostris III. In these workshops, new techniques rapidly developed. At that time, people tanned skins with grease to get a special, smooth kind of leather and cooked them with acacia husks to create other types of leather.\nSince the ancient Egyptians worshipped the crocodile as a holy, divine being called Sobek, people shrank from skinning the frightful crocodiles and did not dare to tan their leather, even if such beasts often menaced entire Nile villages.\nAmazon Indians and tribes inhabiting the Florida Everglades were supposedly the first to manage crocodile farms. Later, tough crocodile skin became a lucrative fashion accessory and was made into handbags and shoes." "07_00" "" "If you love exotic things and have no hesitatation in skinning alligators, then crocodile farmer is exactly the right profession for you.\n\nThese dangerous reptiles produce a completely exclusive leather with a unique scale pattern.\n\nMany modern ladies wear crocodile handbags and shoes. Especially in the 1940s, new fashion styles dictated the purchases made by female consumers. More and more women have jobs and do not want to do without luxury.\n" "Crocodile leather"
20 1 -666 1 0 0 5 4 1 1000 16000 255 255 255 6920 1900 9 1 7 "" "08_00" "" "Grapes can be used to produce wine (needs glass) or you can sell them directly in a grocery." "Grapes"
21 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 12500 7 255 255 6500 1900 10 1 3 "Different wood working techniques, such as the turning of round branches and thin trunks on the lathe, were already very common in the Middle East around 3000 BC.\nFrom 1776, workers changed to modern wood planing machines invented by the English engineer Hatton.\nIn 1793 sawing boards was made easier by Samuel Benthams┤s revolutionary wood working machines, for he not only built a circular saw, but also a machine for drilling holes and a wood chiseling machine." "09_00" "" "Wood is very fashionable these days and is used in the production of furniture and everyday objects.\nThe slogan 'Back to nature!' is a rallying cry heard everywhere.\nSawmills are being opened all over the country.\nGovernments are initiating reforestation policies to boost wood commerce.\nDIYers love messing about with wood in their homes and gardens.\n" "Wooden boards"
22 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 520 9375 7 255 255 0 1900 10 1 2560 "The first man who succeeded in extracting wood pulp was the French chemist Anselme Payen.\nHe produced cellulose by breaking coniferous wood down chemically. To do so, Payen used nitric acid to seperate the lignin from the raw material which had been cut into pieces. Lignin is responsible for wood's stability. After this procedure, which took place at a temperature of 125 to 145░ C, he washed the pulp and bleached it with chlorine.\nSoon after this, the substance gained industrial importance as a primary material.\nGrain wood was perfectly suitable for the production of paper, cardboard and viscose fibers. It was also perfect as a filling and insulating material." "09_01" "" "An increasing amount of wrapping material and office equipment is required these days. Therefore, the need for paper and grain wood has been constantly rising.\nThe circular saw has been in use since 1840, especially in the USA. It consumes a relatively high percentage of wood while cutting, though grain wood urgently needed for paper manufacture is left over.\nSawmills have been driven by water wheels (turbines) since the early 19th century.\n" "Grain wood"
23 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 850 12500 0 255 255 0 1900 11 1 2560 "Around 1400 BC the inhabitants of Armenia and the Southern Caucasus were already capable of producing welded steel and of covering surfaces with steel.\nAround 1000 BC the hard material came into use in the Middle East. This steel could be distinguished from ordinary iron by the fact that it contained less than 1.5% but more than 0.3 % carbon. As a result of this, it could be forged more easily. In order to achieve the appropriate carbon ratio, the Palestinians put iron bars into box stoves and heated them with charcoal powder to a temperature of approximately 1,000░ C for about a week.\nIn 1574 the term 'cement steel' first appeared in the work 'Test Art' by the German Lazarus Ercker.\nIn 1754 the Englishman Henry Cort developed a steel roller which made traditional manual forging superfluous. Now flat, stick-shaped and profile rods could be manufactured automatically at high speed and in larger quantities.\nFrom 1783 on, the stove was replaced by a flaming furnace in which the charcoal was separated from the raw-iron. Later, a melting pot replaced the stove.\n" "10_00" "" "As the hardest, most solid, heat-resistant and stainless material available for construction, steel dominated industry at the turn of the century.\nMachines, household devices and garden equipment are all now made from this material which is said to be indestructible and unsurpassable.\nPeople are now as crazy about steel as their forefathers once were about gold. This hard metal is revolutionizing the construction industry and civil engineering all over the world." "Steel"
24 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 960 18750 1 255 255 0 1923 11 1 2560 "Between 1825 and 1827, Hans Christian Oersted and Friedrich W÷hler discovered aluminium. It was still very expensive then and predominantly found in bauxite.\nIn 1886 the technician Charles Martin Hall of Ohio experimented with the light metal. During his tests, he tried to mould it into cooking utensils. This resulted in utensils that were lighter and more durable than conventional tin or iron pots.\nAluminium never loses its shine and also distributes heat evenly over its surface.\nIn 1903 aluminum dishes started to take over the global market. In 1947 R.R. Reynolds replaced the traditional tin-lead foil which had been used for wrapping tobacco and sweets with 0.0175 mm thin aluminum foil.\n\n" "10_01" "" "Aluminium dishes, aluminium foil and other everyday objects made of aluminium have flooded the global market since the discovery of the raw material in 1903.\nThe metal is lighter and more robust, hygienic and heat-resistant than its predecessors tin and iron.\n1947 saw the first use of wrapping foil made from aluminium. As well as being much thinner than conventional material, aluminium foil is also insulating and tear-resistant.\nMany new metals are born by chance, discovered as side products of space and aeronautics research." "Aluminium"
25 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 760 15000 5 255 255 0 1910 11 1 2560 "Around 1400 BC the inhabitants of Mycenae already manufactured filigree work for which they used very thin metal wire.\nAround 1300, wire came to be used in Egypt, as it was needed for the production of barbed fishing hooks.\nIn 1766 the Englishman John Purnell got his commission for his method of roll wire pulling. At almost the same time, the Frenchman Fleur invented a similar technique.\nIn the Middle Ages, the craftsmen of Augsburg and Nuremberg had already pulled wire manually by means of the so-called 'pulling iron'. Later, people used water-powered engines to do the same. \nIn 1813 technicians succeeded in pulling platinum wire to a diameter of about one thousandth of a millimetre." "10_02" "" "The fact that copper is a good conductor has been well-known for some time.\nIn the late 20s, people started using this quality in technology and commerce.\nAll electronic devices, as well as means of telecommunication, use copper wire as a conductive material. Without copper wire, electric engines and telephones would not have been developed.\nCopper is on its way to becoming the most important metal of the decade." "Copper wire"
26 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 980 18750 4 255 255 0 1904 11 1 2560 "Stainless steel was first developed in 1913.\nAs early as 1820, the French metallurgist L. Berthier discovered that fluoric steel grew non-corroding if he mixed it with alloy additives like chromium.\nIn 1913 British scientists alloyed pure chromium with a variation on Berthier┤s carbon steel. This resulted in a metal which did not lose its shine and which genuinely deserved to be called 'stainless'.\nA year later, Krupp released a new type of 'high-grade steel' containing chromium and nickel on the market.\nIn 1921, the Meridan Silver Company produced the first cutlery made from high-grade steel." "10_03" "" "Stainless rustproof steel has been one of mankind┤s dreams for ages. It is simply amazing what you can make with it!\nScientists first succeeded in creating stainless steel at the start of the 20th century. Since then, the metal has revolutionised homes, hotels, restaurants and, last but not least, the music industry.\nTraditional metals, such as iron and silver, no longer serve the common need. The current generation buys cutlery made of high-grade steel." "High-grade steel"
27 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 480 18750 23 255 255 0 1934 11 1 2560 "The procedure of cooking ready-made food in cans and soldering the containers shut, thereby preserving the contents for longer, was invented by the Parisian cook Nicolas-Franτois Appert in 1804.\nCans were only distributed over a large territory when the British salesman Durand promoted them as appropriate vessels for Royal Navy provisions during the war against Napoleon (1810).\nAlthough metal cans had been available in the US since 1817, they did not come into general use until the Civil War when they were used to carry soldiers' provisions.\nAround 1880, they became part of the standard choice of goods an average American grocer offered to his customers." "10_04" "" "In the 30s, people used sheet metal cans for preserving food.\nAt last, the food industry could cook fruit, meat and fish in advance, preserve them in metal containers and sell them as non-perishable dishes. Thanks to this invention, housewives and restaurant owners no longer have to salt and pickle their meat and seafood." "Cans"
28 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 480 12500 6 255 255 0 1900 12 1 2560 "The basis for the development of plastics was celluloid. Since the 1830s and 40s, nitrocellulose had been obtained by treating paper, cotton or wood with nitric or sulfuric acid.\nThe English inventor and metal specialist Alexander Parkes presented a synthetic material made of nitrocellulose at the London World Exhibition of 1862 and baptised it 'parkesine'. It was widely used in the production of such everyday objects as costume jewellery, cutlery handles, hair slides, boxes, etc.\nThe American inventor Hyatt chose camphor as his main solvent in the 1870s and produced a tear-proof plastic that slowly replaced hard rubber and ivory." "11_00" "" "The first synthetic materials were a sensation! Suddenly everybody wanted to have anything made of plastic.\nDishes, cosmetics and toys made of colourful hard or soft plastic looked much jollier than other materials. In addition to this, they were very handy for home and work use as they were hygienic, washable, very light and indestructible.\nWho could resist such a boom? Wooden and metal objects were, at that time, considered old-fashioned. The plastic age had just begun.\n" "Plastics"
29 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 560 15000 6 255 255 0 1900 12 1 2560 "Christopher Columbus brought the first rubber balls produced by American Indians to Spain.\nIt took another few centuries before the American Charles Goodyear chanced upon a method for producing a dry, smooth and elastic mass of India rubber.\nIn 1839 he succeeded in vulcanizing rubber by means of sulfur and thereby obtained a waterproof and durable substance which was also resistant to temperature changes.\nIn 1870 the US surgeon Franklin Goodrich continued these investigations and produced the first rubber fire hoses. Private garden hoses have been available on the market since 1880." "11_01" "" "Everyone can finally buy waterproof clothes and shoes.\nRubber is used in all possible fields of life - fashion, the car-industry, toy-production, etc. People pounce on it like on plastic, aluminium and nylon, for the petroleum-based product is an extremely durable and multi-purpose material.\nRubber was in particular demand at the start of the 20th century." "Rubber"
30 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 670 18750 6 255 255 16840 1938 12 1 4 "By around 600 BC, the Phoenicians had already fabricated the first soap in the world - the much praised ancestor of washing powder.\nIn 1890 the German chemist A. Krafft discovered that non-soapy substances frothed up if you combined them with alcohol. This was the origin of our modern detergents which don't leave any greasy residue on laundry.\nSince Germany suffered badly from a lack of soap and needed masses of lubricants for weapons and military vehicles during the First World War, the Germans H. Gunther and M. Hetzer picked up Krafft┤s idea and produced the first commercial detergent as a sort of preliminary solution to the problem." "11_02" "" "In 1890 the German chemist A. Krafft discovered that non-soapy substances produce a lather if you combine them with alcohol.\nThe Germans Gunther and Hetzer rediscovered this quality and produced the first commercial detergent as a lubricant for weapons and tanks.\nSoap is not fashionable any more. Detergents are the latest trend! More and more women are using the new grease-reducing powders instead of traditional curd soap." "Detergents"
31 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 15000 6 255 255 19770 1958 12 1 4 "Since time immemorial, people have protected themselves against the sun's rays with the help of creams and ointments. These were similar to today's zinc oxide.\nMoreover, parasols and bathing costumes of the time provided good protection against UVrays, as they covered most of the human body.\nAt that time, having a tan was not fashionable at all. In fact, having pale skin was a sign of nobility as it meant that you weren't working in the fields all day long.\n" "11_03" "" "Sure, getting a tan is trendy, but nobody wants to look like a beetroot. In the past, paleness was a symbol of aristocratic status while sun-tanned faces hinted at low-class work in the fields. However, things have totally changed in the 50s.\nFilmstars wearing tiny bikinis and hip sunglasses are promoting brand-new means of sun-protection that are smoother than the old-fashioned zinc-oxide ointments.\nAt the weekends, the young and old can be seen romping almost naked on the beaches. Now that nearly everyone can afford to travel to sunny countries, the new motto is 'No fun in the sun without protection!'." "Sun protection"
32 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 15000 6 255 255 7390 1939 12 1 2560 "In 1940 the revolutionary 'nylon-day' took place. It marked the birth of a sensational new material which was first used for toothbrush handles and bristles as well as for tights.\nAs early as 1938, Du Pont┤s chemical factory started developing the synthetic fibre that beat all conventional fabrics as far as tear-resistance and elasticity were concerned. \nMakers of tights were finally freed from the periodic lack of raw silk.\nLadies were all waiting excitedly for the arrival of nylon tights and could finally get rid of their overly-sensitive silk stockings.\nThe use of nylon in the production of toothbrushes had already started in 1938.\n" "11_04" "" "As early as 1938, the chemical company Du Pont started developing nylon which, compared to traditional fibres, proved to be an outstanding material as far as tear-resistance and elasticity were concerned.\nIts invention was the fashion event of the century for ladies! Finally, they were relieved from the strain of darning their tights. Moreover, the sensitive silk tights which they had previously worn had finally been consigned to fashion museums.\nTight manufacturers were also freed from the periodically occuring lack of raw silk. For this reason, they promoted the new material enthusiastically.\n" "Nylon"
33 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 360 12500 3 255 255 10230 1900 13 1 4 "The Romans first pulled glass into sheets for making window panes around 400 BC. However, they mostly used it to make jewellery.\nAround 50 BC, the glass blowing pipe was invented - this new technique was used by the skilful Romans to manufacture drinking vessels and other containers.\nIt was not until 600 AD that real sheet glass was first produced in Germania. Before coming into general use, it was first used to decorate huge cathedral windows.\nThe great challenge for the master glass blower Bernard Perrot of OrlΘans was the production of mirrors. He pressed the heated glass with a metal roller to obtain a perfectly smooth surface." "12_00" "" "Friedrich Siemens first used a heated iron mould to produce pressed glass in 1874. At that time, the price of hard glass went down by about a third, opening up a large market for the manufacture and use of glass bottles in many new cities.\nRealizing his chance, Siemens quickly changed his production from sheet and plate to bottle glass.\nAs many people now have higher incomes than before, they can afford the luxury of buying bottled whisky, wine and beer." "Glass"
34 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 360 12500 22 255 255 6070 1900 14 1 8 "It is well-known that the Egyptians already used a form of paper called papyrus, and that the Chinese also used something similar.\nIn 1840 the French chemist Anselme Payen succeeded in extracting cellulose from wood. He produced it by extracting its lignin with the help of nitric acid. Then he bleached the remaining substance with chlorine.\nIn 1866 Benjamin Chew Tilghman perfected a procedure in which he treated heated wood in large pressurized drums with sulfuric acid and calcium bisulfite. This resulted in a pure white celluloid suitable for the production of paper." "13_00" "" "In 1866 Benjamin Tilghman treated heated wood with sulfurous acid and calcium bisulphate in large pressurised drums because he wanted to extract the lignin from the raw material. This caused the wood to lose its stability.\nThe result of this process was a pure, white pulp which was extremely suitable for the production of paper.\nPaper consumption is constantly increasing, as the number of offices and administrative institutions is also constantly rising. Mountains of paper are to be found in most offices. People now also send more mail than ever before." "Paper"
35 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 420 15000 22 255 255 6980 1900 14 1 8 "The production of paper had already developed as a labour-divided manufacturing procedure in the 18th century.\nIn the early 19th century, different types of paper appeared along with new wrapping material. At that time, the raw material needed was not wood but rags.\nIt was only in the 1870 that rags were replaced by wood. Straw and wood had been well-known as fibre-containing substances long before. For the production of cardboard, chemists needed to obtain fibres with a wood-pulp ratio of up to 80%.\nIn the middle of the 19th century, manual scooping by means of deckle-edges was replaced by machine manufacture." "13_01" "" "Wrapping for presents and goods of all sorts, as well as toys of cardboard and pretty boxes of all colours are very fashionable at the moment.\nInstead of paper bags and full shopping baskets, it is very fashionable to carry home cardboard containers and boxes with precious contents.\nKids crazily search for boxes and round containers made of cardboard. They either put their favourite toys into them or build wonderful houses and play-cities out of them. And at Christmas, Santa Claus may even bring a 'Jack in the Box'!" "Cardboard"
36 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 600 12500 22 255 255 13840 1914 14 1 4 "In 1924 Kimberley-Clark started to produce 'cellucotton' which was first used as bandages and filters for US-soldiers┤ gas masks during World War I.\nLater, the company searched for a peacetime use of the material as they had huge stockpiles of it in their warehouses after the war. A member of staff had the idea of offering the cotton kerchiefs to Hollywood actors and actresses who could use them to clean make-up and cold cream off their faces. \nSoon after this, housewives discovered the handy kerchiefs and began to use them to wipe away powder and lipstick. At the same time, they complained about their husbands using the beautiful cotton to blow their noses instead of handkerchiefs." "13_02" "" "Old fabrics such as cotton and linen are no longer fashionable.\nHollywood stars are now promoting the absorbent abilities and cosmetic effects of 'Kleenex-kerchiefs' - these were originally produced as bandages and filters for gas masks by Kimberley-Clark.\nLadies are dying to get their hands on these new beauty accessories while men are discovering that they make handy disposable handkerchiefs.\nIn the olden days, 100 sheets were sold for 65 cents under the name 'Kleenex Kerchiefs'.\n" "Tissues"
37 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 690 12500 9 33 255 13610 1900 15 1 7 "Around 2510 BC, beer brewing was a royal monopoly in Egypt. In the ancient Egyptian language 'beer' and 'bread' were included in one concept. This word roughly meant 'meal'.\nThe Mesopotamians were good brewers, too. They moistened a portion of crushed wheat, barley or millet grains and warmed them in the sun - the rest of them were lightly baked in a ceramic tin.\nSoft loaves of bread were then cut into pieces and mixed with the moistened wholemeal. Then the dough was fermented with water and, finally, some old beer was added to improve fermentation. The result was filtered into eight different sorts of beer." "14_00" "" "The ancient art of beer brewing is continually developing, for the hops-containing liquid is becoming more and more popular with all ages.\nSome ladies even use it as a hair fixer to style their fashionable manes. More recently, women have also started drinking beer when relaxing after a hard day's work.\nThose who work at manual jobs also enjoy quenching their thirst with this cooling liquid which goes well with almost any lunch or dinner." "Beer"
38 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1090 18750 8 33 255 17460 1900 15 1 7 "Around 950 an Arab doctor called Rhazes described the production of alcohol in detail.\nIn 1526 Paracelsus introduced the steam bath into laboratory technology. It was later used for distillation purposes.\nIn 1771 the German chemist Weigel invented the countercurrent cooler for distillation. It was initially made from a metal sheet, but from 1773 on was made of glass. The new cooler replaced medieval Alembic distillation because it allowed quicker condensation.\nSince 1902, vacuum distillation as developed by the German chemical scientists Fischer and Harvies has been in use. In this procedure, water and other liquids are evaporated without being heated." "14_01" "" "Around 1900, the German chemical scientists Emil Fischer and Carl Harvies developed the vaccuum-distillation process which consists of water and other liquids being evaporated without being heated. Nowadays, this process is used everywhere.\nWhisky is more fashionable than ever before. Especially in Northern regions, people enjoy a few daily glasses of the warming liquor because regular whisky consumption is said to be healthy for the body and soul.\nWomen, too, more and more often tend to have a glass of whisky to clear their throats - either straight or 'on the rocks'.\n" "Whisky"
39 1 -666 2 0 0 2560 2560 1 2200 15000 21 255 255 12070 1900 16 1 0 "In 1720 the Englishman John Cumberland got his commission for a procedure during which wood was cambered for ship construction.\nThis new technique provided the basis for the production of wooden furniture that started in 1834.\nIn 1794 Vidier cambered wood in London by steaming it and making it smooth in salt solutions.\nAlmost 40 years later, the German Michael Thonet picked up on this method and started to manufacture furniture." "15_00" "" "Great-grandad┤s good old wooden furniture, varnished or otherwise, still decorates the rooms of many typical homes.\nThose who collect antiques consider it a valuable investment, while others simply prefer wood because it is timeless, natural, healthy and solid.\nThe durable appeal of an old-fashioned grandfather clock or a delicate Biedermeier drawer-secretary is neither affected by woodworms nor the sun's rays.\n" "Wooden furniture"
40 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 0 480 12500 21 255 255 7920 1900 16 1 0 "In the first half of the 18th century, all sorts of wood working machines - such as the wood lathe - were in use all over Europe.\nIn 1794 Vidier first cambered wood in London by steaming it and soaking it in salt solutions.\nFrom 1834 on, the German Michael Thonet manufactured furniture and accessories for interior decoration by cambering wood.\nThe very first wooden picture frames appeared in medieval Europe, where painters painted portraits of well-known personalities for their ancestral homes." "15_01" "" "The furniture industry was booming around 1900.\nFor the first time in their lives, many people were earning enough money to be able to spend some on creating a cosy home. \nPicture frames had been in great demand since photography modernised people's lives. They didn't just frame family portraits but also traditional oil paintings and water colours.\nPeople were prepared to pay a bit extra for solid wood picture frames as they last for many generations.\n" "Picture frames"
41 1 -666 3 0 0 2560 2560 1 840 25000 21 255 255 18300 1912 16 1 0 "The ancient Egyptians, Greeks and Romans used to build villas with extended gardens and parks in which they set small mansions and pavilions for open-air festivities and receptions.\nAt that time, hospitality towards one's guests was a sacred duty and people therefore made these external 'spare-rooms' as cosy and inviting as possible. They also protected guests from the glaring sun and secret trysts from prying eyes.\nIn ancient China and India, such open-air shelters were also very common, especially among the higher castes.\nDuring the Renaissance, European nobility rediscovered such ancient garden decoration techniques and regularly held extravagant parties in their private gardens. The gardens of most Baroque and Renaissance castles also possess such airy summer buildings.\n" "15_02" "" "It 1912, every self-respecting family not only owned their own house and garden, but also elegant garden pavilions suitable for bourgeois gatherings. \nHaving a garden pavilion made from wood made people feel like they were living in the country - even if they happened to living in the suburbs of a fast-growing city." "Garden houses"
42 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2320 15000 21 15 255 20300 1908 16 1 0 "In ancient Egypt, stools, chairs and thrones were already considered part of the standard furniture. The richer their owner was, the more sophisticated was the style in which they were created and decorated.\nApart from farmers lacking property, who mostly sat on the floor, seating accomodation for the lower classes was made of wood or cloth, whereas the chairs of wealthy courtiers consisted of ebony or ivory with beautifully engraved silver and gem motifs. Inlaid work was also very popular then.\nThe divine beings, that is to say the Pharaoh and his closest family, sat on thrones made of pure gold and lapis lazuli. Their decorations consisted of images taken from the ancient Egyptian spiritual treasury." "15_03" "" "Elegant sofas and leather-covered seats are the latest trend in interior decoration.\nThe young and old all like to relax on comfortable chaises longues, smooth couches or cosy armchairs.\nSoft covers are largely responsible for the current popularity of wooden seating. Rustic old-fashioned charm is now all the rage." "Seating accommodation"
43 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 960 12500 21 255 255 14380 1920 15 1 0 "The Babylonians were very famous for their gardens, as were the Egyptians, Greeks and Romans - not to mention the Far Eastern cultures of China, Japan and India.\nWooden chairs, sunbeds and outside benches first appeared in Antiquity, for, at that time, people used to hold meals and festivities outside in their gardens. Naturally, comfortable seating had to be available for such events.\nAfter all, noble ladies wearing delicate tunics could not sit on the ground! Otherwise, they would not only have got dirty or caught a cold, but also been exposed to dangerous snakes, beetles and scorpions." "15_04" "" "Garden furniture made of metal is no longer fashionable. Nobody buys the unwieldy, ice-cold chairs and benches anymore.\nWooden garden furniture is much more comfortable. It also looks very attractive in the garden and is almost as robust as metal.\nNowadays, people spend as much time as possible outdoors and enjoy working in their gardens." "Garden furniture (wooden)"
44 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 640 12500 28 255 255 25380 1962 16 1 0 "The first plastic garden furniture conquered the global market in the 1970s, when a huge vogue for plastic rolled over all branches of industry. Suddenly everything had to be made of plastic - kitchen appliances, toys, everyday objects, tools, dishes, furniture, etc. Clothes were only fashionable if they were made from synthetic fibre.\nThe new indestructible material slowly came to be used in the garden furniture industry, too. Traditional heavy tables and chairs made of iron or pure wood were no longer popular.\nStackable, extremely light, washable and completely weather-resistant chairs, benches, sunbeds and tables of plastic were to be found in all furniture stores in the second half of the 20th century. And, of course, in all possible fashion colours!" "15_05" "" "In the early 60s, everyone went crazy for plastic. Suddenly everything in the home and office had to be made from plastic.\nItems made from wood and iron were replaced with plastic ones. This was especially true of garden furniture as plastic is unaffected by long exposure to the elements." "Garden furniture (plastic)"
45 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 3240 18750 24 15 255 33690 1943 16 1 0 "By around 3000 BC craftsmen of the Middle East had already mastered the art of turning wood on the lathe.\nThe raw wooden blocks to be worked consisted of round branches or thin trunks which were clamped to pegs at both ends and around which, at one end, a few centimetres away from the mounting, string was wound. This string was then fastened to a wooden stick. The wood turner sat at his workbench and, with his left hand, moved the wooden stick horizontally to the piece he had to turn, which started the block rotating. With his right hand he guided a metal chisel, while his foot served as a counter-check.\nThe wood turners of Antiquity were able to finish more than a dozen pieces an hour.\nThe Greeks, too, worked soft wood with saws, files, drills, planes, chisels and hammers, though they had not yet discovered how to make veneering.\nIt was only in the 20th century that ultra-modern designer furniture made of metal, leather and synthetics appeared on the market." "15_06" "" "Old wooden furniture is not in demand any more. New designs in interior decoration are based on fashionable materials such as aluminium and leather.\nThe Charleston Era has given rise to a new generation that insists on eccentric and individual taste, while refusing conservative ideas.\nThe number of couples and families who spend their money chiefly on furniture and interior accessories is dramatically increasing. 'Our home is our castle!', is their motto.\n\n" "Designer furniture"
46 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2780 25000 21 23 255 39230 1931 16 1 0 "The ancient Egyptians already used heavy ebony desks and cupboards, as well as small bureaus for high-society ladies with literary ambitions.\nAs civil servants were very busy at that time and the Pharaohs┤ scribes used paper (papyrus) and goose-feather quills in their daily work, different types of office furniture were also in use.\nAlthough office furniture's styles have changed over the ages, items such as writing desks, libraries, shelves and filing cabinets have never been threatened with extinction.\nIt was not until the 19th century that office furniture was mass-produced. Previous models had all been made by respected artist-craftsmen." "15_07" "" "In the 30s, fashionable office equipment made of wood and steel was in great demand. Many companies were expanding and establishing branches with open-plan offices in the world's larger cities.\nWorkplace furniture is required to be functional, cheap and durable." "Office furniture"
47 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1280 9375 21 255 255 6400 1900 17 1 1 "In 1803 the British engineer Richard Trevithick succeeded in constructing the first functionning steam locomotive powered by a high-pressure steam engine. It was able to drag a ten ton train with five cars occupied by 70 people at a speed of 4.96 mph.\nIn 1812 the first cog railway was put into operation in Great Britain. On September 27, 1825 the very first passenger train in history travelled from Stockton to Darlington. In the process, Robert Stevenson opened the world's first passenger railway route. An age old human dream had come true!\nSoon after this, toy producers reacted to the mobility-boom and built the first mini-locomotives for little boys. Those tiny vehicles soon became the most popular toy around. So you could not only watch locomotives and trains travelling across all the continents, but also across living and play-room floors.\n" "16_00" "" "Since the invention of the railway, train engines have been the most popular toy with boys of all ages.\nTechnical progress is also invading children┤s bedrooms. Today's toy railway owners will perhaps become technicians or engineers in the future.\nWooden toys meet the latest trend of 'getting back to one┤s roots'. \nWooden locomotives are therefore the ideal Christmas or birthday present for kids of ecologists and nature lovers." "Wooden locomotive"
48 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1120 9375 23 255 255 6380 1900 17 1 1 "In the 1870s, American and European industrial entrepreneurs were the first to construct tricycles. Initially, they didn't manufacture them for kids, but for ladies and less sporty gents who weren't able to manage the dangers of the 'high wheel'.\nYou see, the social code of that time forbade women from riding the bigger bikes, otherwise their ankle-length dresses and skirts would have got caught in the spokes causing spectacular falls." "16_01" "" "Nowadays, more and more kids own tricycles. \nThis toy is suitable for those who are too small to be able to ride bicycles but who nonetheless dream of scooting around all over the place. It's certainly better than pushing toy trains about on the floor!\n" "Tricycles"
49 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 15000 23 255 255 10840 1915 17 1 1 "In 1765 the Flemish missionary Ferdinand Verbiest drove the first steam-powered car through Peking. It had four wheels and a water boiler that was heated by an open coal fire and was therefore driven by a turbine wheel.\nIn 1769 the French inventor Joseph Cugnot built a steam car which, if occupied by four people, could reach a speed of 2.48 mph until its steam boiler was empty.\nBrackenburg constructed the first automobile using an internal combustion engine invented by Lenoir in 1863.\nHowever, when the Germans Maybach, Daimler and Benz built the first vehicles with gasoline engines in 1886, a real 'car-mania' broke out which also affected the toy industry.\nEvery little boy suddenly wanted to have a miniature metal car of his own to be able to race through the garden or children┤s room." "16_02" "" "The invention of the car is causing a real obsession with motion. Anything possessing wheels is a thousand times more interesting than anything without wheels.\nThis doesn't just apply to the world of adults and public transport, but also to toys. Small steel cars are replacing old-fashioned wooden trains in boys' hearts.\nMiniature cars can be seen racing from one corner of the living room floor to another. Be careful you don't fall over them!\n" "Metal cars"
50 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 9375 28 255 255 6300 1900 17 1 1 "The oldest dolls are 40,000 years old and were excavated in Africa and Asia. The very first examples were buxom female figures made of clay with full breasts and pregnant bellies and were fertility symbols.\nDolls were later made in the image of deities from wax, stone, iron and bronze.\nThe Egyptians placed the so-called 'ushabti-dolls' into the graves of significant personalities, for they believed that they served the dead in the hereafter.\nThe first toy dolls represented common people - however, they represented adult figures, not babies.\nGreek and Roman girls already played with dolls with movable limbs and real human hair." "16_03" "" "Nothing has changed: Dolls are still the most popular girls┤ toy. Plastics is conquering all branches of industry and, instead of cloth, porcelain, clay or wood, finds itself being increasingly used in the construction of dolls┤ bodies.\nThe latest plastic mini-ladies are realistic-looking baby dolls which awaken the little girls┤ maternal instincts.\nThese dolls even have real hair and blink at their 'mothers' with cute long-lashed eyes." "Dolls"
51 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 720 12500 28 255 255 13840 1937 17 1 1 "The 1970s not only brought us the disco craze, but also an unheard of plastics boom. This was also true for the toy industry.\nThe ever popular matchbox cars made of metal were still regarded as a fantastic toy, but it was the turn of the latest plastic racers in the loudest fashion colours to cause boys┤ hearts to beat really fast.\nMoreover, they were much lighter than previous models. You could wash, brush and polish them, just as Dad did with his own real car.\nOf course, the new miniature automobiles were not as indestructible as the ones made of metal, though they were much cheaper. Almost any boy could afford such a plastic racing-car without having to ask his parents.\nYou were even allowed to swap cars with your friends, for they cost so little." "16_04" "" "In the 30s, a new material revolutionised the daily life of the Western world - plastic.\nThe latest toy cars are no longer made of metal but of light, washable and hygienic synthetics. Now young boys can even chew on their toy cars without poisoning themselves.\nWhile plastic is perhaps not quite as strong as steel, it is nonetheless nearly unbreakable." "Plastic cars"
52 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1890 18750 26 255 255 34300 1928 17 1 1 "In 1891 the German industrial entrepreneur Theodor Friedrich Wilhelm MΣrklin┤s sons presented the very first clockwork railway at the Leipzig Spring Trade Fair.\nOriginally, the founder of the company had begun with the production of doll kitchens, kitchen stoves for kids, carts, ships, merry-go-rounds, spinning tops and wind-up toys. The track structure of the first standardised clockwork railway of 1891 could be changed according to the user's desires. The two brothers called their clockwork miracle 'Track 1'. The model railway was born!\nThe greatest disadvantage of these primitive toy trains was the fact that they were only able to do a few laps before the spring ran down and the engine needed to be wound up again.\nSoon after this, Eugen and Karl MΣrklin constructed a model railway which could be heated with spirits and thus driven by steam." "16_05" "" "Clockwork toys are the hit of the decade. Not only with kids, but also with their parents.\nOf late, model railways with built-in clockwork engines have been available in specialist stores and toy shops. You wind them up with a key and set them loose over your floor.\nWhen the spring runs dowm, you have to wind it up again. Make sure you keep these toys out of the reach of very young children. This is because it is possible to damage the springs by winding them up too much, something a baby is almost guaranteed to do!" "Friction Train"
53 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1980 18750 28 101 255 48300 1968 17 1 1 "Soon after the first automobiles were seen on the streets, miniature cars made of metal appeared on the market.\nRadio-controlled vehicles were only constructed after the invention of microchips released a wave of electronic developments.\nThe fact that a car could react to radio-signals and obey orders transmitted by a remote control unit was regarded as a miracle by boys in the 1970s." "16_06" "" "The 1968 generation is different in every sense of the word. Remote-controlled racing cars and model airplanes are in the process of conquering the global market.\nOf course, electronic-chip controlled vehicles are a lot more expensive than older mechanical models. However, every child receives regular pocket-money nowadays. Many of them save it up in order to buy RC-cars.\n" "RC-cars"
54 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2290 18750 28 101 255 40380 1952 17 1 1 "With the invention of the locomotive, model railways came into being, because models were needed for the construction of real engines and carriages.\nThese miniature models became more and more detailed and functional, and were made by master craftsmen.\n" "16_07" "" "Whoever declared that the toy railway is extinct made a serious mistake. Electronics have revolutionized this old favourite.\nNowadays, fathers and sons can play with chip-controlled miniature locomotives and carriages.\nIt is possible to guage current technological developments from the developments in children's toys.\n" "Model railroad"
55 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1770 7500 28 255 255 27300 1960 17 1 1 "In 1938 Superman was invented as a comic-book character. The writing team of Jerry Siegel and Joe Shuster not only produced a complete Superman comic-book, but also succeeded in making their hero into a TV, cinema and radio star, as well as a popular figure in the print media.\nIn 1966 a Broadway musical based on the Superman story was staged.\nIn the 60s, plastic toys based on fictitious super-heroes became very popular. Soon, little boys were waging wars against evil adversaries on their kitchen tables. \nHe-Man and the 'Masters of the Universe', a Mattel invention from the 1980s, were a very popular series of plastic figures." "16_08" "" "TV has radically changed kids' daily lives. Nowadays, they are all absorbed in the heroic exploits of characters like He-Man and Superman as they battle the forces of evil.\nThese characters are also available as realistic plastic figures. \nWho still reads the Brothers Grimm or watches Tarzan on TV?\nThese days, kids all want to be superheroes like the characters they see on TV.\n" "Action Heroes"
56 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 680 12500 28 255 255 8770 1909 17 1 1 "" "16_09" "" "Towards the end of the 1920s, products made of plastic were already extremely popular.\nAt parties, public festivities and at home, people liked to have fun scaring others with realistic plastic objects.\nBe they snakes, toads, whistles or other plastic rubbish, all sorts of synthetic products were selling like hot cakes in those days." "Joke articles"
57 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 570 12500 28 255 255 13000 1957 17 1 1 "The origin of darts is hidden deep in the Middle Ages. At that time, gentlemen used to amuse themselves at jousting tournaments and crossbow competitions.\nIn Europe, such tournaments were very popular in the summer as they relieved courtiers from boredom and enabled kings recruit the most battle-hardened and skilful knights for their armies. \nOccasionally, the most courageous sword fighter or accurate archer received expensive gifts or a noble lady as his prize.\nWhereas archery had been a military duty during the legendary Robin Hood┤s time, it turned into a mere pastime for dartclub members during the 20th century. Soon, the toy industry produced wooden dart boards and plastic darts with metal tips.\nWhen the electronics age arrived, more and more bar and cafΘ owners bought or rented dart-machines which automatically calculated the points scored and which needed clients to put a coin into a slot if they wanted to play them." "16_10" "" "Kids and adults are all playing darts these days.\nThe run on toy shops for dart boards is particularly intensive during the summer season. But even in winter, people play darts in bars or at home. To do so, you only have to hang the board on a door. Indoor darts competitions are becoming more and more popular.\nTo hit the bull┤s eye is every youngster┤s and adult┤s secret dream." "Dart board"
58 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 460 12500 21 255 255 7090 1930 17 1 2560 "Some of the oldest playing pieces originate from the Mesopotamian town of Ur and belonged to a board game which was similar to backgammon.\nTo play the ancient Egyptian 'senet' (about 4,300 years old), each player had to get five ivory or stone pieces into a goal by moving them over a papyrus board.\nWhite and black pieces were part of a chess-like board game from Madagascar called 'fanorama' (still used as an oracle in 1895).\nTwo chessmen made of ivory were found in the former Soviet Union and apparently date back to the second century AD.\nDraughts-pieces were already used in ancient Egypt, as well as by the Greeks and Romans." "16_11" "" "Be it chess, checkers, halma or ludo, classical board and strategy games never get old-fashioned.\nSuch games are timeless inventions which every new generation re-discovers for itself. \nThese games are a popular way of bringing family gatherings and celebrations to a close, as both the young and old find them fun." "Gambling pieces"
59 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 480 12500 28 255 255 0 9000 17 1 2560 "The first plastic play figures appeared on the global market in the 1960s. These were mostly heroes from American movies, especially westerns and cartoons.\nSuddenly, boys didn't want to play with toy cars anymore, but instead wanted to play cowboys and Indians with their plastic soldiers. Even at this early stage, the figures were incredibly realistic. You could also get characters from fairy-tales, such as Little Red Riding Hood or Snow White.\nMany children liked to build their own farms with plastic animals, trees and fences.\nCartoon figures such as Donald Duck and Mickey Mouse also conquered the world very quickly as plastic miniatures. They often came as gifts with comics and lucky-dip bags. Soon children started to collect and swap these figures.\nIn the 1970s, school children would queue up to buy figurines from slot-machines with their pocket money." "16_12" "" "At the end of the 60s, plastic had become the most popular raw material in most industries.\nAll sorts of toys for kids were made out of plastic - from cowboys and indians to Disney characters.\nPlastic is hygienic and washable so it doesn't matter if toddlers decide to chew on the little figures." "Plastic figures"
60 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 870 12500 95 22 255 15690 1902 17 1 1 "In 1902 the first teddy bear was made by the Russian toy shop owner Morris Michtom of Brooklyn. Its name was derived from the 26th US president Theodore Roosevelt.\nMorris put the lovely bear into his shop window. Beside it, he placed a caricature of the president showing him in a scene in which he refused to kill a baby bear. This sparked off a buying frenzy for teddy bears.\nAround the same time, Margret Steiff of Germany started sewing little furry bears which she first exhibited at the Leipzig Trade Fair of 1904.\nThat much adored ancestor of the teddy - the doll - had to wait a few years for its comeback, for it wasn't as cuddly as the teddy." "16_13" "" "For some time, furry toys have been more popular with children than dolls. Not only because they feel more cuddly, but also because the teddy-bear has started conquering the world. Its namesake, US president Theodore 'Teddy' Roosevelt, also played an important role in this context.\nThe first manufacturers of furry toys were the Russian toy-seller Morris Michtom of Brooklyn and the German Margret Steiff who made all her soft toys by hand." "Furry pets"
61 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1520 18750 21 255 255 29150 1950 18 1 2 "Around 1978, ski production and design was beginning to profit from the achievements of space travel.\nUnbreakable skis with gliding soles were released on the market, their physical qualities considerably better than those of the previous, less elastic models made from wood.\nAbout the same time, skiing boots with rubber foam linings and solid outer shells were also being made. Technological evolution shows itself in the weight, resistance, elasticity and gliding ability of the latest ski models." "17_00" "" "Around 1978, the production of skis was more and more influenced by the achievements of space travel.\nUnbreakable boards with special slick undersoles were released on the market - these were much better than skis made from wood.\nAt around the same time, skiing boots were developed which had a foam rubber filling and shock-resistant outer shells. These technological advances also showed themselves in the weight, stability, elasticity and gliding capabilities of the new skis." "Skis"
62 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1920 18750 21 255 255 40690 1970 18 1 2 "Strange but true: The skateboard is only 40 years old!\nIt was invented in a Californian surfshop in 1958 when the shop's owner, Bill Richards, made a deal for the production of boards with wheels fastened to them. His partners were the Chicago Roller Skate Company and his son Mark. To his mind, a surfer should be able to surf even when the ocean was perfectly calm.\nSoon after this, 'sidewalk surfing' or 'terra surfing' became one of the most popular pastimes in the US. In 1965 the first skateboard championships took place.\nThe board experienced a boost in 1966 caused by the movie 'Skater Dater', as it was nominated for an Academy Award.\nIn 1971 Richard Stevenson of L.A. equipped the board with a sort of tail, the so-called 'kicktail', which made it more manoeuverable. He is still regarded as the 'father of the skateboard'.\nIn the late 70s over 40 million boards were sold in the US alone. \nA general ban preventing boarders from skating in public places almost killed off the sport.\nHowever, it celebrated a comeback as an acrobatic discipline in the urban rap-scene and still ranks among the six most popular sports in America.\n\n" "17_01" "" "Due to the new materials discovered by airspace specialists, the world of sports has visibly changed.\nTechnology has transformed sports which require their materials to be elastic, resistant to wear and tear, light and waterproof.\nSkiing has particularly benefitted from the latest developments." "Skateboard"
63 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 3360 18750 23 255 255 23000 1922 18 1 2 "Towards the end of the 18th century, several inventors started to build bikes in different parts of the globe. On one such bike, the rider had to sit on a frame between two wheels and push himself off with his feet.\nIn 1860 the Parisian car constructors Pierre and Ernest Michaux began constructing bikes which had a crank mechanism that was directly connected to the front axle by pedals. They travelled on steel-rimmed wheels.\nIn England, the 'penny farthing' appeared in the 1870s. Only wealthy people could afford it. Tricycles were also being built since the end of the 1870s.\nThen, safety bikes came into use. They had a smaller front wheel and a seat positioned at the rear." "17_02" "" "Around 1860, the Parisian car constructors Pierre and Ernest Michaux built the first bicycle with a crank drive and pedals directly connected to the front axle. This was followed by a large-wheeled bike for sportsmen and gents, as well as by the tricycle for ladies.\nAfter this, the age of the safety bike arrived - this has a smaller front wheel and a seat positioned further back. It guarantees better balance, road holding and safety.\nDue to man's constant desire for motion, everbody dreams of owning a bike." "Bikes"
64 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 3840 25000 23 255 255 28150 1945 18 1 2 "Early models of today's fitness machines were developed in the 1950s. One such example was the 'Rh÷n-wheel' which was invented in the US and therefore also called the 'American wheel'." "17_03" "" "People have always been obsessed with beauty and fitness. As people become more affluent - and so eat more - they have to exercise more to stay trim.\nModern sports facilities make working-out good fun.\nTwiggy┤s measurements defined the modern woman┤s ideal figure for years. 'Slim - slimmer -slimmest!' is the general motto!\nAs a result, diets and exercising have become an integral part of the compulsory daily beauty program." "Fitness appliances"
65 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1290 15000 24 32 255 43690 1959 18 1 2 "As early as Antiquity, ball games played with fists and arms were popular. Modern tennis, however, originates from the medieval French 'jeu de paume'.\nThe tennis racket was introduced in the middle of the 15th century. At first, matches were only played outdoors, though they later took place in special buildings.\nThe English simply played tennis on grass (lawn tennis).\nThe term 'tennis' is supposedly derived from the French 'tenez' (call during service), the English ' ten' and the German 'Tenne'.\nOn the European continent, hard courts with powdered red brick surfaces became popular instead of grass.\nRackets were soon constructed in such a way that you could comfortably serve and play both fore- and backhand shots." "17_04" "" "The economic miracle of the 50s brought about more spare time and helped households have more money available for private entertainment.\nTennis is no longer a noble sport or pastime for rich dandies, but is becoming more and more popular among the average population.\nThe young and old equip themselves with rackets and tennis balls and attend regular tennis lessons - these days everybody tries to keep fit." "Tennis racket"
66 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 890 18750 23 15 255 30000 1932 18 1 2 "Considered the 'father of roller-skates', the Belgian musical instrument builder Joseph Maerlin first constructed them in 1759 for a masked-ball performance, calling them 'skaites'.\nThese skates only had two wheels (with no ball bearings) and were simply strapped to people's feet. It was practically impossible to steer or stop them and they had a bad habit of locking unexpectedly, which resulted in some terrible falls.\nAfter 1850, roller-skating became more and more popular due to its appearance in opera and ballet scenes, though it was still regarded as a kind of copy of ice skating.\nIn 1884 the first ball bearings became available. They made the 'wheel-gliding sport' less dangerous and more popular." "17_05" "" "Roller-skates with ball bearings have been available since 1884. They replaced the previous, more dangerous models which had two wheels positioned one behind the other.\nThe popularity of this new sport was helped by opera and ballet performances which contained roller-skating scenes. So skating along on wheels was no longer considered to be copying ice skating.\nAnything possessing wheels was suddenly in great demand, especially among kids who roller-skated enthusiastically through the countryside. Even falls could not prevent them from strapping on their wheeled shoes." "Roller-skates"
67 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1440 18750 29 255 255 26690 1940 18 1 2 "In 880 BC, the Assyrian king Ashurnasirpal II ordered his troops to cross a river on greased animal skins.\nDuring the Sung and Ming dynasties, the Chinese also used air-tight skins to cross running water.\nIn 1839 the Duke of Wellington was the first to test a sort of rubber boat.\nIn 1840 the Englishman Thomas Hancock designed a dinghy and described his spectacular work in the book 'Origins and Progress of Rubber Production in England'.\nIn 1844 Lieutenant Halkett created a round inflatable boat which he used on several arctic expeditions. The Frenchman Ader designed a similar dinghy, as did the German Meyer.\nThe best known 19th century air-filled boat was the Halkett rubber cloth boat, also called an 'airboat'. It was light and portable and turned out to be crucial on North Pole expeditions. It was manufactured from cotton layers which were covered with rubber. Fully inflated, it could hold two men (size: 9x4 feet)." "17_06" "" "In the 1930s, many modern families have inflatable boats for having fun with on weekends and during their holidays.\nFishermen and rowers are also taking enthusiastically to this invention.\nRubber is revolutionizing the leisure industry. Let┤s go paddling!\nInflatable boats are perfect for cruising along on smooth lakes but can also deal with the huge waves encountered on the open sea.\n" "Inflatable boat"
68 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1280 15000 28 255 255 15380 1922 18 1 2 "Around 2000 BC, people already used to throw stone balls to knock over skittles.\nAir-filled balls appeared in 2nd century Greece, where pig bladders were widened in the middle by holding them over live coals in order to get a ball shape.\nIn the 7th century, the Mayans of Central America played with rubber balls that were filled with hemp or sisal fibres." "17_07" "" "Centuries ago, the heavy balls used for bowling were made of stone or wood. In the fashionable 20s, they were made of plastic.\nThis not only lowered the production costs - at that time chemical factories were producing high quantities of plastic all over the world - but also reduced the weight of bowling balls, which made exercising a lot easier. Especially for ladies and very slim gents, bowling with synthetically manufactured balls was no longer a physically demanding activity. After all, not everybody was a Fred Flintstone or Barney Rubble.\nCountless restaurant owners had their own bowling alleys installed, for they did not want to miss a lucrative business opportunity. Different bowling clubs regularly competed with each other." "Bowling balls"
69 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 560 12500 15 255 255 18920 1926 18 1 2 "In 1848 the British manufacturer Thomas Hancock produced the very first pure rubber balls (not for kicking by the way, but for playing golf).\nThe history of the football can be traced back to the 12th century, when players tried to throw balls of pig leather stuffed with leaves, feathers or hair against church entrances defended by a goal-keeper.\nIn the 16th century, oval-shaped pig bladders were covered by an exterior leather skin for the first time ever. Air-filled balls first appeared in 2nd century Greece where people held pig bladders over live coals to widen them in the middle in order to obtain a ball-like shape." "17_08" "" "In the 20s, schoolboys became passionate about soccer and either played on their local team or followed it as supporters.\nSoccer was gradually introduced to schools where it was the taking part that counted, not the winning.\nSoon, kids all over the country were practising at home in the hope of becoming a professional player. In the process, they frequently wrecked their parents' gardens or, worst of all, their neighours' windows!\n" "Footballs"
70 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 960 15000 21 255 255 15690 1922 18 1 2 "The very first sleds in history were made of simple wooden logs. They were principally used as a means of transport, as is still the case in Alaska and along the Yukon.\nLater, somebody discovered that toboggan sleds could be moved more quickly and easily if they fastened runners beneath the logs. At first, these were also only made of wood.\nAfter 1870, toboggans were very much in use in the USA. At that time, they were called 'clippers'. These low-built models ending in long pointed sides already had runners made from round steel rods.\nThe North American Indians used to use a sort of sledge which looked like a canoe on runners. They constructed it from a wooden frame over which they stretched animal skins.\nIn the 1930s, tobogganing became a popular sport in the US. As early as in the 1880s, winter visitors had sped down the snow-covered slopes of Saint Moritz for fun." "17_09" "" "Tobogganing has always been a popular sport.\nMost homes possess a sled of some kind - be it a one, two, or three seater.\nDuring the winter holidays, you can see crowds of kids eager to speed down snow-covered slopes.\nThose who fall off can be sure of feeling the cold.\nAdults also like to fly down mountains - drinking mulled wine afterwards is half the fun for them." "Sledge"
71 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1190 15000 24 32 255 37460 1955 18 1 2 "Around 2605 BC, Nile fishermen first used the harpoon which had previously only been used to hunt land animals.\nIt was made of two separate parts. Its head had a hole at one end and was fastened to a thread that was wound around the spear shaft to fix the tip. \nIt was easy to drag speared fish ashore with the help of a rope.\nAround 1300 BC, wire was first used to make fishing hooks of between 8 and 18cm in length. Fish were also caught by means of dragnets and creels made of willow twigs." "17_10" "" "For the modern man of the 50s, fishing has replaced soccer and bowling as his favourite sport. Going on a fishing trip is great for male bonding.\nWho wants to spend their time watching TV when it's better being out in the sun and fresh air?\nHunters and romantic nature lovers all get their money's worth on fishing trips." "Fishing"
72 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 2560 18750 24 255 255 25000 1942 19 1 3 "The discovery of aluminium meant that, suddenly, all sorts of everyday objects and tools were manufactured from this light metal.\nThe advantage of the new material was that it didn't rot or rust, as it was completely impervious to the elements.\nNot only the construction industry but also private households were glad to change to aluminium ladders as they were longer and more stable than wooden ones.\nThe aluminium ladder represented a real blessing for the fire brigade, as they frequently had to climb through flames to get to people trapped on upper floors." "18_00" "" "Aluminium was the most desired material of the 1940s.\nCompared to wood, it is extremely durable, stable and waterproof.\nAluminium ladders are much lighter than wooden ones, are rot and mould proof, and their rungs practically never break - they are therefore much safer than their predecessors made of natural materials.\nWhether it be in the construction industry, on farms or in private households, the aluminium ladder is the modern choice for climbing new heights.\n" "Aluminium ladder"
73 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1760 18750 21 23 255 17230 1900 19 1 3 "'Homo erectus' - the ancestor of modern-day 'homo sapiens' - already used stone tools to dig up roots and kill deer. Previously, hunter-gatherers had apparently used wooden clubs and branches to attack their prey.\nIn the course of time, early man learned to differentiate between various types of stone and, finally, preferred to use firestone, hornstone, quartz, jasper, obsidian and crystals, as these were relatively hard and easy to split.\nMoreover, he used tools made from limb and skull bones, as well as from animal teeth.\nEarly 'homo sapiens' already made stone knives and scrapers, as well as wooden clubs and spears.\n'Homo Cro-Magnon' worked more precisely and developed spear tips, knife blades, mallets, axes, lances, harpoons and hammers which he first beat in fire.\nAround 4000 BC, craftsmen made the first metal tools - initially from iron and later from bronze and precious metals." "18_01" "" "Tool sales are booming at the turn of the century, for handcrafts are flourishing more than ever before, and new buildings are being erected everywhere.\nDIY is all the rage and many workshops no longer make their own tools but rely on industrially manufactured equipment.\nThese are much cheaper and more durable than manually made tools. Moreover, a lot of companies lack the special know-how which is necessary for making your own tools." "Tools"
74 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1920 12500 21 255 255 9540 1900 19 1 3 "Since the Sumerians and Indians already knew how to construct staircases for multi-storied houses from about 2800 BC, and wood-working had long been mastered by various peoples, we can take it for granted that wooden ladders were in use then also.\nThe Sumerians used limestone for makng staircases, while the Indians preferred stone or wood.\nHowever, only rich citizens had houses with more than one floor, while members of the lower classes used to climb up ladders to sleep in haylofts." "18_02" "" "If you are a lover of wood, try becoming a successful entrepreneur by simply selling wooden ladders.\nThey are indispensable tools for any construction work on farms and ranches, as well as private properties.\nFor fruit-picking, the good old-fashioned wooden ladder is a must. Many people remember the golden age of their childhood and buy tools made of wood and other natural materials." "Wooden ladders"
75 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 2130 25000 28 102 23 44540 1938 19 1 3 "Towards the end of the 16th century, automatic tools slowly started to replace manual work or, at least, facilitate it.\nOne of the first machines of this type was the thread lathe by the Frenchman Jacques Besson (1568). In 1592 the Dutchman Van Uitgeest was the first to drive a saw mill with the help of windmills.\nIn 1596 the first framesaw with a water-drive was put into operation in Saardam (Netherlands).\nThese machines were made of wood and were therefore not as accurate as modern electric tools made from metal.\nIn the 18th and 19th century, the British construction pioneers Maudslay, Roberts, Whitworth and Nasmyth developed automatic tools which literally took the tool out of the craftsman┤s hands and put it into a machine.\nBetween 1751 and 1760 the Frenchman De Vaucanson constructed a lathe made of iron.\nIn 1804 the German engineer Georg von Reichenbach invented the filing or metal planing machine which had a manual drive for the workpiece-feeder.\nLater, the workpieces were fed mechanically or by a steam-drive.\nElectric tools only appeared in the late 19th century, after the invention of the electric engine.\nThe first fully automatic machines were developed in the USA in 1952.\n" "18_03" "" "The thirties are the decade in which electric engines truly came into their own.\nProfessional craftsmen and DIYers are rejoicing. At last, electric tools are available everywhere!\nUp to now, all tools such as saws, drills and grinders required manual force to work, whereas now many of them have electric engines.\nEven if such luxury is initially expensive, electric tools will pay for themselves in the long run. " "Electric tools"
76 1 -666 2 0 0 2560 2560 1 1390 18750 34 255 255 14610 1921 19 1 3 "Wallpaper was invented in 15th century France as a relatively cheap substitute for densely woven, exorbitantly embroidered Gobelins. Wallpaper could be either stencilled, hand painted or printed and came into fashion soon after the first European paper-mills had been opened.\nTowards the end of the 16th century, imitations of more expensive tapestries, such as marble or damask, were very trendy. 'Fluffing' was one 17th century fashion, a procedure during which tiny bits of wool or silk were applied to paper or canvas prepared with glue. At the same time, Chinese paper was also a highly desired accessory. It showed images of birds and flowers on a clear background.\n" "18_04" "" "In the past, painted walls, cloth tapestry or wooden wallcovers were everybody┤s first choice for interior decoration. Nowadays, wallpaper is fashionable. It was already used by the ancient Chinese and was therefore called 'Chinese Paper'.\nThe paper industry is having difficulty keeping up with the demand for exotic coloured wallpaper.\nPeople want to decorate their dining rooms in elegant colours to show off their chandeliers and parquet floors to their best advantage." "Wallpaper"
77 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2190 18750 23 29 255 22070 1906 19 1 3 "The Chinese Tschuko Liang, general to His Majesty the Emperor, invented the first push-cart around 200 AD. Its wheels were 1.2 metres in diameter and it was used for transporting military provisions and, later, wounded and dead soldiers.\nIt was the successor of a smaller cart which had been used for transporting rice and vegetables and soon came to replace the earlier model in civilian life. It was able to hold up to four adults or six children and was pulled by a donkey.\nIn the Middle Ages, Europeans developed a model for carrying construction material whose wheels were positioned at the very front. It was a more modern version of the mortar hod, a wooden trough which was hung between two wooden poles." "18_05" "" "In agriculture, as well as in the construction industry, more and more push-carts are needed. You can also use them for shopping, transporting injured people, corpses and all sorts of goods.\nThe latest trend is steel carts with rubber tyres. Compared to previous wooden models with iron or wooden wheels, the modern type is more solid, weatherproof and capable of transporting heavy goods.\n" "Push-cart"
78 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 2560 18750 26 255 255 19070 1904 20 1 4 "Although knives were first used about 1.5 million years ago, spoons 20,000 years ago and the previously 'obscene' fork in the 11th century AD, for a long time nobody managed to combine the three tools at table, nor could anybody make them non-corrodible and solid.\nBefore the discovery of high-grade steel, cutlery was made from a compound of carbon and iron and had to be polished with dry cork and scouring powder to keep its shine.\nIn 1820 the French metallurgist L. Berthier realized that fluoric steel became non-corrodible when you mixed it with alloy additives like chromium. However, Krupp is considered the inventor of true stainless steel." "19_00" "" "The invention of stainless steel made housewives and restaurant owners very happy. \nIn 1820 the French metal specialist L. Berthier succeeded in making fluoric sand non-corroding by adding chromium. The industrial entrepreneur Krupp produced the first real high-grade steel cutlery. Suddenly, you could buy knives, forks and spoons made from the miraculous new material for 19 cents a piece in the US. This signalled the end of cheap iron and even of silver cutlery." "Cutlery"
79 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1280 18750 28 255 255 23770 1950 20 1 4 "In the 1940s, Earl S. Tupper of Massachusetts realized just how versatile polyethylene was and used it as a raw material for the production of the first toothbrush holders in different colours - a job he did for Du Pont┤s chemical factory in 1945.\nCompared to its predecessor bakelite, this new synthetic material had many advantages: it was elastic, indestructible, attractive and cheap to produce. \nIt was later used to make airtight containers for storing food." "19_01" "" "Plastic is conquering all areas of life.\nThe latest novelty are different sized containers made of polyethylene and which have tight fitting plastic lids that produce a vacuum inside the vessel.\nHousewives and cooks are starting to realize the benefits of these containers and are buying them in bulk." "Plastic boxes"
80 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1120 15000 28 255 255 18920 1942 20 1 4 "The history of the cardboard/plastic cup started in the USA in 1908, when the inventor Hugh Moore constructed a porcelain slot machine which offered fresh well-water plus a non-returnable cup for one penny.\nCompared to the traditional tin cups which were used by numerous passers-by without being washed, the new disposable cup had the enormous advantage of being totally hygienic and sterile.\nDisposable cups caught on because scientists showed that serious diseases such as tuberculosis could be transmitted to otherwise healthy people who shared drinking-vessels with infected patients." "19_02" "" "In many areas, people have recently changed to plastic - this is also true for dishes.\nOld-fashioned stone, tin or glass drinking vessels weren't as hygienic as the light disposable plastic cups now available everywhere.\nThese unbreakable plastic cups and plates are ideal for picnics, barbecues and children's parties. You can even throw them away afterwards if you don't feel like washing them!" "Disposable cups"
81 1 -666 2 0 0 2560 2560 1 3290 25000 23 255 255 29770 1909 20 1 4 "In 1834 the French clockmaker Jean Charles Athanase Peltier discovered that not only could heat be produced by an electric current, but also cold.\nHe achieved this by diagonally soldering two bars made of antimony and bismuth to each other and then conducting electricity through them. In this way, one of the soldered joints was heated, whereas the other was cooled down.\nIn 1838 the physicist Lenz profited from this so-called ' Peltier effect' and even froze water by means of the thermo-electrical production of cold. This was the birth of the deep-freezer!\nFinally, in the 20th century, scientists found out that this effect could be intensified by the use of semi-conductors." "19_03" "" "People have known for a long time now that you can't store food at room temperature. That is why our ancestors used to keep their milk outside the back door, where it sometimes froze solid. In the summertime, food was stored in cool stone cellars. \nIn the first decade of the 20th century, the invention of the deep-freezer revolutionised households and restaurants. Now you can cook your food and freeze it afterwards, or you can freeze fruit and vegetables to keep them fresh over a longer period of time, instead of storing them in a cellar.\nA deep-freezer of their own is a luxury most familes aim for." "Deep-freezer"
82 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 4890 25000 23 102 28 41000 1927 20 1 4 "In 1878 the French teacher Augustin Mouchot presented a solar-powered refrigerator at the World Exhibition in Paris. He had got his commission for a solar engine as early as 1861.\nAround 1050 BC, people had already used cold for preserving food. Through the winter they saved it in snow cellars and ice holes. Around 1100, oriental tribes delivered river ice and snow to their numerous cold stores.\nIn 1859 the Frenchman CarrΘ built a refrigerating machine in which evaporating ammonia lowered the temperature.\nKirk invented the closed circuit refrigerator. Linde added a steam engine compressor to his ice machine." "19_04" "" "During the second half of the 1920s, an extremely clever invention made daily housework and the preservation of food a hundred times easier - the fridge.\nIn order to keep food fresh, you formerly needed a cool cellar or at least a cold winter if you wanted to preserve perishable food in the open air. All this is in the past now!\nEvery modern household now possesses a fridge that is not only functional but also fashionable.\nThis much adored household appliance can be bought in all colours. Even though they are still very large and consume a lot of electricity, nobody can do without fridges anymore." "Fridge"
83 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1290 18750 28 102 255 42230 1955 20 1 4 "The Englishman Kenneth Wood presented the first electric kitchen appliance to the public in 1947 thereby replacing conventional mixers with a tool that combined the functions of a fruit press, mincer, grinding machine, can-opener, cutter and mixer.\nAll this was formerly done manually. The ancestors of the 'Kenwood Chef' had been manual lemon squeezers, heavy mincers that you had to screw to the kitchen table and crank by hand, grandma┤s coffee grinder and grain mill, manual can-openers, knives, beaters and whisks - and, of course, your own hands." "19_05" "" "Electronics is playing an increasingly important role in households across the world.\nIn 1947 the British inventor Kenneth Wood presented his first electric kitchen appliance to the public, replacing the conventional mixer with a tool that combined the abilities of a fruit press, mincer, grinder, can-opener, cutter and mixer.\nThis handy all-round device can do anything, making life a lot easier for housewives and restaurant owners. It is hygienic, easy to use, clean and much quicker than hand-operated appliances." "Kitchen device"
84 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 980 15000 28 102 255 29840 1933 20 1 4 "The hairdryer goes back to the invention of the tangential fan in 1956.\nScientists from the Techno-Physical Development Institute Nikolaus Laing in Aldingen were the first to manufacture a horizontal blower. It consisted of a case with an integrated hollow cylindrical rotor whose mantle was made of slim shovel-blades diagonally organised around the radius.\nThe Laing-fan was remarkable for its extremely low operatiing noise, reasonable production costs and excellent performance. This handy hairdryer was capable of displacing 12 litres of air per second." "19_06" "" "Sure, drying your flowing locks in the open air is healthier for your hair, but it isn't fashionable at all. What's more, those who sport the latest hairstyles have to spend time combing their hair to make it look good. Once you start trying to tame your tousled mane, you'll never stop. Unless, that is, you use an electric hair-dryer.\nThough this device is a bit noisy, it allows people who work in offices to turn up to work every day looking perfect. Used with a curling-brush and hair gel, the electric hair-dryer is capable of almost anything - natural-looking waves, perfect partings, controlled curls, etc.\nIt also means that you can go out in the winter without fear of catching a cold from wet hair." "Hairdryer"
85 1 -666 2 1 0 2560 2560 1 3370 25000 23 102 255 46610 1938 20 1 4 "1915 saw the birth of the electric washing machine.\nIn olden days, people on journeys washed their clothes by putting them into a sailor┤s kitbag which they threw overboard on a rope, so that the ship dragged them through the salt water for hours.\nLater, manually driven washing machines were produced that had a laundry tamper which pressed the fabric down in a washing trough over and over again in order to get the water out of it.\nAt the beginning of the 19th century, Western Europeans began to put their laundry into a wooden tub filled with washing suds. Then they turned a manual crank to up-end the tub, causing the clothes to swish about in the water." "19_07" "" "In 1915 the first electric washing machines appeared on the English and American markets. They still had to be filled with water by hand and emptied after every single wash. Since the engine was not protected by a waterproof case, short circuits and cable fires frequently occurred.\nIn 1939 models with time-switches, various cycles and adjustable water levels finally became available. This put an end to the torture of washing clothes by hand.\n" "Washing machine"
86 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1420 21000 24 101 255 63380 1968 20 1 4 "The particular advantage of the microwave oven, compared to its predecessors, gas and electric cookers, is the speed at which it cooks food.\nSir John Randall and Dr. H. A. Boot invented the magnetrone in 1940 - an electronic tube which produced microwave energy.\nIt was Dr. Percy Spencer of Raytheon who discovered by chance the ability of microwaves to cook food.\n" "19_08" "" "The development of the magnetrone (1940) by Randall and Boot, as well as Dr. Spencer┤s chance discovery that microwaves can cook food revolutionised home cooking.\nThe advantage of microwaves over gas or electric cookers is their cooking speed. The food doesn't even have to come into direct contact with a heat source.\nEverything is getting faster and faster - work, careers, everyday activities. Nobody wants to spend long hours cooking and baking any more." "Microwave"
87 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 720 12500 28 32 255 19920 1946 20 1 4 "In 1938 the first toothbrush with synthetic bristles was released in the USA as a result of the development of nylon by Du Pont┤s chief chemist.\nCompared to older brushes made from animal bristles, this new brush had the advantage of being durable, elastic and sterile. It was also much cheaper than the old horse bristle brushes.\nThe ancestors of the toothbrush are manifold: natural sponge, feather quill, brass and silver tooth-picks, as well as chewing sticks. The first bristle toothbrush was invented in China around 1500 and made from the neck hair of house pigs.\nBefore that the ancient Egyptians had already produced chewing sticks made from small twigs." "19_09" "" "The synthetic material called nylon was first produced in the US in 1938 by Du Pont. At the moment, it is not only conquering fashion, but revolutionizing households too.\nThe latest trend is toothbrushs with plastic handles and nylon bristles in various colours. Brushing your teeth is now great fun!\nThe new synthetic brushes are not merely more robust and elastic than their ancestors made from badger and horse bristles but, most importantly, they are completely sterile and totally hygienic.\nDentists highly recommend the latest nylon toothbrushes, for they have a positive effect on the health of teeth and gums." "Nylon toothbrush"
88 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 890 12500 28 102 255 36000 1964 20 1 4 "Squibb released the first electric toothbrush in the US in 1961.\nIt was more hygienic and cleaned teeth more thoroughly than a conventional manual toothbrush, as it removed plaque more completely and gave gums a nice massage in the process.\nThe very first electric toothbrush vibrated vertically, as this is what was recommended by dental experts of the time. However, these preliminary models were not able to rotate and were rectangular in shape. Round brushes only appeared on the market much later.\n" "19_10" "" "Squibb released their first electric toothbrush in the US in 1961.\nIt was more hygienic and cleaned teeth more thoroughly than a conventional manual toothbrush, as it removed plaque more completely and gave gums a nice massage in the process.\nThose who keep up to date on these matters now brush their teeth with a vertical motion as this is what is recommended by dentists all over the world." "Electric toothbrush"
89 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1230 12500 95 255 255 13690 1900 21 1 5 "For thousands of years, all clothes were either sewn by a tailor/dressmaker or by a female member of the family.\nThe very first off the peg clothes were gents' suits. They first appeared in London at the beginning of the 18th century. A little later, more clothes factories were opened in Liverpool and Dublin, although tailors┤ guilds tried to prevent this. Even the fashion metropole of Paris joined this general trend, so that from 1775 on, more French companies changed from made to measure clothes to off the peg clothes.\nIn 1824 the ladies┤ and children┤s clothes factory 'La Belle JardiniΦre' started production in Paris." "20_00" "" "Due to general thermal changes on the earth┤s surface, summers are getting warmer and warmer. Therefore, in large parts of the world, more T-shirts, shorts and summer dresses are being sold than ever before. Light, sweat-absorbent cotton fabrics and cooling silk are dominating the textile market at the start of the new century.\nIn tropical regions, summer clothes are in any case worn all year round as, even during the rainy season, the weather is extremely stifling owing to high humidity levels (up to 98%)." "Summer clothes"
90 1 -666 2 0 0 2560 2560 1 1570 18750 14 255 255 14460 1900 21 1 5 "For thousands of years, all clothes were either sewn by a tailor/dressmaker or by a female member of the family.\nThe very first off the peg clothes were gents' suits. They first appeared in London at the beginning of the 18th century. A little later, more clothes factories were opened in Liverpool and Dublin, although tailors┤ guilds tried to prevent this. Even the fashion metropole of Paris joined this general trend, so that from 1775 on, more French companies changed from made to measure clothes to off the peg clothes.\nIn 1824 the ladies┤ and children┤s clothes factory 'La Belle JardiniΦre' started production in Paris." "20_01" "" "Winter knitwear is highly fashionable. Especially in the North, people wear pullovers, scarves, caps and gloves/mittens of matching designs and patterns. These are made of high-quality lamb┤s wool and sheep-rearers are doing very well out of it.\nLately, waterproof thermal material has also been selling very well. There are now winter outfits and designer accessories available for all tastes." "Winter clothes"
91 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1400 18750 15 29 255 16000 1900 21 1 5 "To this date, the oldest shoes ever discovered are sandals made of woven papyrus found in an Egyptian grave dating from 2000 BC. \nTheir successor was the Greek 'krepis', the Roman 'crepita', the Gaul 'campagnus' and Moorish sandals made of hemp and grass. The Babylonians wore tied spats made of leather and shaped like moccasins.\nThe first shoemakers┤ guilds were founded in Rome around 200 BC. Shoes had always been a status symbol revealing their wearer┤s social class.\nFrom 1305 on, standard sizes were manufactured that were measured in lengths of barley-grain. In the 14th century, beak shoes with tips up to 40 cm long were the latest trend." "20_02" "" "Shoes are now everyday objects available to everyone.\nPreviously, however, they were an important status symbol, as their shape, design and material revealed their wearer┤s social standing.\nSince the Industrial Revolution, more and more people have demanding physical jobs and therefore wear leather shoes with rubber soles to protect their feet against dirt and injuries. Both raw materials have been available since 1900." "Shoes"
92 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2190 25000 95 15 255 28380 1907 21 1 5 "Primitive men still wore furs and animal skins as working clothes, whereas the tailors of Antiquity manufactured special, shorter togas for workers.\nIn the US, Levi Strauss was the first tailor to serve the gold diggers and sew resistant overalls of sailcloth for them. Cotton twill sold like hot cakes in the Wild West.\nLater, he designed the first hardwearing indigo jeans with studs which reinforced the pockets so that they could stand the weight of the gold prospectors┤ heavy tools.\nHowever, at that time, there still existed a clear separation of working and holiday clothes among the lower classes. Most people, principally farmers, possessed a Sunday suit apart from their workday clothes. They married in their Sunday suits and were also buried in them.\nIt was only much later that people started to change their clothes every day. This was largely due to a new trend of producing cheap off the peg clothes.\n" "20_03" "" "Owing to the rapid progress of industrialization, the number of factory workers is constantly rising.\nSince their jobs are often very dangerous and they are in constant contact with dirt and dust, they urgently need resistant, protective clothes. Furthermore, these should be made from an easy to clean, sweat-absorbent material." "Working clothes"
93 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 980 15000 15 255 255 12610 1919 21 1 5 "Handbag-like cloth and leather containers were already carried by noble ladies in Antiquity. In the bags, they stored the extremely heavy precious-metal coins of their time, but also beauty accessories such as small mirrors, lip balm, combs and hair slides.\nThroughout the course of fashion-history, fashionable accessories have appeared in all possible shapes, colours, designs and materials.\nFinally, at the beginning of the 20th century, the soft cloth bag was replaced by a box-shaped model with two handles. In her spare time and holidays the average woman of the era liked to carry a basket-like woven bag on her arm.\nFashion designers almost always created new accessories with their new collections, such as suitable bags and shoes to improve the appearance of their models and customers and achieve a harmonious unity for the whole collection.\nMore recently, longer straps appeared. In the evening, smaller, elegant mini-bags of patent leather or cloth embroidered with pearls are the preferred choice, whereas ladies often choose bigger leather models with lots of compartments and handy clasps for daily use." "20_04" "" "Leather is gradually replacing goods made from cloth. This is also true for the shoe and handbag trade.\nFashionable ladies at the turn of the century wear shoes and handbags that perfectly match their constantly changing outfits.\nAnimal skin bags of all sizes and shapes can hold plenty of handy beauty objects such as lipstick, mirrors, kleenexes, nail files, etc." "Handbags"
94 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1090 18750 19 255 255 23770 1936 21 1 5 "Crocodile leather was already worked by the ancient Egyptians though they worshipped the reptile as a god and respected its dangerous nature.\nHandbags of crocodile leather only appeared in the 19th century, the time of imperial conquests, when the British, French, Spanish, Portuguese and Germans discovered exotic continents and brought lots of treasures home with them.\nThe same was true for the skin of crocodiles and other reptiles.\nLadies all over the world soon showed an enthusiastic interest in the mosaic-type pattern of the animal's skin and had shoes and handbags made from it.\nThis way, colonialism supplied Europe with a whole kaleidoscope of new products and raw materials.\nCrocodile leather is not as popular nowadays though it can still be found in some exclusive boutiques." "20_05" "" "In the late 30s, handbags made from crocodile leather were all the rage.\nFashionable women carried crocodile skin handbags to match their crocodile shoes. \nCrocodile leather was successfully advertised on TV and radio by convincing women that they needn't play second fiddle to Hollywood stars when it came to being fashionable." "Crocodile leather handbags"
95 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 840 12500 10 255 255 7920 1900 21 1 5 "In Nothern Italy water-driven silk mills were in operation in the late 13th century. These mills could operate 240 spindles at the same time.\nIn 1610 the British clergyman William Lee built a manual loom which was able to knit tights.\nBy means of industrial espionage, the Dutch ribbon mill for weaving braids came to England where the Lombe Brothers┤ factory was the most successful in the textile sector around 1720.\nIn 1764 the manual weaver James Hargreaves of Stanhill developed his 'Spinning Jenny' which simultaneously span eight cotton threads, even though it was just a prototype. Its successors were Arkwright┤s ' Water Frame' and Crompton┤s 'Mule'." "20_06" "" "The ancient art of weaving has been completely transformed by different inventions. Modern looms made the tedious, labour-intensive handicraft a lot easier.\nLinen, cotton and silk are traditional natural fibres everybody likes to wear next to their skin. They are breathable, kind to the skin and environmentally friendly. They are also strong and easy to wash.\nSome handwoven linen table-cloths have survived for three or four generations and still captivate us with their timeless beauty.\nPeople tend to make great demands on their clothes and need durable, easy to clean gear.\n" "Fabrics"
96 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1300 15000 95 255 255 28460 1954 21 1 5 "Originally, US-citizens used the term 'jeans' for cotton fibre which was needed for the production of work clothes.\nIn 1850 the tailor Levi Strauss sewed durable overalls made of canvas for gold diggers, whose trousers were subject to extreme wear and tear.\nIn the 1860s, he replaced the sailcloth with cotton twill which was softer and was imported from Nεmes in France (of which 'denim' is derived). To make the trousers more dirt-resistant, he died them indigo. Copper studs were added in 1873 to reinforce the pockets that had to carry the heavy weight of the diggers┤ tools.\nCowboys used to put their jeans in horses' troughs and then put them on while wet so that they shrank to fit as they dried." "20_07" "" "Jeans have been the most popular work clothes since the gold rush. In the 1860s, Levi Strauss was the first to manufacture denim-jeans made from cotton twill for gold diggers.\nWith or without studs, stone-washed or dark blue, these new trousers are harder wearing than conventional canvas overalls.\nThese days, people wear jeans as a fashion accessory, not as work clothes." "Jeans"
97 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 780 12500 32 255 255 19070 1939 21 1 5 "Tights were already worn by the Romans in the 4th century BC. The word 'tights', however, was not invented until the 16th century.\nThe first stockings were the Roman 'udones' (100 AD) and they only covered feet and shins. A hundred years later, they were pulled up to the knees to prevent people's feet from getting sore in boots.\nLater, 'udones' also covered the thighs. At that time, gents who wore stockings without boots were laughed at.\nClergymen introduced tights for gentlemen much later on.\nOne of the oldest images of a woman in tights dates from 1306 and shows a lady dressing in the morning taking a 'legling' from her maid.\nIn 1561 Elizabeth I received her first pair of silk tights as a gift." "20_08" "" "A cry of relief has been raised by all the women of the world! Du Pont has finally developed a tearproof, elastic and fashionable material for decorating women's legs.\nDoes this mean no more ladders? Who knows? Nonetheless, it is finally time to say farewell to archaic 16th century silk tights. Now all women can wear transparent tights made of nylon and show off synthetically covered legs. What a sensation! This robust fabric which was first produced in the USA in 1938 is inspiring fashion designers from all over the world and making female hearts beat faster." "Nylon tights"
98 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 640 12500 10 255 255 21230 1961 21 1 5 "In the 1970s, the first disposable nappies appeared on the market and weren't nearly as sophisticated as modern ones.\nThe first Pampers were only invented about ten years later.\nIn the past, nappies were made from linen and cotton and had to be washed by hand. These materials obviously weren't waterproof and this meant that babies often ended up with sore bottoms. \nParents should be thankful that the modern disposable nappy makes life so much easier for them." "20_09" "" "Traditional cotton nappies are no longer considered good enough.\nAn increasing number of young mothers have jobs and don't have the time to spend washing dirty nappies. All over the world, women are switching to disposable paper nappies.\nDisposable nappies are more absorbent, hygienic and healthier than their cloth predecessors." "Disposable baby nappies"
99 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1200 18750 29 255 255 15300 1912 21 1 5 "Raincoats were invented by Charles Macintosh in Glasgow in 1830. He applied naphta-treated rubber layers to fabric to obtain a waterproof material which didn't smell of rubber - unlike its predecessor which had been waterproofed by tree milk.\nAs early as in prehistoric times, people protected themselves against rain by covering themselves with waxed leaves, grass-blades or sewn together animal skins.\nThe Egyptians used oiled papyrus, whereas the Chinese varnished silk. The Spaniards, finally, discovered that Amazon-Indians soaked their capes and moccasins in the white milky sap of the 'herea brasiliensis'.\n" "20_10" "" "In 1830 the raincoat was invented by Charles Macintosh in Glasgow. The chemist developed a new material by treating rubber layers with naphta and applying them to cloth. Compared to the previous model which had been waterproofed by means of tree milk, this resistant macintosh was relatively odourless.\nIn England and continental Europe the first rubber coats were initially called 'macintosh' or 'mackintosh' after their inventor.\nAlmost everybody owns a waterproof macintosh and matching boots at some stage of their lives. Especially for children who like jumping around in puddles, rubber clothes are a real blessing.\n" "Raincoat"
100 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 800 18750 29 15 95 42150 1947 21 1 5 "In Ancient Greece, all athletes ran barefoot. We know this with certainty from reports and sculptures of the era which have survived to this day, for they often represent sportsmen.\nIn the 1980s, Joseph William Foster of Great Britain made the very first trainers with spikes. They were specially handmade for professional runners.\nIn 1958 two of the founders┤ grandsons formed Reebok from these humble beginnings, naming their company after an agile African gazelle.\nIn 1979 Paul Fireman brought the exclusive brand to America where he sold them at $60 a pair.\nDuring the Aerobics-wave of the 80s, the company started making special sports shoes for women with which they had as much success as with their previous models.\nFrom 1982 on, they also started to manufacture sports shoes for American football, soccer, baseball and other disciplines." "20_11" "" "Most people play sports these days in order to make up for the fact that they spend all their time at work sitting down.\nSome people put on tracksuits and trainers and enjoy jogging in the open air. Others forget their daily sorrows while doing gymnastics and yoga. The more competitive ones play team sports such as football and basketball.\nAll of them need special sports shoes with non-slip soles.\nKids at school are made wear sports shoes in order to prevent injuries - it is also more hygienic than playing barefoot." "Sport shoes"
101 0 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 890 12500 28 25 255 7590 1925 22 1 2560 "In 1906 three inventions introduced the age of electronics: the discovery of the rectifying qualities of crystals by the American H.H.C. Dunwoody, the patenting of the cathode ray relay (amplifier tube) by the Austrian Robert von Lieben, and the invention of audione (triode) by the American Lee De Forest.\nIn 1945 the first big electronic computer was connected to the mains at the University of Pennsylvania. It weighed 30 tons, covered a surface area of 140 square metres and contained more than 18,000 electronic tubes and 1,500 relays.\nIn 1952 the Englishman Dummer succeeded in creating integrated circuitry with electronic components." "21_00" "" "The electronics industry is constantly developing staggering new inventions. Audio-, video- and phono-devices are all selling very well, as are remote-controlled cars.\nElectronic components keep on getting smaller and more powerful, making a wide range of new products possible.\nEarly in the century, people were very taken with radio and TV.\nThere are now also sophisticated toys which can be operated by remote control. There are no limits on what the imagination can conceive and produce." "Electronic components"
102 0 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 980 15000 23 25 255 0 1927 22 1 2560 "In 1821 Michael Faraday discovered the basic principle of the electric engine, i.e. an electric conductor constantly rotating around a permanent magnet.\nIn 1833 Ritchie constructed the first rotating electric engine.\nMoritz Hermann Jacobi built the first functioning electric engine in Petersburg in 1834 by using an electric magnet to create a field the polarity of which could be reversed. In 1838 he succeeded in sailing an electric boat for the first time in history.\nIn 1854 Werner Siemens invented the six-cylinder engine ('Teller engine'), in which electric magnets arranged in a circle were energized in sequence.\nIn 1860 Lenoir presented his internal combustion engine and Pacinnotti his first direct-current engine." "21_01" "" "Having to do every chore at home manually was a real strain on housewives of the past.\nThis all changed in the first decades of the 20th century when electric household appliances came on the market.\nNow the machines did all the work, making life easier for everybody." "Electric engines"
103 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1850 18750 21 101 255 30770 1925 22 1 6 "The US-physicist Lee De Forest is known as the 'father of radio', because he invented the electronic amplifying tube. In doing so, he came up with the essential piece of equipment needed for wireless broadcasting. To do this, he first had to convert his 'audion' into a radio tube.\nThe first radio waves were broadcast by the Canadian Reginald Aubrey Fessenden on December 24, 1906 in Massachusetts.\nIn 1913 the Austro-German physical scientist Alexander Meisner invented a feedback tube transmitter, the so-called 'oscillating audion', in Berlin for which he applied for a patent in 1914.\nIn 1917 the Frenchman Lucien LΘvy got his commission for his jam receiver, almost at the same time as Abraham and Bloch got one for their tube oscillator which produced a regular frequency of 1,000 Hz.\nThe Italian Marconi experimented with USW (l=10cm-1m), the broadcasting quality and range of which were much greater than conventional short waves." "21_02" "" "In the 20s, the huge box radio was the pride of the family around which the young and old gathered in the evening.\nEverybody respected it as it was the chief distributor of news and entertainment.\nThe invention of the radio ushered in a new media age in which newspapers lost their long-held dominant position." "Radio old"
104 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 2460 25000 21 101 33 38380 1929 22 1 6 "In 1884 the German engineer Nipkow broadcasted images with the help of an electric image scanner, the so-called 'Nipkow-disc', which moved between the object to be transmitted and a photo-electric cell.\nIn 1896 Edison combined his cinetoscope for viewing films with his phonograph. The result was a light-sound-device called the 'cinetophone' ('-ograph').\nIn 1906 Rosing worked with the Nipkow-disc in Russia, while Dieckmann and Glage experimented with Brown┤s TV-tube.\nIn 1911 the Russian physicist Zworykin first transmitted a TV-image by using electrical devices in St. Petersburg. In 1925 he demonstrated his iconoscope in the USA after his emigration." "21_03" "" "Grandad┤s radio is really great, but what are voices and noise flying through the air compared with satellite-transmitted image-sequences which even include sound and animation all together?\nThis is even more exciting than the theatre and the circus. And you can experience it within the comfort of your own home!\nEven if the grey shades of the early TV-films now appear rather monotonous, the vast majority of families more and more frequently spend whole evenings in their home-cinema. These days, three generations regularly sit respectfully in front of the mysterious magic box gazing into the distance.\n" "TV-set (b/w)"
105 1 -666 1 2 1 2560 2560 1 2240 25000 28 101 33 51460 1963 22 1 6 "The Russian physicist Zworykin got his US-commission for a colour-TV tube in 1925. His iconoscope was a cathode-ray tube whose screen was made of hundreds of singular emmission photography cells applied to a mica sheet and supported by a conductive electrode.\nThe image to be transmitted was projected onto this mosaic and the electron-ray systematically scanned one pixel after another.\nIn 1925 the Scottish TV-mechanic John Baird succeeded in broadcasting colour-TV images. Baird also did a lot for the production of the first private TV-sets in Great Britain." "21_04" "" "The 50s saw all continents blessed with an unheard of economic boom which also had great effects on technological progress.\nTelevision had already been part of daily life for a considerable time, though it was not quite the institution it is now.\nNevertheless, the final blow was landed when TV-technicians succeeded in broadcasting films and programs in near natural colours. That was the end for boring old black and white TV! At last, it was possible to see whether Audrey Hepburn┤s chic dresses and shoes were violet or green!\nAll over the world, people stared enthusiastically at the screen and were stunned by the endless possibilities the brand new technology offered them. Everything was getting more realistic - you could almost think you were part the show yourself.\n\n" "Colour-TV"
106 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 2190 18750 28 23 101 48000 1953 22 1 6 "As early as 1877, the factory-owner Paul Ehrlich of Leipzig-Gohlis constructed various mechanical musical instruments (including pianos) which automatically played musical pieces by scanning metal discs with holes punched into them. These were a sort of predecessor of the juke-box.\nThe holes were punched into the rotating disc in the shape of radial strips, with every single hole representing a key, and every single distance from the disc centre representing a certain pitch. These devices were already capable of producing polyphonic music.\nIt was only in the 1950s that the younger - as well as the elder - generation got together around the juke-boxes standing in countless cafΘs and bars. Suddenly, all you had to do was put a cent into the slot and press a button to hear your favourite rock and roll song blasting out from an integrated single-record-player." "21_05" "" "The tunes of the 50s are ringing in everybody┤s ears.\nYoungsters from all social classes dash into music cafΘs and meet at weekly five o┤clock teas.\nNowadays, people don't bother listening to rock and roll on the radio but prefer the latest electronic miracle - the jukebox. Simply put a cent into the slot and press a button to hear your favourite song being played. \nWho can resist standing up and dancing when rousing music blasts out from a juke box?\n" "Juke-box"
107 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 1430 18750 23 21 28 31540 1949 22 1 6 "In 1769 the inventor Wolfgang von Kempelen constructed a device which he presented to the public as a chess-playing robot. He wandered from court to court to demonstrate his miracle-machine to his astonished audience.\nKempelen knew how to profit from the enthusiasm of late-baroque society for mechanical devices and industriously showed his 'intelligent' machine anywhere he could. The machine seemed to react logically to the moves of its human opponent.\nThis 'robot' looked like a human-sized doll disguised as a Turk and sat with crossed legs at a box-shaped table. On the table, there was a chessboard with chessmen. The oriental-looking artificial man could smoke a pipe, 'communicate' in different languages and shake his head. You could even open him up.\nNevertheless, what the audience did not realize at the time was that the machine was controlled by a human chessplayer which the fraud Kempelen had hidden in a corner of the table.\nIt was only in 1895 that Charles Fey constructed the first real pin-ball machine in San Francisco." "21_06" "" "Electronics is revolutionizing the entertainment industry. Pin-ball machines can now be found in most bars, cinemas and gambling dens.\nThis machine is particularly popular among schoolboys who are prepared to spend their last penny in trying to beat it.\nYou can really get addicted to this sort of game and totally lose track of time while playing.\n" "Pin-ball machine"
108 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1670 18750 28 101 255 46840 1956 22 1 6 "In 1973 the engineers Oskar Heil and Lincoln Walsh built, independently of each other, new loudspeaker systems which produced particularly high sound quality (hi-fi = high fidelity) and acoustic effects.\nThis made it impossible to distinguish an acoustic reproduction from the original. Hi-fi has since become the international technical standard for all radios, record players, tape recorders, amplifiers and loudspeaker systems.\nEvery hi-fi unit contained at least two or three loudspeaker systems that were each optimized for low, middle and high frequencies (30-20,000 Hz)." "21_07" "" "Almost at the same time as the colour TV was released, the audio industry released the first fully functioning hi-fi units on the world market.\nThis attractive device consists of a stereo record-player for LPs and singles, an integrated tape-recorder with recording capability, and a radio. At least two separate stereo speakers with amplifiers complete the high fidelity miracle.\nNow you can set up your own disco at home and dinner invitations for friends are likely to turn into all-singing all-dancing performances on the living room floor.\nCertainly, the unit is still a bit big and heavy, but who cares about that when you can experience the crazy stereo rhythms of Little Richard and Fats Domino?" "Hi-fi unit"
109 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2450 25000 21 25 255 21300 1910 22 1 6 "In 968 the Chinese already knew that the string telephone consisted of a long thread with a sound box fastened to one end. The sound-box served as an acoustic-mechanic microphone. At the other end of the thread there was a loudspeaker.\nIn 1837 the physicist Charles G. Page of Salem discovered that iron bars could be used to send out sounds if stimulated by electric current.\nIn 1861 the elementary school teacher Johann Philipp Reis of Gelnhausen demonstrated his magnetic telephone which consisted of a sender, a receiver and two lines.\nIn 1876 Alexander Graham Bell┤s new telephone gained the acceptance of the general public." "21_08" "" "One of man's oldest dreams finally came true: people could talk to each other over long distances using the telephone.\nThis device revolutionized communications at the turn of the century. You only had to turn the handle a few times to be connected to an operator and then - presto! - to a long-lost friend or relative. At such precious moments, the strange crackling and interference on the line didn't matter at all.\n" "Crank telephone"
110 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2030 18750 28 25 255 34300 1932 22 1 6 "In 1877 Siemens started the industrial production of telephones in Germany.\nIn 1889 the American mortician Almon Brown Strowger invented the automatic telephone connection that replaced the often indiscreet 'Miss Operator' at the switchboard and allowed every single telephone customer a direct connection to their desired number simply by pressing three buttons.\nFrom 1898, telephone calls could be recorded on a phonograph and recalled later by means of a receiver.\nIn 1915 the first dial appeared. In 1927 an automatic telephone was presented at the Paris Industrial Trade Fair. In 1928 a transatlantic telephone connection was established for the first time ever.\n" "21_09" "" "Nobody wants to turn a crank any more in order to speak to another person in a distant city or a foreign country. The dial telephone is revolutionizing the world of tele-communications and slowly replacing its ancestor, the crank telephone.\nThe new apparatus possesses a dial with the numbers zero to nine on it. In addition to this, you can now use an all-in-one handpiece instead of the old mouthpiece and cradle.\nIt is also now possible to dial a number directly, without having to go through an operator.\nFor the time being, there are only quarter- and semi-connections, which means that you have to share a number with one to three other telephone subscribers. This frequently causes queues on the line." "Telephone"
111 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1470 18750 28 101 255 48000 1966 22 1 6 "Push-button telephones replaced dial phones in the 1980s. They were easier to use and, in theory, worked like small computers on which you could save commands and numbers.\nThe world of telecommunications had gone digital, both in offices and in the home. In the 90s, post offices and telecom-companies exclusively sold push-button telephones to their customers and withdrew all remaining dial phones.\n" "21_10" "" "Household and communication devices are nearly all electronic nowadays. This has entailed some interesting innovations in telecommunications too.\nThe old dial is no longer fashionable. Modern phones all have push-button keypads.\nEach push of a button is now transformed into a digital signal and sent down the wire before being converted back into an analogue signal when it reaches its destination.\nThe latest telephones are more comfortable, attractive, easier to handle and lighter than previous models. Moreover, they have increased the quality of long-distance calls, making it sound as if the person you are talking to is just next door." "Push-button telephone"
112 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 360 12500 8 255 255 6000 1913 23 1 7 "The cultures of Antiquity already baked like professionals. The production of fancy dough and tasty bread of all sorts had been regarded as a precious handicraft since the very first stages of human development.\nIn 1850 the technical engineer T. Vicars built a baker┤s oven for permanent operation in Liverpool - an invention which introduced the industrial mass-production of bread and pastries.\nAround 1901, electric current first surged through households and factories. As a result of this, electric cookers and ovens appeared on the market. Though still quite expensive, they were already very efficient. \nBakers' ovens equipped with thermostats appeared in the US in 1915, a fact which gave rise to the industrial production of cakes and pastries.\n\n" "22_00" "" "Good old bread still tastes wonderful. However, some of the most desired products of the moment are rolls and croissants delivered to one┤s home by the baker on Sunday mornings.\nThis is the occasion for the whole family to meet around the breakfast table and greet the new day with aromatic coffee and tasty pastries.\nWho doesn't feel like they're living the life of Riley at such moments?\nThe Sunday paper, a cup of freshly brewed coffee, a wonderful smelling croissant and the whole day for lazing around - what else does the soul need to feel free?" "Baker┤s ware"
113 1 -666 2 1 0 2560 2560 1 540 18750 12 33 255 9920 1900 23 1 7 "Even in Antiquity, people used to squeeze fresh fruit juice to cool down on hot summer days. Pomegranate juice and syrup were particularly popular in eastern countries. The richer a family was, the more exotic the fruit they could offer their guests as refreshment.\nFarmers had used wooden fruit juicers since the early Middle Ages to press their own non-alcoholic drinks, wines and ciders which they sold at markets or stored in cellars to enjoy at home.\nFruit juice treatments for health reasons were already recommended by doctors during Paracelsus' time (first half of the 16th century). He based his own therapies on the use of herbs, roots, fruit and vegetables.\nDuring the inter-war period, fruit juice was industrially manufactured for the first time. At that time carbonic acid, colouring, sugar and preservatives were also added for the first time." "22_01" "" "Nowadays, to quench their thirst, people don't drink fresh well water but prefer bottled fruit-flavoured drinks.\nLemonade and orange juice are conquering the global market. The more homemade the drinks taste the better - and you can get a sugar kick from them too!\nAdults are just as fond of these drinks as children are." "Fruit juice"
114 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 870 25000 16 27 255 24920 1934 23 1 7 "In former times, meat was salted, dried or smoked in order to keep it fresh over a longer period of time. It was mostly stored in wooden barrels.\nThe procedure of cooking ready-made food in cans and soldering them shut to preserve the contents for longer was invented by the Parisian cook Appert in 1804.\nCans were only distributed over a wide territory when the British salesman Durand promoted them as suitable containers for Royal Navy provisions during the war against Napoleon (1810).\nIn the US, the metal cans were first used to store soldiers' provisions during the Civil War." "22_02" "" "In 1804 the Parisian cook Nicolas-Franτois Appert invented a procedure during which food could be cooked in cans. After this, the containers were soldered shut. This allowed the contents to be kept fresh over a longer period of time.\nAlthough in the US metal cans had been available since 1817, they were not distributed over a large territory until the Civil War in which they were used to carry soldiers' provisions.\nCooking for yourself is out. Eating food out of cans is up to date. For housewives, canned meat is as great a help as the washing-machine." "Preserved meat"
115 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 870 16000 157 27 255 14190 9000 23 1 7 "Fish was formerly salted, dried or smoked in order to keep it fresh over long periods of time. It was mostly stored in wooden barrels.\nThe procedure of cooking ready-made food in cans and soldering them shut, thus preserving the contents for longer, was invented by the Parisian cook Appert in 1804.\nCans were only distributed over a wide territory when the British salesman Durand promoted them as suitable containers for Royal Navy provisions during the war against Napoleon (1810).\nIn the US, the metal cans were first widely used during the Civil War.\n" "22_03" "" "In 1804 the Parisian cook Nicolas-Franτois Appert invented a procedure during which food could be cooked in cans. After this, the containers were soldered shut. This allowed the contents to be kept fresh over a longer period of time.\nAlthough in the US metal cans had been available since 1817, they were not distributed over a large territory until the Civil War in which they were used to carry soldiers' provisions.\nNowadays, lovers of fish can munch their favourite dish from cans. This saves time and energy (apart from the energy it takes to open the cans!)." "Preserved fish"
116 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 760 25000 12 27 255 24920 1934 23 1 7 "Fruit was formerly dried to keep it fresh over a long period of time.\nThe procedure of cooking ready-made food in cans and soldering them shut, thus preserving the contents for longer was invented by the Parisian cook Appert in 1804.\nCans were only distributed over a wide territory when the British salesman Durand promoted them as suitable containers for Royal Navy provisions during the war against Napoleon (1810).\nIn the US, metal cans were first used during the Civil War." "22_04" "" "Agriculture is currently dominated by fruit cultivation. In former times, people preserved fruit by drying it.\nIn 1804 the Parisian cook Nicolas-Franτois Appert discovered a procedure by which you could cook finished food in cans, solder the containers shut and thus preserve the food for long periods of time.\nIn 1810 the British salesman Peter Durand distributed the can over a large area by using it to supply the Royal Navy with food during their war against Napoleon.\nCanned fruit contains just as many vitamins as fresh fruit and so is very popular with housewives." "Preserved fruit"
117 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 420 15000 8 17 255 12070 1903 23 1 7 "Did you know that the Dutch invented the doughnut?\nAnd that they did this in the 16th century? Admittedly, they simply called it 'oil cake' back then.\nIt was the pilgrim fathers who took the popular doughnut to the New World.\nA captain from Maine, called Hanson Gregory, put a hole into the sweet cake in 1847 so that the dough would bake through more thoroughly. Before that, the centre of the doughnut had been too soggy for him.\nTherefore, doughnuts with holes were available from 1900 on.\n" "22_05" "" "In 1847 Captain Hanson Gregory of Maine put a hole in the doughnuts which had existed since the 16th century. He did so to enable a more even baking of the dough.\nPeople currently enjoy doughnuts everywhere - in the streets, at their workplaces, schools, on park benches, in cinemas, etc. A worldwide doughnut boom is taking place.\nThe baked sweet is not only a tasty dessert, but also a popular in-between meals snack." "Doughnuts"
118 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 560 15000 125 16 255 17150 1924 23 1 7 "No, neither the Americans nor the inhabitants of the German city are the inventors of the hamburger. In reality, the spicy fast-food comes from medieval Asia.\nIt goes back to the war-loving Tartars┤ custom of cutting the tough meat of Russian cattle into tiny bits to make it more tasty and digestible. This was the birth of the 'Beefsteak Tartare'!\nThe Germans created the well-known minced meat based on the Tartars┤ invention. It was also called 'Hamburger Steak' - which English speakers erroneously mistook for 'ham' - and was a very spicy, daily meal for many poor Germans." "22_06" "" "Hamburgers (by the way, mistakenly derived from 'ham') are leading the worldwide trend in fast food consumption. Although their real inventor is anonymous (to this day, nobody knows who was the first to put the Hamburger Steak, which had been introduced in the USA around 1885, into a sliced roll), these minced meat 'sandwiches' are becoming more and more popular.\nThe younger - as well as the elder - generation munch on plain hamburgers and hamburgers garnished with salad. They are ideal as in-between meal snacks or as a quick lunch/dinner for those who don't like cooking." "Hamburgers"
119 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 340 12500 17 255 255 14150 1928 23 1 7 "Ready-made bottled baby-food containing essential milk and ingredients which imitated mother┤s milk only became available in the 1960s. This powder only had to be mixed with water, poured into a feeding bottle and cooled down to a suitable temperature. Of course, you had to shake the bottle beforehand!\nA few generations earlier, mothers who had already weaned their tiny infants used to prepare a so-called 'flour bottle' which, as can be gathered from its name, consisted of a lot of flour and some sugar, water and milk. It burned easily, often turned into a sticky mush and tasted stale and stodgy.\nIn earlier times, sucklings and infants all had to be fed at their mother┤s breast until they had reached the age of three." "22_07" "" "In the olden days, mothers who wanted to wean their sucklings and get them used to the bottle had to use a mixture of flour and milk. This mixture burned easily and, in any case, cow's milk was too heavy for small babies.\nNowadays, powdered milk can be prepared in just a few minutes. It also contains many valuable ingredients similar to mother┤s milk that babies urgently need for their growth and health. Now mothers and babies have every reason to be jolly!" "Baby food"
120 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 550 15000 11 17 255 15540 1917 23 1 7 "Since the turn of the century, peanuts have become the most popular snack wherever you go. Since 1905, people have enjoyed the beans roasted and now buy them in bags.\nThe latest specialty for gourmets, however, was peanut butter. It was an instant hit with all family members and was delicious spread on bread or eaten straight from the jar.\nThe young and old quickly abandoned grandma's homemade jam in favour of peanut butter." "22_08" "" "For children and grown-ups who have a sweet tooth, peanut butter is the ideal choice for breakfast and snacks. Moreover, according to renowned medical experts, peanut butter is very healthy because it contains high quantities of vitamin B.\nThis soft nut-flavoured spread really melts like cream on your tongue." "Peanut butter"
121 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 320 12500 11 255 255 10380 1905 23 1 7 "Once a gastronomic curiosity in the USA, the custom of nibbling peanuts from bags during cinema or circus performances quickly spread all over the country.\nThe bean which was called 'goober' (a Bantu word) by the black slaves of the Southern US states was roasted to make it more crispy and tasty. Although it is called a nut, it actually isn't one at all.\nPeanuts soon became very popular with all age groups." "22_09" "" "Peanuts are very popular everywhere, but the fact that you can now buy them shelled, roasted, salted and packed into handy paper bags is a sensation.\nMothers may well go blue in the face shouting at their kids but it's bound to be of little use - peanuts are just too tasty to resist, even right before dinner." "Roasted peanuts"
122 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1230 25000 16 28 255 32770 1954 23 1 7 "Freezing food at temperatures below -18 ░ C to keep it fresh has always been completely natural for the inhabitants of arctic zones.\nThe industrial utilisation of cold could only take place after the introduction of the refrigerating compression machine by Carl von Linde (1875).\nThe first cold stores were introduced around 1880. At the same time, refrigerator ships were already transporting frozen meat from South America to England via Australia.\nIn the US, industrial freezing of fish, eggs and fruit started around the turn of the century." "22_10" "" "As housewives of the 50s had already owned deep-freezes for quite a long time, industrial entrepreneurs could achieve considerable turnover with frozen foods.\nThis meant that housewives no longer had to go to the butcher's every day but could buy enough food for a whole week at a time. They could also buy pre-wrapped uncooked dishes. This saved them time and expense and also prevented food that wasn't eaten straight away from going off.\nAccording to food experts, frozen food contains as many vitamins and minerals as fresh food, making it very popular in the home and in restaurants.\n" "Frozen foods"
123 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1230 16000 156 17 255 15790 9000 23 1 7 "The ecological wave of the 1980s meant that Swiss muesli was introduced to many countries of the world. The original muesli was called 'Bircher mⁿsli' by its inventors and entered the US and European markets in every possible shape and size. The handy muesli bar was soon sold everywhere as a healthy in-between-meals snack for sporty types and weight-watchers.\nA little later, all sorts of nutty, fruity and chocolaty fillings were developed, as well as good old-fashioned chocolate coating for those with a sweet tooth.\nThe crispy, hygienically wrapped, healthy sweets were soon popular with the young and old. Since not everyone took the time to prepare their own breakfast muesli with fresh fruit, ground nuts and milk, most people gladly seized on ready wrapped muesli bars as morning meals.\nThe trend to create mini packages for sweets had just started." "22_11" "" "Healthy in-between-meal-snacks are all the rage in 1918.\nPeople who have a sweet tooth for chocolate can happily and without guilt bite into crispy, chocolate-covered cereal bars.\nIn doing so, you can satisfy your body's daily vitamin and mineral requirements without having to torture yourself with diets. What's more, chocolate is said to help women maintain a healthy hormonal balance.\nMoreover, the crunchy chocolate bars satisfy in-between-meals-hunger very quickly and efficiently, especially in the morning and afternoon. Very busy people who work long hours welcome the sweet snack as a handy supplement to their daily meals." "Chocolate bar"
124 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 240 8000 156 59 255 0 9000 23 1 7 "In 1921 the Austrian car and plane constructor Edmund Rumpler succeeded in building an automobile with a stream-lined body, thereby minimizing air resistance. In 1922 Lancia, Italy experimented with the self-carrying body which they first designed for the Lambda model. Between 1908 and 1928 the Ford Motor Company sold 15 million units of their model T. At that time, more and more people could afford cars, and many members of the upper class were already able to acquire luxury-cars. One of Renault's first cars with a self-carrying body was the Juvaquatre. Since the 1950s, car body constructors have attached more and more importance to the use of non-corroding, service-free materials, such as fibre-glass and polyester resin." "22_12" "" "The sixties are well-known for their revolutionary events in politics as well as in other fields of life. The toy and food industries were also affected by unforgettable changes.\nHowever, there was one invention that hit like a bomb - the surprise egg.\nEverywhere, kids dashed into shops to buy the delicious chocolate eggs wrapped into multi-coloured foil. To unveil the precious contents, they merely had to break the sweet egg apart. The plastic figures that made up the yolk in the interior of the egg were a much sought after prize.\nAnybody with a sweet tooth really got their money┤s worth: on the one hand, the fine chocolate melted in their mouths like butter; on the other hand, they could have fun with the toy once they'd eaten the egg." "Surprise eggs"
125 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 240 12500 8 255 255 4540 1900 23 1 7 "Around 2600 BC the Egyptians discovered that bread rose and turned lighter if they did not put the cereal-water-dough mixture into the oven right away, but first put it aside to ferment. This was the invention of leavening!\nAfter this, they developed over 50 types of bread. However, the best bread bakers of Antiquity were the Romans.\nTypical Roman bread weighed less than a pound and was shaped into a loaf. It was baked either on the cooker as 'panis artopicius' (pan bread) or in a ceramic tin in the oven as 'panis testustis' (tin bread).\nThis strenuous work was mostly done by slaves. During Jesus Christ┤s lifetime, Jewish people ate unleavened bread during the Passover festival (bread not containing any yeast or salt)." "22_13" "" "Bread has always been the basic food of many cultures. Industrialization has not changed this in any way, for 'those who work shall eat!'.\nEveryone wants to eat white bread, for it was traditionally a delicacy eaten by only by the bourgeoisie who had their bread specially baked from white flour.\nNow the working class wants to enjoy soft doughy white bread too and pounces on it in bakeries and stores.\n" "Bread"
126 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 750 12500 34 255 255 8770 1900 24 1 8 "In 59 BC Caesar introduced the 'acta diurna', the first newspaper in history. It reported on the negotiations of public corporations and was later turned into a propaganda machine by the Emperor Augustus. It contained illustrated reports and was copied out by hand.\nUntil the 18th century, newspapers were printed on manual printing presses. In 1811 the cylinder printing machine appeared on the market. It was capable of printing 800 pages an hour.\nIn 1846 the Englishman Applegath and the American Hoe put the first rotary press into operation (20,000 pages per hour)." "23_00" "" "In 1846 the Englishman Applegath and the American Hoe put the first rotary printing press machine into operation. It could print 20,000 pages an hour.\nThe age of print media had arrived. More and more people read the dailies in order to keep pace with increasingly rapid technological progress.\nNewspapers and early magazines were sold in the streets and at newsstands. Some papers could be subscribed to and delivered directly to readers┤ homes like milk.\n" "Newspapers"
127 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 890 18750 35 58 255 33000 1930 24 1 8 "The oldest existing board game was discovered in 1920 during excavations in the town of Ur (Mesopotamia) by the British archaeologist Sir Leonard Woolley. It was played with pieces and dice very similar to backgammon.\nAbout 4,300 years ago, all social levels of Egyptian society - including the Pharaoh - played 'senet'. Its board was made of papyrus and the playing pieces were made of ivory. This game was even found in Pharaoh Tut-an┤khamen┤s grave - a good indication of its popularity with the ancient Egyptians.\nUntil the 19th century, many board games (including chess) were used for religious purposes and for fortune-telling.\nChess is said to have been invented by a Hindu towards the end of the fifth century in Northern India. Other sources suggest a Persian or Russian origin.\nCheckers was also well-known in ancient Egypt and was used as an oracle to foresee the outcome of wars. At that time, it was called 'alquerque'." "23_01" "" "Chess, draughts, halma and ludo are as popular as ever before. It seems that classical board games never die out.\nIn the evening, families gather together and have fun rolling the dice.\nChess championships, as well as amateur-competitions for children and youngsters organized all over the world, help to maintain the popularity of classical games. In cafΘs, chess players are seen as often as card players." "Board games"
128 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 780 18750 34 255 255 24460 1941 24 1 8 "The Swiss Rodolphe T÷pffer is considered the inventor of comic strips. Between 1830 and 1840, he published hand-drawn albums for adults.\nLater, other artists such as DorΘ, Cham and Nadar published similar collections too.\nAt the end of the 19th century, satire was flourishing within and without the print media, as were short stories with or without words. At that time, the most popular form of humour was hand-drawn cartoons and picture-sequences like 'Le Chat Noir', 'Le Rire' and 'La Chronique amusante'.\nAt the turn of the century, comics for kids finally appeared. They were stories told purely in pictures and didn't contain any speech bubbles.\nThe oldest comic-like strip, named 'Le duel', was created by LΘonce Petit and drawn in Indian ink on paper in 1870.\nLouis Forton used speech balloons for the first time in his 'Pieds NickelΘs' (1929). He also added speedlines and whirring stars, as well as exclamation and question marks, of the kind we all know so well from Disney comics." "23_02" "" "Mickey Mouse and Goofy are about to conquer the world. Kids no longer read books. Nowadays, they prefer to read and spend all their pocket-money on colourful comics.\nYou can even see people queuing up at newsagents when the latest editions of the more popular comics are released." "Comics"
129 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 670 15000 35 255 255 11540 1904 24 1 8 "The oldest type of playing card was the tarot.\nAround the middle of the 15th century, an artist called Bonifacio Bempo painted a set of cards without any names or numbers for the Visconti family in Milan. These pictures comprised the classical pack for an Italian game, named 'tarocchi'. There were four coloured suits of 14 cards each, plus 22 cards presenting different scenes which were later baptized 'triomphi' ( i.e. trumps).\nMany of these 22 images could simply be regarded as a catalogue of medieval social types, such as 'the Pope' or 'the Emperor', or well-known metaphors of the Middle Ages, like 'the Wheel of Fortune'. Some cards represented virtues, such as modesty, strength, etc.\nOccultists had always suspected the cards had a secret origin and maintained that the tarot was created on the occasion of a big conference of cabbalists in Morocco in 1300.\nBefore the 18th century, tarocchi was considered a normal card game for general entertainment. It was only in the Age of Reason that Gebelin claimed that the tarot was a holy remnant of an ancient Egyptian book of magic, called 'Thot'.\nSince then, the card game has been used for fortune-telling and meditation.\nMany different variations of tarot have also appeared throughout the ages." "23_03" "" "Around 1900, cards were still one of the most popular parlour games. Whether playing bridge, poker or solitaire, noblemen and ordinary people could spend their evenings in friendly company with a pint of beer, a few sandwiches and their cards. Of course, people sometimes also played for money.\nIt is not unusual to find a woman sitting alone for hours at a card table quietly playing cards. This is the ideal pastime for long winter evenings and it is perhaps no accident that the French term for 'solitaire' is 'patience'.\nAs we can see, some games never lose their attraction." "Cards"
130 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 540 12500 34 255 255 8690 1900 24 1 8 "The ancient Egyptians used paper which they made from Nile reeds (papyrus).\nThe Indians knew how to write by around 3500 BC - they also had writing paper made of palm pith on which they wrote with a stylus, oil and soot.\nAround 105, the Chinese T┤sai Lun produced paper made from silk and linen rags which was meant to replace expensive silk as a writing material.\nIn Northern Thailand people had manufactured paper before the Chinese did. They made it from the bark of the mulberry tree.\nAround 1340, the first European paper mill was opened in Fabriano (Ancona) and produced linen paper.\nIn 1500 graphite pencils for writing on paper were introduced in England.\nIn 1670 the Dutch rationalized their paper manufacture by putting a new machine into operation which they named after themselves. This 'Dutch' was a milling and mixing machine in which paper pulp was pounded in a large trough before being dehydrated. At that time, paper was already bleached by means of chloric lime.\nThe Renaissance was an era in which the need for greaseproof paper increased dramatically, as countless new literary works were written and much ancient literature was translated.\n" "23_04" "" "The demand for office paper and writing tools is constantly increasing.\nDue to the increasing flood of reading material and information, many people are starting to make notes regularly. Masses of diaries are kept and everybody notes down important dates and ideas so that they will not forget them. \nAt school, paper copybooks are slowly replacing slates. Exercise books have the advantage of allowing students bring what they copied off the blackboard home to study, whereas slates had to be wiped clean before each lesson.\nThere were also plenty of amateur and professional writers at the turn of the century. In keeping with tradition, they preferred to use paper and pen when taking notes of their daily impressions." "Copybooks"
131 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 600 12500 34 255 255 12500 1916 24 1 8 "In pre-WW2 America, people already used to wrap birthday and Christmas presents in colourful paper which they usually also decorated with a pretty bow.\nIn Europe, this custom did not really appear until the 50s, as immediately after the Second World War nobody could afford such luxury.\nThe paper industry slowly began to specialize. First, it produced wrappings of lightweight silk and rough brown wrapping paper, and later introduced printed wrapping paper.\nSoon, supermarkets and newsagents were inundated with paper of all different sizes, shapes and colours. Designs ranged from traditional red and green for Christmas to more gaudy modern colours. Suddenly every event had to be accompanied by its own special wrapping paper." "23_05" "" "Family celebrations like Christmas are made all the better if the long-desired gifts are wrapped in colourful paper.\nThe gifts industry is really on the rise. For example, many shops now provide gift-wrapping services coming up to Christmas.\nFamilies equip themselves with sophisticated wrapping paper, bows and all sorts of decorative accessories in order to give their presents an individual touch.\nThe average quality of life is now higher than before and so people offer each other more presents." "Gift wrapping"
132 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 700 18750 34 255 255 16000 1924 24 1 8 "The popstar-wave of the 1950s, which hit the US first, gave rise to more and more youth magazines which offered their subscribers giant colourful posters showing rock bands and soul singers as an additional incentive to buy them.\nIndeed, you could admire photos of stars on the bedroom walls of many middle-class teenagers of the time. It was the era in which the King of Rock┤n Roll, Elvis Presley, and his countless imitators, such as Bill Haley, Fats Domino and Little Richard, were at the peak of their musical careers.\nThe 'American Radio Charts' were broadcast all over the world, and even in war-shattered Europe youngsters rocked in bars and at school-balls and spent their precious pocket money on record-players and transistor radios.\nIn the 60s Beatle-mania engulfed the world.\nThe unique star cult created by disco in the seventies generated huge profits for record companies and magazine publishers. Every wall had to have trashy pictures of Abba, Boney M and the Bee Gees." "23_06" "" "The art of photography has revolutionized daily life.\nIt is not only family portraits and group shots which decorate people's homes, but also glossy prints of smiling celebrities. \nAdvertising is another field in which photos are a very powerful force. The streets and buildings of modern cities teem with advertising columns and huge, rectangular advertising spaces filled with posters showing VIPs or highly desired goods." "Posters"
133 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 980 18750 34 35 255 16740 1911 24 1 8 "In 2650 BC Dungi I, king of Ur, developed a sexagesimal system based on the moon calendar with twelve months of 30 days each and twelve double hours each day.\nThe Egyptians were the first people to use a sun calendar, which means they counted 365 days of 24 hours each from one Nile flood to the next Nile flood.\nAround 800 BC the Mexican Olmekes developed a precise calendar with dots and strokes.\nIn 594 BC Solon of Athens introduced the lunar year of twelve months each. The days of the months alternated, so the months consisted of 29 or 30 days each.\nIn 46 BC Caesar invented the Julian Calendar." "23_07" "" "Nowadays, every child needs a calendar.\nDue to industrialization, time appears to fly by more and more quickly as new technological developments bring about a general acceleration of daily life and work.\nWhile workdays tend to get longer and longer, an average worker┤s spare time is very scarce. In order to be able to plan a family vacation or a few days off over Christmas, you need a handy overview of the year and its religious holidays.\nEven housewives need a simple time-management system for the coordination of their weekly tasks. Considering their numerous examinations and deadlines for assignments, pupils and students find the regular use of a calendar as natural as brushing their teeth." "Calendar"
134 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 4800 18750 23 255 255 10990 1935 25 1 2560 "In 1680 the Dutch physicist and astronomer Christiaan Huygens offered the French King Louis XIV use of an improved version of the gun-powder engine which Papin and he had invented as a means of extracting water from the wells of Versailles. At that time, the two visionaries had already achieved the firing of gun-powder in a metal cylinder, thereby producing a vaccuum.\nHowever, in doing so, they had to face immense problems, for pressure in the cylinder did not fall but rose exorbitantly. Therefore, no prototype of this engine was constructed.\nAfter a further failure during the attempted development of a combustion engine, Papin continued his experiments with steam-power on his own.\nIn 1693 the Englishman J. Hardley got his commission for an engine which exploited the energy of sea-waves in order to propel water-wheels in coastal regions.\nThe French technical engineer Lebon developed the first gas-engine with electric ignition in 1801.\n25 to 30 years later, Faraday succeeded in constructing the first electrical engine, based on AmpΦre┤s and Arago┤s investigations." "24_00" "" "Steel engines are currently built into all makes of car. Just a few decades ago, nobody in the world would have dreamt that modern vehicles would go so fast. Of course, higher velocity requires a lot of propulsion. Not only has horsepower been increased, but ignition and gasoline have also been improved.\nInternal combustion engines revolutionized the car industry. Who really cares about foul-smelling exhaust fumes polluting the air? Innovation comes first.\nEveryone wants increased mobility and independence from trains and horses. Environmental pollution is not a topic at all.\n" "Engines"
135 0 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 6500 18750 23 255 255 0 1935 25 1 2560 "The Austrian Edmund Rumpler constructed an ultra-aerodynamic car in 1921 by imitating the streamlined shape of trains. His drop-shape car was notable for its air resistance rate (cw-rate) of 0.28.\nIn 1922 Lancia Italy first experimented with developing a self-carrying body, something they achieved with the 'Lambda' model.\nIn 1937 the French automobile producer Renault constructed their 'Juvaquatre' with a self-carrying body.\nIn 1950 Borguard┤s 'Lloyd 300' was still made from a wooden body covered with artificial leather." "24_01" "" "Starting up the first car was a milestone event. In the process, the rigid narrow-minded society of the 19th century gave way to a new generation full of bright ideas and infectious optimism.\nAround the turn of the century, forward-thinking technicians worked hard to improve their 'babies' and developed cars that were ever more solid, fast and efficient.\nSince every middle class citizen┤s dream was to possess a vehicle of his own, the demand for cars was steadily increasing.\n" "Body"
136 0 -666 2 1 0 2560 2560 1 8450 25000 23 15 255 0 1944 25 1 2560 "In 1921 the Austrian car and plane constructor Edmund Rumpler succeeded in building an automobile with a stream-lined body, thereby minimizing air resistance. In 1922 Lancia, Italy experimented with the self-carrying body which they first designed for the Lambda model. Between 1908 and 1928 the Ford Motor Company sold 15 million units of their model T. At that time, more and more people could afford cars, and many members of the upper class were already able to acquire luxury-cars. One of Renault's first cars with a self-carrying body was the Juvaquatre. Since the 1950s, car body constructors have attached more and more importance to the use of non-corroding, service-free materials, such as fibre-glass and polyester resin." "24_02" "" "The car industry urgently needs luxury-bodies for the latest prestige sedans.\nEven if not everybody can afford such an expensive automobile, the demand for exclusive models is increasing all over the world.\nNo matter, as whether someone buys a chic Rolls Royce or a sporty Mercedes, prestige is always up to date. Quality and attractiveness are the brand-new trends in the motor-car business, even if it means breaking the bank to acquire them." "Luxury-body"
137 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 2390 18750 23 29 255 20440 1935 25 1 9 "The Sumerians already used wooden disc wheels for their harvest carts.\nIn Mesopotamia, leather tanning was invented around 5000 BC. The leather was sometimes used as tyres for wheels.\nIn 1849 Kilner invented the round milling machine for the working of railway tyres.\nIn 1853 the steel and iron manufacturer Krupp of Essen produced seamless moulded steel tyres by rolling. These new tyres had the advantage of being safer and more durable than their welded predecessors, as there were no weld breaks on their surface. This made them more suitable for travelling at high speeds.\nAround 1856, the forging and punching procedure was developed in England.\n" "24_03" "" "The invention of rubber brought us stable, nearly indestructible tyres.\nModern cars go faster and faster and weigh a few hundred kilograms. This puts a lot of strain on tyres. They have to be friction-resistant, not overheat, and also support the weight of a mainly metal car.\nFurthermore, the rubber should not be damaged by wet conditions or bumpy roads." "Tyres"
138 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 12450 25000 134 135 137 85380 1935 25 1 9 "After the Flemish missionary Ferdinand Verbiest had 'ridden' his steam-driven car through Peking, the French inventor Joseph Cugnot constructed the first real steam-car in history.\nThis 'automobile' possessed three wheels, but could only achieve a maximum speed of 2.5 miles per hour if occupied by four people. A little later, he built a 6.25 mph vehicle which, unfortunately, crashed into a wall on its maiden drive and completely broke down.\nThe German constructor Brackenburg had been experimenting with a combustion engine since 1836 which burnt hydrogen with pure oxygen and, therefore, was free of exhaust-fumes. However, his gas-driven vehicle did not actually become a success, because the risk of explosion was too high.\nIn 1863 Jean Joseph Etienne Lenoir of Luxemburg built his internal combustion engine into a three-wheeled car. This was a piston-engine driven by fluorescent gas.\nThe first gasoline cars were only constructed much later, in 1886, by the Germans Benz, Maybach and Daimler. Carl Friedrich Benz finally built the first patented motor-car which, even at this early stage, already included differential gears, a belt gear-system, full rubber tires and a 0.8 hp four-stroke engine.\nIn 1900 the French company Panhard and Levassor equipped a car with a steering-wheel for the first time ever. 50 years later, Citroδn took up this invention for the construction of their new models." "24_04" "" "The car is the major invention of the new century.\nPeople want to own cars so badly that they are willing to spend years paying for them.\nNever before in the history of man has it been possible to get as quickly from one place to another. Individuals now have more freedom than ever before.\nWho wants to walk or take the train when they can drive?" "Motor car"
139 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 15670 37500 134 136 137 134300 1944 25 1 9 "In the 1920s, automobiles had already been introduced in all industrialised countries. So the trend for luxury models was also growing.\nMore expensive car bodies were developed, the Ford Motor Company presented their four-cylinder-A-model, and the Cadillac Motor Company of Detroit produced the first car with a synchronized gear system and chromium-plated metal parts.\nOil-pressure brakes for trucks, electric windscreen-wipers, servo-supported four-wheel brakes for private cars (by Hispano-Suiza), eight-cylinder serial engines by Isotto-Fraschini, and hydraulic brakes by Duesenberg all revolutionised the automobile industry.\nPorsche constructed supercharged engines; while in Germany, special glass was produced for car windows and Bosch built their first electric indicator." "24_05" "" "The early 1920s was a lively era. People rediscovered values such as luxury, nobility and 'dolce vita'. Automobiles had also appeared on the scene some time ago.\nMore recently, however, car freaks switched to potentially lethal luxury vehicles. The elegant design of these models - wooden steering-wheels and leather-seats - gave rise to a new type of status symbol for this generation.\nWhoever can afford such luxury considers himself as a dandy and is likely to buy a luxury sedan. The most distinguished even have private drivers who take them to their offices, provided they work at all." "Luxury motor-car"
140 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1240 15000 21 23 255 22150 1918 26 1 10 "The guitar is a plucked string instrument and a relative of the lute, though it has a sound-box similar to a violin's. It was first built in 13th-century Spain when instrument makers redesigned the Arabic 'al┤ud' or 'aud' to get a guitar.\nIt did not reach Germany until much later via Italy. Until the 17th century, German musicians preferred to play the lute instead.\nThe modern guitar has a sound-box which is a little smaller than its ancestor's." "25_00" "" "Bands are popping up like mushrooms and guitar players are the stars everyone wants to see.\nIn part, it is the influence of Latin-American folk music that has brought about an increasing use of the guitar in the US and Europe.\nThe guitar is also very important in country music. People like to sit around bonfires and sing songs together." "Guitar"
141 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 820 12500 23 15 255 12920 1923 26 1 10 "The Egyptians and other cultures of Antiquity played drums for their rituals and private amusement. They covered them with animal skins and beat them with their hands, fists and fingers. Some of them were equipped with bells (like the tambourine which was one of the most popular percussion instruments among the Jews).\nThe so-called 'big drum' is a cylinder-shaped percussion instrument. Both open ends of the cylinder are covered with calf skin. It is beaten with a stick which produces a dull, rumbling noise similar to a distant cannon shot.\nIts little sister is played with two sticks. A string made from catgut string is drawn about the fur and makes a scratching sound when the drum is played.\n" "25_01" "" "Drums are popular with people all over the planet. \nAlthough not easy to master overnight, most youngsters won't give up their sticks that easily.\nAs a result of this, many houses now resound to crazy beats at all hours of the day and night, making conversation difficult to say the least." "Drums"
142 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1450 18750 26 255 255 29070 1936 26 1 10 "One of the oldest brass instruments is the horn which developed from the French horn.\nIn the middle of the 17th century, it was used in opera for the first time ever. It can be easily distinguished from other brass instruments by its extraordinarily soft sound.\nThe trumpet is almost as old as the horn. Its splendidly blaring sound is well-known to any kid.\nThe tuba belongs to the handle-horn family.\nA massive, grandiose sound is produced by the trombone (derived from the Italian trombone) which is considered a member of the trumpet family." "25_02" "" "All over the globe new orchestras are being founded.\nLots of conservatory graduates decide to go for a conductor┤s career and start by creating their own brass bands.\nAfrican musicians bring new rhythms, such as soul and funk, into the American and European music scene. Professional brass players can't afford to be short of air as mastership of their instrument requires strong lungs and great discipline.\nIn smoky bars and on improvised open-air stages trumpet and saxophone sounds blare down on the dancing audience. Wherever a high brass C resounds, you can almost feel the walls vibrating." "Brass instruments"
143 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1670 18750 21 26 255 32920 1931 26 1 10 "One of the oldest wood instruments was an early version of the modern recorder.\nThe low-sounding bassoon has been in use for centuries, and the oboe for about 300 years. Its archaic spelling 'hoboe' hints at its origin from the French 'haut bois' (= high wood).\nThe clarinet was not integrated into orchestras until the middle of the 18th century. The A-clarinet sounds soft and alluring, whereas its sister, the E-flat-clarinet, produces fierce shrill sounds. Because of this, it is often found in military bands." "25_03" "" "One of the most popular instruments is, and always been, the clarinet. It gives the orchestra a unique timbre.\nAnyone who has tried the wooden instrument immediately falls in love with its soft, melancholic sound.\nNaturally, these noble wooden constructions cost a good deal of money, but a real music lover does not let such trivial concerns impinge on his passion.\nWhether played in a jazz band or a classical orchestra, wood instruments are an integral part of instrumental ensembles. This is because they ceate a dark background over which the brass instruments can shine." "Wood instruments"
144 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1540 18750 21 23 255 38380 1947 26 1 10 "In the 1950s, musicians played electric guitars for the first time ever. Stars such as Elvis Presley and the Beatles plugged in and strummed their instruments, producing really hot rhythms. \nAlthough the electric guitar cost much more than its acoustic ancestor, it was so highly desired by professionals and amateurs alike that it soon came to dominate modern music. \nThe use of electric and electronic instruments opend up a whole new world of sound." "25_04" "" "The rock 'n' roll wave has brought about an increased use of electric guitars in professional and amateur bands. Technology is now entering into all fields of life, including show business.\nNowadays, everybody dances to electric rhythms such as the twist and the jive.\nMost teenagers dream of owning an electric guitar and starting a band whereas older people think of electric music as pure noise.\n" "Electric guitar"
145 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 2570 25000 101 21 23 48000 1947 26 1 10 "In 1927 the Dutchman Klaas Posthumus and the American Harold Stephen Black invented, independently of each other, the counter-coupling amplifier, thereby markedly improving the reception quality of radios as well as of telephone connections.\nSince then, amplifier qualities have been more or less immune to temperature fluctuations.\nIn 1947 the German electronic engineer Robert Warnecke developed the first magnetrone floating-wave amplifier.\nIn 1957 the US physicists N. Seidel, Georg Feher and D. I. Scovil revolutionised microwave amplification with their ruby grain, the development of which had been based on the latest quantum theories." "25_05" "" "For quite a long time no single hifi-unit has worked without an amplifier. Lately amplifiers are directly integrated in the speakers where they are responsible for natural fidelity and real stereo effects. One or other living room has therefore been transformed into a disco.\nIn the studios of professionals and lots of amateur-bands nobody can stand the missing of amplifiers any longer, for they guarantee that the lately composed tunes are perfectly audible.\nTotally crazy music freaks equip their car radio speakers with high-capacity amplifiers which often cause terrible noise in the streets. One or other passer-by cannot help protecting his ears spontaneously against the violence of those fashionable sounds." "Amplifier"
146 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 690 12500 21 255 255 11380 1916 26 1 10 "The recorder can be counted as one of the oldest existing wood instruments.\nIt was already a popular instrument in the early Middle Ages. At that time, people called it a 'beak flute'.\nParticularly during the Renaissance and Baroque eras, recorders were widely used in orchestras and during solo performances all over Europe.\nIn the Classical Age, it was gradually replaced by the flute. However, in the 20th century, playing the recorder was rediscovered by young people." "25_06" "" "Nowadays, every child wants to learn to play the recorder. Courses and lessons are offered at music schools all over the country.\nThe finger-skills and discipline you need to master the instrument can only be acquired slowly and with daily practice. Moreover, the recorder has to be cleaned regularly with a special 'brush' or else it generates horribly shrill sounds." "Recorder"
147 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 780 12500 23 255 255 14610 1941 26 1 10 "The sixteen-year-old Christian Friedrich Buschmann invented the mouth-organ in 1821 and immediately got his commission for it.\nHe called his creation the 'aura'. This was a free-reed instrument which consisted of a series of steel reeds arranged together in horizontal channels. You could play 21 notes on it, as well as all pianissimos and crescendos, and hold a note as long as you wanted to.\nThe instrument maker Richter later improved its original design.\nIn 1857 the German clock maker Matthias Hohner started to produce mouth-organs full-time. By the end of his first year of business, he had already finished 650 instruments. In 1862 he expanded his business to the USA and produced more than a million harmonicas by 1887.\nNowadays, the company manufactures over 90 different mouth-organ models for various musical genres." "25_07" "" "All over the country you can see musicians roaming the streets and playing songs on their mouth-organs.\nThis melodious instrument appeals to many ears and hearts, while melodies improvised on it bewitch passers-by.\nWhat's more, mouth-organs don't cost a fortune. Given this, people often buy them for private use. Children who want to learn to play the instrument invariably add it to their Christmas or birthday lists.\n'The guy with the mouth-organ' is a street-attraction people like to stop and listen to." "Mouth-organ"
148 1 -666 2 1 0 2560 2560 1 3250 25000 21 23 255 41150 1926 26 1 10 "The oldest ancestor of the piano is the dulcimer (circa 1400).\nThe name 'piano' is the Italian translation of the Latin 'clavis' which meant 'key'. It is a stringed instrument with a keyboard and was first built by Cristophori in 1709.\nQuite unlike another predecessor, the 'clavicembalo', Cristophori┤s instrument was a fortepiano which means that its notes were produced by 'hammers' beating the strings. These 'hammers' were connected to the keys on the piano-keyboard by levers.\nSoon, two different types of piano developed - on the one hand, there was the pianoforte or miniature upright which had a vertically positioned string-frame and sounding-board, and on the other hand, there was the grand piano which had a horizontally arranged string-frame and sounding-board.\n" "25_08" "" "The ancient and honoured piano experienced a revival in the second decade of the 20th century. Weekly piano recitals took place in most big cities where the local elite gathered at musical matinΘes and soirΘes.\nIn old marble halls, the audience would listen spellbound to the delightful sounds of Mozart┤s sonatas and Chopin┤s Θtudes.\nAfter a while, ordinary people started to take piano lessons, perhaps with the dream of one day performing on the world's great stages.\nThe really gifted, however, start from early childhood - like Mozart did - and continue to play their whole lives." "Piano"
149 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 640 12500 28 255 255 22150 1958 26 1 10 "The oldest button accordion comes from Bohemian culture. Gypsies apparently took some of these instruments on ships to New Zealand in 1863.\nBecause of this, the accordion was supposedly first used in Europe and only crossed the seas much later.\nThe Maoris are said to have already known of the hand harmonica, on which they regularly accompanied their indigenous songs, a fact which was witnessed in 1901.\nDuring the 20s, plissΘe skirts were very fashionable and were cut in the shape of an accordion. It can therefore be assumed that the instrument itself was also popular at that time.\nIn Europe and in the US it experienced a revival in the 30s, and later in the 50s.\nThe accordion not only exerted a formative influence on folk tunes all over the world, but also spread into pop music." "25_09" "" "Bands have recently integrated accordions into their arrangements\nIn the folk-scene, this old instrument has always been at the heart of things. Nowadays, even pop and rock bands are using it more and more.\n" "Accordion"
150 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 640 8000 23 255 255 8290 9000 27 1 11 "" "26_00" "" "Handy inventions are enriching daily office-work more than ever before. This is not only true for electrical equipment and stationery, but also for useful mini-articles such as the paper-clip.\nThis flexible tool first entered the world as a plain, silvery steel-clip. Later, it was also produced with plastic-covers in various colours, patterns and sizes. In order to be able to control the increasing mass of paper, everybody has to use paper-clips nowadays, even at home.\nHowever, kids sometimes inflict their creative imaginations on the steel article and use it to construct wire figures, chains and other bendable shapes for their rooms. In this way, an everyday object turns into the raw-material needed for the creation of genuine artworks.\n" "Paper-clips"
151 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 23 28 255 2000 9000 27 1 11 "In 1714 the Englishman Mill got his commission for a typewriter which, in reality, was not very usable.\nIn 1823 the Badish master forester, Baron Drais of Sauerbronn, developed the first model with four type levers, called the 'fast writing clavier'. The four levers allowed the printing of 16 different letters in all.\nThe American Burth constructed a typewriter in 1829 - it didn't have an automatic paper feed and its characters were fastened by levers at their ends. It was baptized a 'typographer'.\nThe first colour-ribbon model was the brainchild of an Italian engineer. His name was Ravizza of Novarra (1855).\n" "26_01" "" "" "Typewriters"
152 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 28 255 255 2000 9000 27 1 11 "When the Hungarian journalist Laszlo Biro visited a newspaper office one day, an idea entered his mind and never left him again. He thought that it would have to be possible to fill a writing tool with quick-drying ink instead of standard ink. He had this idea after he had watched fresh newsprint dry quickly without causing any stains.\nHis solution was a tiny metal ball that rotated at the end of a tube. It served to prevent the ink from drying inside the biro and also regulated the flow of ink onto paper.\nIn 1943 Biro and his brother Georg, a chemist, applied for a patent. Soon after this, the British government bought the rights to the 'Biro pen' in order to equip their Royal Airforce staff with it.\nIn 1945 the American Milton Reynolds developed a new type of ballpoint pen which was even able to write under water. He immediately sold 10,000 units at the shocking price of $10 a pen.\nIn 1949 the Frenchman Marcel Bich released his BIC on the European market. Ten years later, his biro conquered the US. Within a year, its price had gone down to only 29 cents, and later went down to 10 cents, due to increased competition.\n" "26_02" "" "Inkpots and fountain pens are no longer up to date. These days, people write with ballpoints which don't cause any messy stains. The name of this tool hints at the fact that there is a little ball in it which rotates during the writing process, thereby regulating the flow of ink onto paper.\nThe latest ballpoints can even write under water and are easy to refill.\n" "Ballpoint"
153 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 35 255 255 2000 9000 27 1 11 "" "26_03" "" "An outstanding invention which makes everyday office work a lot easier is the file folder. At last, with their help, secretaries and civil servants can achieve order in and clear overviews of their filing systems.\nAt first only available in tasteful black and grey cardboard, the solid folders were able to swallow whole piles of paper which would otherwise simply lie around, even turning passionate paper freaks into desperately moaning complainers.\nIn the course of time, these handy folders have become more and more attractive and, since the 70s, been available in various fashionable colours, sizes and shapes. You can even match them with your office decor or start files in different colours for different types of business, projects or customers." "File folders"
154 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 28 101 255 2000 9000 27 1 11 "In 1971 an American company called Texas Instruments produced the first pocket calculator in history. It used a microchip and basically worked in the same way as a computer.\nBesides its micro-processor, it also contained integrated circuits and memories, a keyboard, a display and a battery supply.\nIts programmable successor followed in 1974. It was model 'HP-65' and was built by the American electronics company Hewlett-Packard. Unbelievably, its manual ran to 100 pages! Apart from easy mathematical problems, it coluld also master logical functions.\n" "26_04" "" "While up until now people have used the good old slide rule if they were no good at mental arithmetic, a high percentage of business people and students are now changing to electronic pocket calculators.\nPocket calculators don't print out their results like old-fashioned adding machines but their LCD display makes them popular with the young and old. \nMore powerful pocket calculators are constantly being developed." "Pocket calculator"
155 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 23 28 101 2000 9000 27 1 11 "In 1902 the very first electric typewriter constructed by George Blickensderfer of Connecticut appeared on the market. It had the advantage that a light touch sufficed to activate its keys.\nIt was particularly welcome because the mechanical typewriters that had been in use since 1884 were very hard to write on.\nThe Edison Electric which had been created by Thomas Alva Edison in 1871 did not meet customers┤ expectations at all, nor did the electric writing-balls constructed by the Danish pastor Malling-Hansen." "26_05" "" "The mechanical typewriter is about to become extinct as all self-respecting companies are acquiring electric typewriters. Now, all you have to do is touch a key lightly and the letter is printed on the paper.\nThe latest machines rattle away much to the bosses┤ pleasure. In just a few moments, the manager┤s correspondence is done, invoices are ready to be posted and checklists are kept up to date!\nAll this creates a terrible noise, but the strenuous hammering on previous models caused a lot of office noise, too. At least electrically driven typewriters save time and energy.\nWe have probably seen the end of tendinitis, an injury which commonly afflicts busy secretaries and piano players." "Electric typewriter"
156 1 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 255 255 255 2000 9000 28 1 2560 "The word 'cocoa' comes from the Spanish 'cacao' and points to the plant┤s South American origins. The product, as well as the name, was brought to Europe by 19th-century colonialism.\nThe cocoa tree is a sterculia plant the bean-shaped seeds of which (the cocoa beans) contain 40-53% fat, 15% protein, 1-4% theobromine and 0.1-0.4% caffeine. Fermented, roasted and ground to powder they make a tasty drink, but also serve as the principal ingredient in the production of chocolate.\nIn 1980 the world cocoa harvest amounted to 1.66 million tons. In the 20th century, the main growing countries were the African Ivory Coast, Brazil, Ghana and Nigeria, because the English and French discovered that growing cocoa was a lucrative business." "27_00" "" "Cocoa is a huge hit with kids.\nWhile adults are enjoying their morning coffee, the younger generation is having hot chocolate for breakfast.\nIt is becoming more and more popular since it is much sweeter than milk and tastes like chocolate. Many cafΘs and restaurants now serve it as standard.\nIn the summer, cold cocoa cools dry throats, whereas on chilly winter evenings kids like to curl up in front of the fire with a steaming cup of hot chocolate in their frozen hands." "Cocoa"
157 1 -666 0 0 0 2560 2560 1 1000 3000 255 255 255 2000 9000 28 1 2560 "Around 2605, the Egyptians revolutionized fishing methods with the introduction of the harpoon. It had been used for hunting deer as early as the Stone Age, but Nile fishermen only started using it at the beginning of the third dynasty. It consisted of two separate parts with a tip in which there was a hole and a string that was twisted round the spear shaft.\nThe Egyptians were already using wire by around 1300 BC. So fish were caught with barbed fishing hooks between 8 and 18 cm in length. During the same period, people also used dragnets and creels made of willow twigs.\nModern drift or drag nets only appeared on the market in 1914." "27_01" "" "As an important provider of iodine, sea-fish are served in countries that don't do any deep-sea fishing themselves.\nFood experts pointed out that the daily consumption of red meat led to bodily hyperactivity which could cause cardiac and circulatory problems, as well as swelling and obesity. Fish, on the other hand, supplies protein with no side-effects. \nAlso, more people now eat fish as they can buy it in supermarkets without having to go to the early morning fish market.\nFish and seafood are light and therefore don't upset the stomach at all." "Fish"
158 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1190 18750 7 23 255 18300 1910 1 1 3 "" "18_06" "" "There is no winter without snow-removal!\nIn the morning, after a night of heavy snow-fall, you can hear the scratching of snow shovels in front of gates, along gateways, on garden paths and sidewalks. \nEven if you forget to set your alarm clock, don't worry, because your neighbour will be up at clearing his driveway at six o'clock sharp. \nThis is one chore that even your kids will want to help out with!" "Snow shovel"
159 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 890 15000 28 255 255 19840 1948 1 1 3 "The watering can was invented in the late Middle Ages. At that time, it was shaped like a bulbous pot which ended in a sort of strainer.\nWatering cans made of clay from the 17th century have been preserved to this day.\nIn the 18th century, copper was used for making them. As the coffee pot was invented around the same time, craftsmen copied its round shape whenever they made watering cans" "18_07" "" "For many people, the dream of possessing a small garden of their own has already come true, for nowadays all social classes earn more than ever before and double incomes are not uncommon, because an increasing number of women are taking up careers.\nThose who live in apartments often plant small window gardens, bringing a bit of greenery into their homes.\nThis is why almost every family now possesses garden tools, clay pots and watering cans. You can get them in all sizes, colours and shapes - starting with delicate indoor cans and going right up to huge, cylindrical sheet metal cans with removable spray nozzles." "Watering can"
160 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 1290 18750 26 255 255 38460 1951 1 1 3 "The techniques of grilling and broiling meat were invented by Caribbean and Arawk tribes. They called the grill on which they smoked and dried meat 'boucan'. This barbecue was made of green wood lattices laid over open, slow-burning fires.\nThe Spaniards who later visited the Pacific Isles with Columbus picked up this custom and made it 'European'.\nSome people are of the opinion that the American 'barbecue' is derived from the French expression 'de la barbe α la queue', meaning 'from beard to tail', whereas others suppose that the term goes back to the rite of 'barbacoa' found in the West Indies. This was a method of preserving meat and fish by leaving them lie in the sun for days or, later, smoking them on racks over an open fire to keep insects at bay." "18_08" "" "During the summer season barbecueing is everyone┤s favourite pastime! At the weekends and on warm summer evenings, everybody roasts and broils as much as they can in their gardens or on their terraces. Whether you want to prepare juicy steaks, barbecued sausages, jacket potatoes or crispy cutlets, the modern electric grill can do it all in no time.\nStanding in plumes of smoke tending to the barbecue requires great patience but the fantastic taste of the food makes it all worthwhile." "Grill"
161 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1890 18750 7 23 255 34300 1929 1 1 3 "The first lawnmowers in history were good old sheep. Observing how carefully these animals trimmed meadows and pastures gave man the idea of replacing them with a machine. This led to the invention of sickles, scythes and other cutting tools.\nIn the early 19th century, the Englishman Edwin Budding created the first mechanical lawnmower. Its design popped into the textile-mill engineer┤s mind while studying a machine used in a cloth factory to shear the nap on velvet.\nThe result of this observation was a cylinder- or reel-type mower. Its blades were arranged around a cylinder and you pushed a handle to exert pressure on the blades.\nIn 1885, in the US alone, 50,000 reel lawnmowers were constructed and exported to all corners of the world.\nAfter World War II, people switched to gas- and electric-powered models." "18_09" "" "Apart from mountain farmers, nobody uses sickles and scythes any more, as lawn mowers have long since replaced these heavy tools.\nAt the weekends, you can often see house owners walking after their mechanical 'sheep' - an activity which requires a certain amount of muscle power, for you still have to press the handle down and push your mower to start cutting the grass. Not everybody can afford a herd of sheep!\nThis reasonably priced new invention is to thank for making it easier to have a carefully tended garden." "Hand mower"
162 1 -666 1 1 1 2560 2560 1 3590 25000 23 29 134 61540 1960 1 1 3 "In 1899 John Alburt Burr was the first to apply for a patent for his rotary lawn mower.\nThe first engine-powered mower was constructed by James Sumner of Leyden, Lancaster. It only had one rotating cutting blade and was powered by either a gas or electric motor.\nIn 1902 Ransomes produced the very first mower powered by an internal combustion engine. It was soon available in specialised shops.\nBetween 1953 and 1959, the rotary-blade lawn mower came to dominate the US market." "18_10" "" "Nowadays, the smell of petrol and the sound of engines are not uncommon in suburban gardens. However, they don't come from cars but from lawnmowers. \nOn warm summer evenings and at weekends, more and more house owners can be observed filling their latest acquisitions with petrol and pulling their drawstrings to start them up. \nThere's no longer any need to wear yourself out in trying to keep your lawn nice and neat.\nElectric lawnmowers are even more highly prized, but they are stil a bit expensive." "Power mower"
163 1 -666 1 0 0 2560 2560 1 990 15000 28 255 255 21300 1933 1 1 3 "Unbelievable but true: The garden gnome is celebrating its 130th birthday!\nIn 1872 the German August Heissner of the Thuringian GrΣfenroda was the first to produce German 'hard firing goblins'.\nHowever, in Teutonic myths, legends, songs and fairy-tales from hundreds of years previously, earth spirits and dwarfs living and working under mountains had already appeared, just as in 'Snow White'.\nThe close connection between mining and gnomes can also be gathered from the type of tools which the elves usually carry: pit lamps, shovels, pickaxes and all sorts of digging tools.\nThey mostly wear red caps and miner┤s clothes, just as the seven dwarfs from the Grimm Brothers' tales did." "18_11" "" "In the spring, small figures creep out from their dark winter hiding-places and brighten up gardens all over the country - garden gnomes. You can get them in all sorts of sizes, shapes and colours and will find them diligently working away alongside garden paths.\nSome are jolly and some are grumpy but they all keep a watchful eye on their owners' gardens. Who can do without these little gnomes?" "Garden gnome"
164 1 -666 1 1 0 2560 2560 1 1200 15000 20 33 255 16840 1900 1 1 7 "Around 950, the Arab doctor Rhazes described the production of alcohol in detail in one of his scientific books.\nFrom the great epics of Antiquity, such as Homer's 'Odyssey', we can gather that wine was already very popular with the ancient Greeks and Romans. In Homer's epic work, a Cyclops is made drunk by cunning Ulysses who wants to save his and his crews' lives and helps them escape from the beast by offering him sweet Greek wine. The sayings 'In vino veritas!' and 'Wine, women and song!' that were coined by the joyful Romans still carry some meaning nowadays.\nWine has always been a symbol of wealth, health and a fun attitude towards life. Even the Catholic Church integrated the pagan drug into its rituals when it was founded in the fourth century AD. Nowadays nobody can imagine any transubstantiation ceremony without red wine or unleavened bread. After all, the red liquid stands for the holy blood of Jesus Christ." "14_02" "" "More and more people prefer light alcoholic drinks.\n'Bacchus vivat!' was a frequently heard slogan around 1900. Not only the Romans of Antiquity adored the god of wine, but many contemporaries also base their lives on the motto 'Wine, women and song'.\nThe grape juice is good for the heart and soul. Doctors now say that a small glass of wine before bed is good for your health and gives you pleasant dreams.\nThe noble beverage offers relaxation for nervous minds, too.\nHowever, if you eating fish, you will find that white wine complements it perfectly." "Wine"
0 0 0 1900 9000 4 2 50 1 0 "Fine weather" "Fine weather can be expected for the next few years. Harvest yields should therefore reach the average of the previous years."
1 4 0 1905 9000 5 0 25 1 2 "Period of drought" "During the next years plenty of sunshine can be expected. There is a danger that a lack of rainfall will cause considerable crop failure. \n\nHigh risk crops are wheat, hops and fruit. \nDamage can also be expected to peanuts, cotton and Christmas trees. \n\nWine cultivation should profit from the persistent sunshine. This should result in an excellent vintage.\n\nThe demand for summer sports equipment will increase. This year, beer gardens will be overcrowded too. \nRainwear manufacturers should cut down production to prevent serious losses."
2 4 0 1905 9000 4 1 40 1 1 "Strong sunshine" "We are in for some sunny years. This ought to have a positive effect on agriculture.\n\nRecord harvests can be expected for wheat, cotton, peanuts and fruit.\nAll other agricultural products are also expected to deliver yields considerably over the average. \n\nThe demand for summer sports equipment will be higher than in average years. The chances for high soft drinks sales are promising, too. \nHowever, the forecast for winter clothes and rainwear is not so good."
3 4 0 1905 9000 3 3 40 1 2 "Heavy rain" "The next few years will be very humid. At the moment, there is no reason for anyone to panic, but be aware of potential harvest losses and prepare yourself accordingly . \n\nThe heavy rain will, however, have a positive effect on the cultivation of Christmas trees."
4 4 0 1905 9000 4 4 30 1 2 "Floods" "Forecasts for the next few years are not very optimistic. Heavy and continuous rainfall will flood the fields. Harvests are expected to be very poor.\n\nYou should be prepared for considerable crop failure. \nWine will be particularly affected by the climate change. You should be aware of this and only offer this year┤s wine to your enemies."
5 4 0 1905 9000 5 5 20 1 2 "Heavy thunderstorms" "During the following years, you will have to be prepared for heavy thunderstorms. Storms and hail could totally destroy your fields. \n\nYou can expect considerable damage to all crops. \nThe cultivation of Christmas trees will be especially heavily affected. It is possible that not a single tree will survive. \n\nThe demand for rainwear will increase accordingly, whereas nobody will be interested in summer sports this year - no surprise given the bad weather."
6 1 1 1920 9000 7 10 30 1 1 "Golden Age" "The persistently good economic situation is having a positive effect on the demand for all products. For the next few years an increased demand can be expected for all industrial sectors."
7 1 1 1920 9000 8 11 30 0 2 "Depression" "Due to the continuing lack of business activity, the demand for all goods is decreasing. Be prepared for enormous cuts in turnover during the next few years."
8 1 2 1910 9000 6 11 30 1 2 "Petroleum crisis" "Petroleum output is decreasing dramatically. The resultant increase in crude oil prices is going to raise transport costs considerably. \n\nCoal and wood are not affected by the price increase at all.\n\nPetrol prices are only expected to return to normal after about five years!"
9 1 2 1924 9000 4 10 30 1 1 "Victory in soccer WC!" "The national team won the Football World Cup after a tough and fierce fight. \n\nThis will have a positive effect on the sale of footballs over the next few years. Of course, their price is going to increase in proportion to demand. \nHowever, you can expect decreased sales of bowling balls and baseball bats."
10 1 2 1920 1960 6 11 30 1 2 "Prohibition" "Bad news for everybody who likes to quench their thirst with alcoholic drinks. And, of course, also for all producers of these drinks. \n\nA new law is drastically limiting alcohol sales. Alcohol production will become extraordinarily expensive, due to extremely high taxes. \n\nOwing to massive resistance on the part of the population and the brewers┤ lobby, this new Act of Parliament will soon vanish again. However, the machinery of the law works slowly - so don't expect any improvement within the next 6 years."
11 2 2 1915 9000 4 11 30 1 2 "Special tax" "In order to consolidate the budget, a new tax is about to be introduced. This tax will be imposed on the production of all existing goods. Therefore, production costs will increase by fifty per cent. \n\nSince this is a once-off action being taken by the State, this tax will only be valid for four years."
12 2 2 1915 9000 5 11 30 1 2 "Mining tax" "As a result of the pressure exerted by environmentalists, the State decided to renew scenery which had been destroyed by mining. \nIn order to raise the required finances, a mining tax has been introduced for the next 5 years. \n\nThis tax is going to raise the exploitation costs of raw materials by 50 per cent."
13 1 2 1920 9000 3 11 30 1 2 "Animal epidemic" "A country-wide animal epidemic has brought about an extraordinary decrease in the demand for meat. Even the production costs of meat, wool, leather, milk and eggs are facing a drastic increase, due to the prescribed protective measures. \n\nExperts are estimating that the epidemic will be controlled within about the next 4 years."
14 2 1 1910 9000 5 10 40 1 1 "Good economic situation" "Predictions say that the economy will develop positively over the following years. The demand for all goods should rise to above the long-standing average."
15 2 1 1920 9000 5 11 40 0 2 "Economic situation is deteriorating!" "Unfortunately, the latest pessimistic predictions made by economists seem to have been confirmed. For the next few years, you can expect reduced demand for all sorts of products."
16 0 1 1905 9000 5 12 60 1 0 "Stable economy!" "Be prepared for a stable economic situation over the next few years. Turnovers should stay within the average."
17 1 2 1910 9000 5 10 30 1 1 "Newspaper boom!" "Due to the countless political scandals of recent times, the population feels an enormous need for topical information. \nTherefore, newspapers are selling like hot cakes. \nSince the end of the scandals is not yet in sight, the newspaper market will continue to boom for the next few years."
18 1 2 1934 9000 5 10 30 1 2 "Panic purchases!" "Global political tensions are causing many people to panic purchase. All non-perishable foods, such as canned fruit and preserves of all kinds, are selling like hot cakes. \nYou are advised to plan an increased demand for these goods within the next five years."
19 1 2 9000 9000 20 11 100 1 1 "Model Railroads Conquer Market" "Model railroads are the ultimate trend in children┤s rooms. The sales of clockwork trains have been decreasing dramatically and are practically moving towards zero."
20 1 2 1963 9000 4 10 30 1 1 "The Man in the Moon" "The race to be the first to the moon fascinated the whole world. Everybody was glued to their TVs when the great event took place.\nThe demand for TV-sets is increasing dramatically. However, the majority of television consumers spend less time playing sport. Therefore, be prepared for losses in the sports domain during the following years.\nThe situation will supposedly return to normal after four years. "
21 1 2 1930 9000 5 10 30 1 1 "Sport Is Fun!" "People are becoming more and more health-conscious and now play more sport.\nThis will have a very positive effect on the sales of sports equipment of all kinds.\nSince the sportsmen and women will not have enough time left for other sparetime activities, you have to be prepared for sales losses in the toy and electronics sector.\nAs with all trends and vogues, you can probably expect a return to normal after about five years."
22 1 2 1930 9000 5 11 30 1 1 "No Sports" "As studies carried out by American scientists have proved that sports can also have negative consequences, many people now spend their spare time engaged in less harmful activities.\nBe prepared for considerable losses in the sales of sport equipment.\nHowever, most negative things also have a positive aspect too. Therefore, the turnover of toys and electronic goods is going to increase.\nIn five years' time, these studies will have been overturned and things will return to normal.\n"
23 1 2 1920 9000 5 10 30 1 1 "Do It Yourself!" "Do-It-Yourself\n\nDIY is all the rage. Anybody who is not totally inept can try making their neighbours jealous by improving their own house and garden. Therefore, you can expect a boom in the building materials industry.\nThis boom will perhaps cool down again in five years┤ time. So make use of this short period to sell your DIY kits at profitable prices."
24 1 2 1920 9000 5 11 30 1 1 "The Dangers of DIY" "Reports of serious accidents caused by inexperienced DIYers are becoming more and more frequent. The latest horror stories include reports that whole buildings have collapsed because work was not done properly.\nBe prepared for drastic losses in your DIY stores.\nOf course, these reports are all considerably exaggerated and the excitement is going to vanish within five years."
25 1 2 1930 9000 5 10 30 1 1 "Music, Music and more Music!" "The interest in music is greater than ever before. Inspired by numerous pop stars, people try to imitate their idols.\nThis will have a positive effect on the sales of musical instruments of all types and will also boost the sales of audio equipment.\nHowever, this trend might be very short-lived. In five years┤ time, everything may have returned to normal. "
26 1 2 1940 9000 5 11 30 1 1 "Scandals" "Numerous scandals and reports on excessive life-styles are tarnishing the reputations of many stars in the pop-music business. People no longer want to be like pop stars and are consequently not bothering to buy or play as many musical instruments as before. The outlook for musical instrument sales is not good for the next five years, though the situation will undoubtedly return to normal soon after."
27 1 2 1920 9000 5 10 30 1 1 "My Home Is My Castle" "My Home Is My Castle\n\nMore and more people are interested in furnishing their apartments in a cosy, comfortable way. The size of apartments is also increasing.\nYou can look forward to dramatically increased furniture turnover. Take advantage of it now as it could all be over in 5 years' time."
28 1 2 1925 9000 5 11 30 1 1 "Nobody Cares about Furniture" "Due to other troubles and problems, most people aren't currently interested in purchasing new furniture.\nIn addition to this, the use of tropical hardwoods is viewed negatively by most consumers.\nNow would be a good time to slow down circular saw production and hope that the furniture market situation improves after five years."
29 1 2 1925 9000 4 10 30 1 1 "Wine, Whisky and Beer" "American scientists have discovered that alcohol is not as bad for your health as generally suspected, provided you enjoy it in moderation.\nThis view will have a positive effect on the sales of wine, whisky and beer.\nHowever, as is usual, these studies will probably soon be contradicted by new studies with opposing results. Don't be surprised if the situation is reversed within four years."
49 1 1 9000 9000 9000 11 30 0 2 "Depression" "Due to the continuing lack of business activity, the demand for all goods is decreasing. Be prepared for enormous cuts in turnover during the next few years."
50 0 4 9000 9000 0 10 0 1 0 "Your Headquarters have been upgraded!" "You have managed to increase your company value very successfully. Because of the ongoing expansion and success your headquarters have been upgraded."
51 0 4 9000 9000 0 17 0 1 0 "Strike!" "You don't pay the same wages to all your workers. So the employees in one of your factories have decided to go on strike, because their salary is much lower than salaries in other factories."
52 0 4 9000 9000 0 17 0 1 0 "Vehicle breakdown" "Due to insufficient maintenance, one of the vehicles has broken down."
53 0 4 9000 9000 0 17 0 1 0 "No more resources!" "There are no resources left in one of your mines, drilling derricks or logging camps!"
54 0 4 9000 9000 0 17 0 1 0 "Vehicle cannot find path to destination" "One of your vehicles can't find a path to its destination, or has only one station scheduled!"
55 0 4 9000 9000 0 10 0 1 0 "New production established by Opponent" "%s established a new line of %s in city %s!"
104 "Please build a department store in the town.\nOtherwise, you will have few, if any, customers." "Caution!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
123 "This building would be too far away from the department store." "Caution!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
162 "This building would be too far away from the department store and farm." "Caution!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
170 "The warehouse must be located so that the department store and farm are within its catchment area.\nMake sure that the department store and farm are displayed in green!" "Warehouse is too far away!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
200 "IG2 is all about producing and selling goods. This can be very easy or extremely difficult, depending on the product.\nIn this introductory campaign, you will get to know all the basic steps involved.\nAs the individual missions are all quite short, we recommend that you take your time so that you complete them all. That way, you will eventually play like a business expert.\nDon't worry, you won't learn all the tricks of the trade - there will be plenty for you to do and discover.\n\nTo close this message, click on the 'Close' button (at the top right of the window) or press the right mouse button." "What is the aim of the game?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
201 "Normally, you only see a small section of the game world on the screen.\n\nYou can change section by moving the mouse pointer towards the edge of the screen. You can also use the arrow keys.\n\nYou zoom in and out by rotating your mouse wheel or by choosing the buttons 'Page up' and 'Page down'.\n\nTo close this message, click on the 'Close' button (at the top right of the window) or click on the right mouse button." "Navigating in the game world" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
202 "To get a better overview of the area, you can display a small map. This map will show you the entire game world.\n\nThe section of the game world currently visible is indicated by a white frame on the map.\n\nIf you click on a particular area of the map, the visible section of the game world will move to that area.\n\nIf you click on the map and hold the mouse button down, you can move the map around the screen.\n\nClose this message and click on the map symbol below to display the overview map." "Use of overview map" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_00.tga"
203 "Messages appear constantly during the game. You can look them up by clicking on the letter symbol in the lower list.\n\nTo read a message in the list, click on the symbol to the left of the title or open the message by double-clicking on it.\n\nNow open the message overview and open this message again.\nFinally, close the message overview." "Message overview" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_01.tga"
205 "In the game world, there is a town, which is where your customers live. And it's only in towns that you can sell your products and thus make money.\nThe bigger the houses, the more customers live there.\n\nIt is therefore vital that, before you start, you think about which towns you want to receive delivery of your goods.\nAs a rule, it doesn't make economic sense to set up large-scale production facilities that only serve a small village.\n\nThe towns grow as time passes. You too can influence this.\nIndustrial units on the outskirts of towns are harmful to growth. On the other hand, department stores or, later, sports arenas and suchlike, are highly conducive to development." "The towns, or where are the customers?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_02.tga"
206 "It may seem strange to place a department store at the start of the production chain.\nBut as we have already mentioned, your first consideration must be the products themselves and where you want (or are able) to sell those products.\nThe best way of finding that out is to build a department store first.\n\nThe important thing to bear in mind is that you can only earn money in department stores!\n\nIn this mission, the aim is to make money selling farm products. To this end, you must build at least one food store. We will do this together in the next few steps.\n" "The department store as the start" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
207 "To construct a building, you will need to open the building menu.\nTo do this, simply click on an empty space in the game world.\n\nIt doesn't matter where you click. Just don't click on a building or road or (later) a vehicle.\n\nNow close this message, and click on an empty area in the game world." "How do I construct a building?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
208 "If a menu appears at an inconvenient spot, you can move or hide it.\n\nTo move the menu, click on the gear wheel and hold the mouse button down. You can now move the menu.\n\nTo hide the menu, hold the tab key down." "Moving menus" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_03.tga"
209 "In the menu, buildings are sorted by category or function.\nThey are listed from left to right as follows:\nFactories, warehouses, department stores, railway stations, and so on.\n\nAt first, you may not immediately recognise what the symbols mean. Simply move the mouse pointer on a symbol, and an explanatory text will appear.\n\nClose this message now, and choose the category 'Department store' by clicking on the relevant symbol." "Selecting a building category" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_04.tga"
210 "You have selected the 'Department store' category.\nAll the buildings you currently have available in this category are now displayed.\n\nSince you may only construct food stores in this mission, you have no other options to select. That's why the food store has already been automatically selected.\n\nIn the menu on the left, you can see a picture of the selected building. More importantly, all the information about the building is also displayed on the left." "Selecting a specific building" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_05.tga"
211 "The department store is now controlled by the mouse pointer. If you move the mouse pointer, the building moves with it.\n\nIf the building is displayed in green, you can erect it at this location.\nHowever, if the building is displayed in red, this means that either you cannot erect it at this location, or you do not have sufficient funds for the purchase.\n\nDepartment stores have a fixed catchment area. Customers will pour out of all the buildings in this area into the department store. Buildings within the area are highlighted in yellow.\n\nNote: The more high buildings there are in the catchment area, the greater the number of customers." "Where shall I locate my department store?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_06.tga"
212 "Above the building, you can see the monthly requirement for each product that can be sold in this department store.\nThe amount is always expressed in truck loads or wagon loads, so you never sell individual items.\n\nAs demand can vary according to season, four values are always displayed, representing spring, summer, autumn and winter." "How much can I now sell?" "'" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_07.tga"
213 "To complete the construction of a building, move the building to the desired location and press the left mouse button.\n\nIn the information bar below, you will see what costs, if any, are expected from the prior demolition of existing buildings.\n\nNow, choose a suitable site in the town, and build a food store there." "Setting up the department store" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_08.tga"
216 "The department store will procure its goods independently from a warehouse.\nYou must therefore build a warehouse nearby.\n\nPlease note that you cannot supply a department store directly. Goods must always be delivered from a warehouse." "Where do the goods come from?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
217 "You can build warehouses in the same way as normal buildings.\n\nWarehouses have a catchment area just like department stores. All buildings located within this catchment area can exchange goods with the warehouse.\n\nHowever, warehouses cannot exchange products with each other!" "How do warehouses work?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_09.tga"
218 "Now position the warehouse so that the department store is displayed in green.\n\nWhen buildings turn green with the construction of a warehouse, this means that they are within the catchment area of the warehouse. They can therefore obtain goods from this warehouse or store goods there.\n\nNow close this message.\nPosition a medium-sized warehouse so that the department store is displayed in green (i.e. within the catchment area of the warehouse).\n\nThen close the building menu." "The right location for a warehouse" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_10.tga"
221 "We'll start by producing and selling a simple product - eggs.\nTo do this, we need a chicken farm.\n\nClose this message, and choose the 'Factories' category from the buildings menu. Then choose a chicken farm." "Where do the goods come from now?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_11.tga"
224 "Build the chicken farm so that it is located within the catchment area of the warehouse - the warehouse should turn green.\n\nHens are happiest when there is plenty of grass around. You can see above the building how many eggs can be produced at this location.\n\nNow build a chicken farm." "Where should I build a chicken farm?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_12.tga"
227 "One more reminder: You can close all the menus at any time by clicking on 'Close' or by clicking the right mouse button.\n\nNow close this message, and then close the building menu." "Close menus" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_13.tga"
230 "Although you now have a chicken farm, you are not producing anything. The workers on the chicken farm have no idea what they should be doing.\nNearly all production facilities can produce a range of products. So you need to establish what to produce.\n\nOtherwise, your employees are going to have a relaxing time! Unfortunately, costs are incurred whether anyone works or not." "Where are the eggs?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
231 "Use the production menu to define production for a building.\nThis menu will open when you click on the appropriate building.\n\nNow close this message.\nNext, click on the chicken farm." "Define production" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
234 "You can now specify in the production menu the products to be produced.\nTo do so, just click on the product symbol concerned.\n\nAll the key information, such as monthly production, production costs etc., is displayed on the left.\n\nAs the chicken farm can only produce eggs, you don't have very much choice.\n\nClose this message and select eggs for production." "Now let's get to work" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_14.tga"
237 "In the same menu, you can also define how much you want to pay your workers.\nMore importantly, you also specify here the level of capacity at which the production facility should run.\n\nAt the beginning, you won't sell very much. Therefore, it is often to your advantage to restrict production accordingly.\n\nNow close this message.\nSet the capacity utilisation to 50% by clicking on the circle in the middle.\n" "Salary and capacity utilisation" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_15.tga"
240 "The settings will not take effect while the menu is displayed. Only when you close the menu by clicking on 'OK' (green tick) will the settings for this building take effect.\n\nIf you close the menu by clicking the right mouse button or by choosing 'Close' (red cross), your changes will not be saved.\n\nNow close this message.\nThen close the production menu by clicking on 'OK' (green tick)." "Confirming the settings" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_16.tga"
243 "Soon the first eggs will arrive at the warehouse. In the warehouse, you'll see a symbol that represents the product, as well as crates next to it indicating how many loads have been placed in storage.\n\nIt is now up to the department store to fetch the required quantity (if available) from the warehouse." "Products in the warehouse" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_17.tga"
244 "The first sale of eggs at the department store is a moment to savour. For the first time, figures will appear above your department store in green. This means that money is rolling in at last.\n\nBelow right you can see your account balance. Next to it are your 'luxury points' (but you don't need to worry about these in the missions). And on the far right you will see today's date." "Your first income" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
245 "You would doubtless like to know how much you are actually going to earn from the sale of eggs. It would also be interesting to know whether you are satisfying demand, or even if you are supplying too much.\n\nTo obtain this information, close this message and click on the department store." "How much am I earning?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
248 "You can call up all the information on specific products in the department store at any time.\nJust left-click on the relevant product symbol.\n\nClose this message and click on the symbol for eggs in the department store menu." "Info for a product" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_18.tga"
251 "On the left, you now see the profit you have made from egg sales in the last month.\n\nYou can also change the sales price here, which will affect demand. But for now, we'll leave the sales price as it is." "Profit" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_19.tga"
252 "You should check regularly whether your supply is meeting demand.\n\nClose this message and on the menu to the right, click on the middle button (Supply/Demand)." "Supply and demand" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_20.tga"
254 "You can now see from the green column on the right how many eggs the department store could sell in a particular month.\nThe red column next to it tells you how many units were actually sold.\nIdeally, these bars should be at the same level." "Supply and demand" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 01\00_21.tga"
255 "You have now learned how to construct buildings and produce goods.\nUse this knowledge to set up a dairy farm and sell milk.\n\nYou must sell at least 20 units of milk to complete this mission successfully.\n\nGood luck!" "Your game goal" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
302 "To extract natural resources, you will need a mine.\n\nSelect a mine from the building menu." "My first mine" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_03.tga"
303 "If you move the mine over the raw material symbols, you can see immediately how many raw materials you can extract in this area.\n\nNow build a mine on the site of the raw materials." "Positioning of mines" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_04.tga"
306 "Now build a large warehouse so that the mine and the building materials industry are in the catchment area of the warehouse (both buildings must be green)." "Temporary storage" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_05.tga"
307 "Now the iron ore must be turned into steel. For this, you will need a steelworks.\n\nYou should construct a steelworks within the catchment area of the warehouse you last built." "Iron ore to steel" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_06.tga"
309 "Now close the building menu and click on the mine.\n\nTo avoid overproduction, set iron ore as the product for the mine, and reduce capacity to 25%.\n\nClick on 'OK' in the menu to confirm your settings." "Reducing capacity utilisation" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_07.tga"
312 "Now click on the steelworks.\n\nSet production to 'Steel' and reduce capacity to 50%.\n\nClick 'OK' to confirm your settings." "Avoid overproduction" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_08.tga"
318 "To produce tools, timbers are needed. To produce these, you first need to fell trees. For that, you will need a lumber camp.\n\nLumber camps can fell trees within a specific catchment area. Build a lumber camp now in the forest. Make sure that it is within the catchment area of the warehouse that was most recently constructed." "Felling trees" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_09.tga"
324 "The tree trunks must now be transformed into manageable timbers. This will be carried out in a sawmill.\n\nBuild a sawmill located in the catchment area of the warehouse you last built." "Turning trees into timbers" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_10.tga"
327 "Now close the building menu and click on the lumber camp.\n\nTo avoid overproduction, set tree trunks as the product in the lumber camp, and reduce capacity to 25%.\n\nNext, click on 'OK' in the menu to confirm your settings." "Set production" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_11.tga"
328 "Now click on the sawmill.\n\nSet production to 'Timbers', and reduce capacity to 50%.\n\nClick 'OK' to confirm your settings." "Avoid overproduction" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_12.tga"
330 "To keep any nasty surprises to a minimum, you can set the exact products and quantities you wish to receive in any warehouse.\n\nTo open the warehouse menu, click on the warehouse near the mine, lumber camp, steelworks and sawmill." "Manage warehouse" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_13.tga"
331 "On the left, you can see the current warehouse status - which products are stored where, and how many units are available at any particular time.\n\nIf you want to remove goods, click on the relevant symbol on the left and then click on the dustbin." "Remove stock goods" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_14.tga"
332 "On the right, you can define which products are accepted by the warehouse and how many.\n\nYou can use the top two buttons to specify whether nothing at all is accepted or whether any quantity of any product is accepted." "Manage warehouse" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_15.tga"
333 "You should now manage the two warehouses so that the finished tool is only accepted in the warehouse at the department store.\n\nSo set the product group for building materials to 0%." "No tools" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_16.tga"
335 "Now specify that all products in the category for lumber camp, mine, steelworks and sawmill should be stored at a rate of just 25%.\n\nClick 'OK' to confirm." "Warehouse management" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_17.tga"
336 "Finally, you should now start production of tools in the building materials industry.\n\nClick 'OK' to confirm." "Hand over the tool" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_18.tga"
340 "Of course, you should also find out how high demand for tools really is in your department store. Then you need to adjust capacity utilisation in the building materials industry accordingly." "Requirements and production" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
341 "If everything has gone to plan, you close to achieving your mission goal. Sell 30 units of tools and your mission is accomplished.\n\nGood luck!" "Mission goal" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
350 "In this mission, we are going to attempt a more complex production procedure. You will extract raw materials, process them, and sell the end products.\n\nYour task is to manufacture tools and earn money from selling them." "Mission goal" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
351 "If you look at the game world, you will see that there is already a department store, a warehouse and a building materials industry.\n\nTo be able to produce tools, you need timbers and steel. Together, we will now build the infrastructure you need to manufacture these products." "Starting point" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_00.tga"
352 "The presence of natural resources is indicated by symbols that emerge from the ground. Place your mouse pointer on a symbol to display the quantity of raw materials at this location." "Where are the raw materials?" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 02\01_02.tga"
400 "The warehouse would be too far away. Make sure that the mine and factory are displayed in green. Only then will both buildings be in the warehouse's catchment area, and will thus be able to procure goods from the warehouse or deliver to it." "Warehouse is too far away!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
401 "The factory would not be within the warehouse's catchment area.\nMake sure that the warehouse is displayed in green!" "Factory is too far away!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
403 "The warehouse would be too far away.\nThe department store and factory must be located within the catchment area of the warehouse. Make sure that they are displayed in green!" "Warehouse is too far away!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
500 "We are now going to deal with the transportation of goods over long distances. We are going to build a railway together." "Mission goal" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
501 "You already own a furniture manufacturer that is in production, and a department store with warehouse in the town.\nOur task is to deliver furniture from the factory to the town." "Starting point" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
503 "Now build a railway station within the catchment area of the factory warehouse.\n\nIncidentally, you can alter the direction the railway station is facing by pressing the spacebar." "My first railway station" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_00.tga"
506 "It doesn't make much sense to have just one railway station.\nYou will need another station in town so that trains can deliver goods there.\n\nNow build a railway station within the catchment area of the department store's warehouse." "A second station" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_01.tga"
509 "Now we need to lay the track.\n\nTo do this, just click on the 'Tracks' button and lay the rails to connect the two railway stations." "Rails" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_02.tga"
512 "Your trains should be serviced regularly. This takes place in railway stations that are equipped with repair workshops. Each time a train makes a scheduled stop at this kind of station, it is repaired.\n\nNow click on the 'Repair workshop' button and then click on a station. This station will now be equipped with a repair workshop." "Repairs" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_03.tga"
515 "You now have your first operational railway network.\n\nNow close the building menu." "Continue" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
518 "We now need to buy a locomotive.\n\nVehicles are always purchased at railway stations, terminals, ports and airports.\n\nSo click on the railway station near the factory to open the vehicle purchase menu." "Buy vehicle" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_04.tga"
521 "You can choose between two locomotives. The cheaper one will be sufficient for our purposes.\n\nAs this one is already selected, you only need to click 'OK' to confirm the purchase." "Buy locomotive" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_05.tga"
524 "The station where you buy the train is always entered in the timetable as the first stop. It is usually the first one anyway. However, you can change it at any time. But in our case, it is correct." "First stop" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_06.tga"
525 "Now we need to establish what will be loaded onto the train at this station.\nOn the right, you see the load capacity of the train. At the moment, all fields are blank, but we are about to change that.\n\nClick on the furniture production symbol on the left. Next, keep clicking on the furniture symbol at the bottom left until all the fields on the right are filled." "Loading" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_07.tga"
527 "It is usually a good idea to instruct the train driver to wait until the train is fully loaded before departing.\n\nTo do this, click 'Wait until load is complete'." "Wait until load is complete" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_08.tga"
530 "We now need to let the train driver know where he is going.\n\nIncidentally, it would be no problem to let other trains run on this stretch of track. If two trains meet on the same platform, nothing will happen - the trains will just slow down a lot!\n\nClick on the station near the town.\nThis station is entered in the timetable." "Next stop" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_09.tga"
531 "At the second scheduled stop, we'll leave the load fields blank. This means that all the goods will be unloaded at this station. The train will then return empty to the first station.\n\nThe load fields indicate to the driver how the train should leave the station.\n\nClick on 'OK' to confirm the timetable." "Timetable is complete" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\Tutorial 03\02_10.tga"
533 "You are now familiar with the basic functions for transporting goods.\nFor more information and functions, please consult the manual." "More information" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
534 "Your task now is to sell 30 picture frames. To do this, you will need to change what you produce and alter the timetable.\nIt is entirely up to you whether you set up a separate industry and use more vehicles.\n\nGood luck!" "Mission goal" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_00.tga"
564 "" "" "" ""
600 "The station would not be in the catchment area of the warehouse.\nMake sure the warehouse turns green." "Station is too far away!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
603 "Close the vehicle purchase menu and click on the station near the factory." "Caution!" "" "gfx\uif\9_tutorial\99_99.tga"
3 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 16000 9 80 1 33 0 670 10 64870 64870 10 1 1930 1900 "videos\Truck_01.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\01_Ford TT" "Diesel" "Kord TT" "Trucks like the Ford TT served as models for this one. This model is typical of early trucks and emerged out of the development of the successful Model T series. It had a ten-gallon tank, rear-wheel drive, a worm gear unit and solid tyres which didn't make for a very comfortable ride.\nWithin a few years, Ford had constructed more than 100,000 units on their conveyor belts. In order to increase traffic safety, headlights were installed." "04_Icon_V_03.tga"
4 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 22000 9 50 1 33 0 670 8 64870 64870 10 1 1934 1905 "videos\Truck_02.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\02 White" "Diesel" "Whitey 3 tons" "The White 3 tons served as a model for this lorry. This truck was powered by gasoline and had rear-wheel drive.\nThe solid tyres and the windshield-less driver┤s cab made life difficult for the driver, especially in winter." "04_Icon_V_04.tga"
5 1 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 24000 9 40 1 33 0 600 10 64870 64870 10 1 1938 1915 "videos\Truck_03.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\03 Sterling" "Diesel" "Steering 156" "Trucks such as the Steering 156 2.5 ton with chain drive served as models for this lorry.\nA production company from Milwaukee, Wisconsin soon produced spring models by experimenting with screw and plate springs. By increasing the engine performance it became possible for trucks to pull trailers too. Windshields, headlights and hoops were introduced around the same time." "04_Icon_V_05.tga"
6 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 1 20000 9 70 1 33 0 570 9 64870 64870 10 1 1940 1921 "videos\Truck_04.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\04 Saurer" "Diesel" "Taurer Chain 2" "Trucks like the AM4 trucks by Saurer served as models for this one. Saurer was a Swiss company whose vehicles were licensed for production in many other countries.\nThe vehicle was driven by a four-cylinder gasoline engine in two blocks of two cylinders each. Moreover, all moving parts were set with ball bearings and the driver┤s cab could be shut closed in bad weather - unfortunately, it retained its uncomfortable solid tyres." "04_Icon_V_06.tga"
7 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 19000 9 40 1 33 0 540 7 64870 64870 10 1 1947 1927 "videos\Truck_05.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\05 Kennworth" "Diesel" "Penworth 927" "Trucks like the 1927 Kenworth served as models for this one. At that time, Kenworth was the first to produce trucks with six-cylinder gasoline engines.\nThese powerful engines increased their performance while air-filled tyres brought increased speed. The model was such a success that Kenworth was able to raise their production to three units a week." "04_Icon_V_07.tga"
8 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 23000 9 50 1 34 0 500 8 64870 64870 10 1 1951 1930 "videos\Truck_06.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\06 Mack" "Diesel" "Paeck BX 1930" "Trucks such as the Mack Model BX 1934 served as the original models for this one.\nIn the 30s, Mack undertook a series of innovations which have remained standard to this day. For example, all wheels were equipped with brakes, something which increased traffic safety enormously.\nAlso, the standard gasoline engines were replaced with more economical diesel ones whose high torque was particularly suitable for heavy trucks." "04_Icon_V_08.tga"
9 2 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 32000 9 80 1 34 19 470 10 64870 64870 10 1 1956 1934 "videos\Truck_07.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\07 White" "Diesel" "Whitey 731" "Trucks like the White 731 served as models for this one. The company which produced this well constructed threee-axle front-wheel drive truck was based in Cleveland, Ohio. Its powerful engine meant it was capable of pulling heavy loads." "04_Icon_V_09.tga"
10 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 25000 9 50 1 34 0 440 6 64870 64870 10 1 1958 1938 "videos\Truck_08.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\08_Panhard" "Diesel" "Panlight Model 38" "Lorries like the Panhard & Levassor served as models for this one. Panhard was the first to introduce the front-situated engine and rear-wheel drive.\nIn these trucks, engine power was transferred to the rear axle via the gear unit and the cardan shaft. This 1938 Panhard had an aerodynamic covered superstructure and a completely enclosed driver┤s cab. However, the global economic crisis almost lead to Panhard┤s bankruptcy and put a stop to their exports to the US." "04_Icon_V_10.tga"
11 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 26000 12 40 1 34 0 400 7 64870 64870 10 1 1960 1941 "videos\Truck_09.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\09_GMC" "Diesel" "KMC 8-10 Tons" "Trucks like the GMC 8-10 tons served as models for this one. They were produced in large quantities for the US-Army, and were famous for their attractive design and robust chassis.\nTechnical innovations such as the air-pressure brake made GMC one of the most important producers of medium and heavy six-axle trucks." "04_Icon_V_11.tga"
12 2 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 34000 12 70 1 34 20 460 5 64870 64870 10 1 1962 1946 "videos\Truck_10.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\10_Nash" "Diesel" "Flash Model 3248" "Trucks like the Nash Model 3248 3 tons served as models for this one.\nIn the 20s, lightweight lorries by Nash were bestsellers, but the global economic crisis dealt Nash a terrible blow and limited the construction of trucks.\nHowever, after World War 2 Nash restarted their production of lightweight 2- and 3 tons with six-cylinder diesel engines and fashionably styled bodies." "04_Icon_V_12.tga"
13 2 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 26000 12 50 1 34 21 400 8 64870 64870 10 1 1965 1951 "videos\Truck_11.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\11_Reo" "Diesel" "DEO Platform Truck" "Trucks like the REO pickup truck of 1950 served as models for this one.\nREO and Diamond T had a long-standing reputation as manufacturers of high-qualtiy products. They both produced all possible types of truck, from small vans to large five-axle trucks.\nUnfortunately, it was this diversity in their production that led to REO's decline." "04_Icon_V_13.tga"
14 1 0 0 0 20 1 0 16 0 24000 12 50 1 34 0 370 6 64870 64870 10 1 9000 1956 "videos\Truck_12.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\12_Federal" "Diesel" "General 2-Tons" "Lorries such as the Federal 2 tons by the Federal Motor Truck Co. of Detroit served as models for this one.\nFederal did not have a vehicle construction plant of their own, so engines, chassis and other spare parts were bought from various other producers. The Federal Truck models were known for their elegant design and use of chrome, something which generally was only used for motor-cars." "04_Icon_V_14.tga"
15 2 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 37000 12 30 1 34 22 300 8 64870 64870 11 1 9000 1960 "videos\Truck_13.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\13_Dodge" "Diesel" "Todge 4x4 Power Wagon" "Trucks such as the Dodge 4x4 Power Wagon served as models for this one.\nThese heavy three-axle trucks with their 220 hp diesel engines and cross-country ability introduced a new trend in lorry construction.\nThis saw the end of chrome decorations - performance and functionality were now held to be the essential features of the latest trucks. In the 70s, Dodge gave up the construction of heavy trucks and concentrated on the development of pickups." "04_Icon_V_15.tga"
16 2 0 0 1 20 1 0 16 0 36000 12 40 1 34 23 270 4 64870 64870 11 1 9000 1965 "videos\Truck_14.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\14_Peterbilt" "Diesel" "Peterbuild 65" "Trucks like the Peterbilt 381-HD served as models for this one.\nThese modern lorries were lightweight aluminium vehicles known for their high loading capacity, low dead weight and high engine performance.\nPeterbilt specialised in customising models to meet customers' demands - all-wheel drive was one such modification they frequently made. " "04_Icon_V_16.tga"
17 2 0 0 1 20 1 1 16 0 45000 12 30 1 34 24 270 2 64870 64870 11 1 9000 1970 "videos\Truck_15.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\3_trucks\15 _General" "Diesel" "AMS General" "Lorries like the AM General Truck served as models for this one.\nThis company specialised in the production of military vehicles and also developed buses and other special vehicles. The most important features of their models were their robustness and reliability.\nNowadays AM General is chiefly known for producing the Humvee used by the US-Army." "04_Icon_V_17.tga"
25 4 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 80000 8 150 0 19 0 600 40 64870 64870 20 2 1933 1900 "" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\01_jupiter" "Wood" "USLW Jupiter 119" "Engines like the Jupiter served as models for this one. They had the 4-4-0 American wheel arrangement that most post-civil war engines shared.\nThese general purpose engines were constructed in such high quantities that they practically became the country's standard locomotive by default. They were powered by a wood furnace and were used for transporting passengers and freight. Only their maintenance and repair caused occasional problems." "04_Icon_V_25.tga"
26 4 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 124000 8 170 0 19 0 540 44 64870 64870 20 2 1933 1900 "" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\02_baldwin_no3mogul" "Wood" "Waldbin No.3 Mogul 2-6-0" "Engines like the Baldwin 4-6-0 Ten-Wheeler were the original models for this one. They were compact and driven by six gears, so that they were able to pull heavy loads such as freight trains. They could even travel smoothly on unsafe tracks running through the prairie, for they had a bumper-like device attached to their front. Wood firing allowed railroad companies to keep their engines in operation even if they were far from big cities or coal mines." "04_Icon_V_26.tga"
27 5 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 145000 8 190 0 19 0 550 50 64870 64870 20 2 1937 1903 "videos\Lok 2.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\03_unbekannt_2-8-0" "Coal" "USLW Consolidation 2-8-0" "Engines like the Pennsylvania No. 2 served as models for this one.\nThe dramatic increase in freight traffic due to the rapid development of the steel industry brought about the design of 'pure-bred' cargo trains. It is true that they were not very fast, but their four drive axles enabled them to transport more goods. Apart from this, they were fueled by coal, which allowed them run faster - though not more economically - than previous models. " "04_Icon_V_27.tga"
28 6 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 134000 8 180 0 19 0 470 56 64870 64870 20 2 1937 1907 "videos\Lok_4.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\04_unbekannt_4-6-0_camelback" "Coal" "Prima 4-6-0 Camelback" "Locomotives such as the Lehigh Valley 4-6-0 No. 708 served as models for this one. These engines were nicknamed Camelback because their driver┤s cab was located in the middle. It was possible to fire them with low-quality coal, as they had a large fire box.\nThe Camelbacks were pure freight engines which were especially designed for transporting coal." "04_Icon_V_28.tga"
29 6 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 136000 8 200 0 19 0 470 36 64870 64870 20 2 1942 1910 "videos\Lok 5.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\05_baldwin_4-4-2" "Coal" "Waldbin Atlantic4-4-2" "Locomotives such as the Baldwin 4-4-2 Atlantic served as models for this one. These engines had big driving gears and were constructed for high speed rather than for transporting heavy loads. Because of this, they were later chiefly used to pull express trains.\nHowever, the golden age of the Atlantic did not last very long, for it was soon replaced by more powerful engines, though a few models still ran in the 1950s." "04_Icon_V_29.tga"
30 7 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 140000 8 180 0 19 0 440 44 64870 64870 20 2 1942 1913 "videos\Lok 6.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\06_baldwin_2-8-0" "Coal" "Waldbin Consolidation 2-8-0" "Engines such as the Baldwin 2-8-0 Camelback by the Leigh & Hudson River Railway served as models for this one. By adding another driving axle to the eight driving gears, the engine's tractive force could be increased. The use of double air pumps and improved cylinders also increased performance, so that the locomotive was particularly suitable for heavy freight traffic. As a result of this, it was chiefly used for the transportation of coal and ore." "04_Icon_V_30.tga"
31 7 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 138000 8 140 0 20 0 400 48 64870 64870 20 2 1948 1917 "videos\Lok 7.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\07_baldwin_4-4" "Coal" "Prima 4-4" "The Croft Lumber Co. 'Heisler' was one of the models for this locomotive. These engines had a rather unusual drive arrangement, for their single wheels were connected to each other by a gear unit and drive shafts. In this way heavy loads could be transported over difficult terrain. Therefore, many of these locomotives were used by forest railroad companies." "04_Icon_V_31.tga"
32 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 152000 10 160 0 20 0 370 46 64870 64870 21 2 1953 1920 "videos\Lok 8.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\08_baldwin_2-8-0" "Oil" "USLW Consolidation 2-8-0 Oil" "Engines such as the Baldwin Consolidation 2-8-0 served as models for this one. Its wheel arrangement produced a high tractive force. To further increase its speed and tractive force, the boiler pressure was raised and the fuel was changed to oil.\nThis was the beginning of the end for coal-fired steam locomotives as, even though oil was expensive, the higher speeds it generated turned out to be more important." "04_Icon_V_32.tga"
33 6 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 138000 10 90 0 20 0 440 24 64870 64870 22 2 1958 1926 "videos\Lok 10.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\10_unbekannt_4-4shay" "Wood" "Prima 4-4 Shay" "Locomotives like the Shay by Lima served as models for this one. Its engines were more like car engines than train engines - this enabled it to generate high tractive forces and climb very steep gradients.\nTo keep running costs low, they were fueled with wood which was cheap and available in bulk. Unfortunately, these trains weren't particularly fast, which sometimes caused delays on main lines." "04_Icon_V_33.tga"
34 6 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 158000 13 80 0 76 0 340 32 64870 64870 24 4 1961 1929 "videos\Lok 14.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\14_pennsylvania_class_2-b-2" "Electric Power" "American Electric O1 2-B-2" "Locomotives such as the 01 2-B-2 by General Electric served as models for this one.\nSince the air-pollution in cities caused by steam engines was enormous, many city railroads were transformed into exhaust-free electric lines. But only the development of high-performance electric engines permitted their use on main lines.\nIt is true that these first electric locomotives were not as powerful as conventional steam engines, but they were considerably cheaper as far as running costs were concerned. However, they required electrified tracks - a fact which delayed their extension over the country." "04_Icon_V_34.tga"
35 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 152000 10 120 0 20 0 300 38 64870 64870 21 2 1966 1933 "videos\Lok 11.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\11_baldwin_4-10-2" "Oil" "Waldbin 4-10-2 Oil" "Engines like the Baldwin Locomotive Works No. 60,000 served as models for this one.\nThis big and powerful locomotive possessed a high-pressure water-tube boiler and fivefold coupled drive gears which gave it excellent performance and speed.\nThe construction line 60,000 was the 60,000th locomotive to have been developed by Baldwin. Nowadays, the engine can be admired in museums." "04_Icon_V_35.tga"
36 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 151000 10 180 0 20 0 270 38 64870 64870 20 2 1969 1937 "videos\Lok 12.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\12_baldwin_4-6-4" "Coal" "Waldbin 4-6-4 Shore Line" "Locomotives such as the I-5 4-6-4 by Baldwin served as models for this one.\nThese fast, attractive, streamlined engines represented the peak of locomotive development. Their aerodynamic coverings reduced air resistance and therefore increased speed while lowering consumption.\nHowever, the limited supply of oil forced railroad companies to return to coal-fired engines." "04_Icon_V_36.tga"
37 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 160000 10 150 0 20 0 260 30 64870 64870 21 2 1973 1942 "videos\Lok 13.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\13_lima_2-8-4" "Oil" "Prima 2-8-4 Berkshire" "Engines like the 2-8-4 Berkshire by Lima Locomotive Works served as models for this one.\nThey were the last steam locomotives to be constructed in the US. Steam engines were no longer able to compete with the low running costs of diesel locomotives. It was only where a really high performance level was required that the very last super steam engines would survive for another few years." "04_Icon_V_37.tga"
38 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 157000 11 110 0 20 0 340 28 64870 64870 23 3 9000 1948 "videos\Lok 15.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\15_americanworks-fa-1" "Diesel" "US Locomotive Works FA-1" "Locomotives such as the Alco FA-1 served as models for this one. It was one of the first locomotives running on a diesel engine to be used for scheduled services.\nIt is true that diesel locomotives had already existed for quite a long time, but due to their low performance they were chiefly used as small shift engines.\nHowever, their low running costs meant that the industry gradually shifted to diesel from steam." "04_Icon_V_38.tga"
39 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 162000 13 90 0 76 0 400 20 64870 64870 24 4 2000 1953 "videos\Lok 16.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\16_alco_box-cab_c-c" "Electric Power" "USLW Box-cab C-C" "Locomotives like the Alco Box-Cab served as models for this one. These engines, which were named after their slightly clumsy-looking exterior, were chiefly used in densely populated areas as they didn't release any exhaust-fumes. They were also used on particularly steep sections of track.\nIt is true that the running costs of electric engines were quite low, but most of the railroad companies hesitated to put them into operation on a large scale because the electrification of tracks cost a fortune." "04_Icon_V_39.tga"
40 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 172000 11 105 0 74 0 300 28 64870 64870 23 3 9000 1958 "videos\Lok 17.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\17_alco_roadswitcher" "Diesel" "USLW Roadswitcher EMD GP-7" "Locomotives such as the Alco RS-2 served as models for this one. These versatile engines were suitable as passenger trains as well as freight trains.\nHowever, the dramatic decrease of passenger traffic brought about the decision of many railroad companies to simply use them for freight transport." "04_Icon_V_40.tga"
41 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 176000 13 80 0 76 0 270 20 64870 64870 24 4 9000 1961 "videos\Lok 18.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\18_pennsylvania_railroad_cgi" "Electric Power" "American Electric CGI" "Engines like the GG 1 by Pennsylvania Railroad served as models for this one. They were designed by Raymond Loewy and offered the following advantages: they were fast, powerful and very economical as far as running costs were concerned. Moreover, they were able to pull heavy passenger and cargo trains rapidly over long distances.\nThe Pennsylvania RR therefore electrified large parts of their track network in order to be able to use these remarkable engines as quickly as possible." "04_Icon_V_41.tga"
42 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 180000 11 70 0 74 0 260 16 64870 64870 23 3 9000 1966 "videos\Lok 19.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\19_alco_rcgw" "Diesel" "USLW CGW" "Locomotives such as the EMD F7A served as models for this one.\nCapable of generating 1,500 hp, they were constructed with and without driver┤s cabs (the latter were known as Boosters). Several units could be coupled together to provide extra power. This flexibility contributed to their success and sped up the demise of steam-powered engines." "04_Icon_V_42.tga"
43 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 178000 13 40 0 76 0 250 14 64870 64870 24 4 9000 1969 "videos\Lok 20.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\20_general_electric-e-44_c-c" "Electric Power" "American Electric E44 C-C" "Locomotives like the General Electric E44 served as models for this one.\nThese 6,000 hp engines were able to transport heavy cargo trains at high speeds, even if their clumsy design raised air resistance.\nThis outstanding performance was made possible by modern electronic inverted rectifiers and engine controls." "04_Icon_V_43.tga"
44 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 185000 11 50 0 74 0 240 16 64870 64870 23 3 9000 1973 "videos\Lok 21.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\21_unbekannt-blau" "Diesel" "Prima Dash-8" "Engines like the EMD F9 served as models for this one.\nThese locomotives possessed large turbo-charged diesel engines. They were fast and reasonably cheap to run.\nThe possibility of coupling several locomotives together if required, along with their aerodynamic shape, meant that diesel engines were not replaced by more economical electric engines on the North American continent." "04_Icon_V_44.tga"
45 8 1 0 1 20 1 10 16 0 190000 11 60 0 74 0 230 12 64870 64870 23 3 9000 1976 "videos\Lok 22.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\4_trains\22_unbekannt-gelb" "Diesel" "USLW SD 90" "Locomotives such as the Dash 8-40 BW served as models for this one.\nThese heavy, four-axle freight train engines can be found anywhere you go. Their large ventilation shafts make them easy to recognise.\nThe well-positioned driver┤s cab guarantees him a good view, even at switches.\nThe high-quality of the engines contributed to their popularity and is responsible for the fact that the locomotives are still frequently encountered on US tracks." "04_Icon_V_45.tga"
47 12 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 175000 7 220 1 0 0 690 56 64870 64870 30 5 1931 1900 "" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\3_segelschiff" "Wind" "P&W 3-mast steam schooner" "Ships such as the ARCHIMEDES served as models for this one. They had an iron hull and a steam engine which drove the ship┤s propeller.\nNevertheless, due to its high running costs, this latter was only put into operation when the ship was becalmed.\nThe steam engine allowed ships to go as fast as 5-8 knots during lulls, though they could reach double that speed if they also raised their sails." "04_Icon_V_47.tga"
48 14 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 190000 7 160 1 47 0 670 60 64870 64870 31 6 1953 1912 "videos\Ship_01.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\5_august" "Coal" "HHI Steamer Southern" "Ships like the AUGUST were the models for this one, as they possessed a steel hull and reliable steam engines, so that navigators could finally do without sails.\nHowever, the coal bunker and steam engines occupied a lot of space on the ship. Moreover, the heavy riveted hulls severely limited their loading capacity." "04_Icon_V_48.tga"
49 16 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 194000 7 170 1 47 0 600 48 64870 64870 31 6 1960 1925 "videos\Ship_02.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\1_kolchosnik" "Coal" "P&W Steamer Freight" "Ships such as the VICTORIA served as models for this craft. These ships had a superstructure erected amidships, a raised bow and a high freeboard, so they were exceptionally seaworthy and able to cross the Atlantic Ocean in stormy weather without exposing anybody to danger.\nTheir cargo could even be unloaded in smaller ports and harbours by means of on-board cranes.\nTheir high-performance threefold-extension steam engines increased their speed while simultaneously decreasing their coal consumption." "04_Icon_V_49.tga"
50 16 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 210000 7 200 1 86 0 570 40 64870 64870 32 6 1972 1945 "videos\Ship_05.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\4_rostock" "Diesel" "P&W Motorship Liberty" "Original models for this ship were designs like the BENJAMIN CHEW. They represented a revolution in ship construction.\nSuddenly, the hull was not riveted any more but welded, and the ship was now powered by oil-fired steam turbines. So its speed and range were increased considerably, which added to the fact that coal-steamers rapidly disappeared from the oceans of the world." "04_Icon_V_50.tga"
51 16 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 223000 7 160 1 86 0 540 36 64870 64870 32 7 9000 1955 "videos\Ship_03.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\6_le_moyne" "Diesel" "Cartwright Freight Motorship" "Ships such as the LE MOYNE served as models for this one. They were typical freighters with their engine rooms and superstructures positioned amidships.\nThe hold could be cooled which made transporting perishable goods possible.\nThey were powered by large, economical diesel engines." "04_Icon_V_51.tga"
52 16 2 0 0 20 1 0 4 0 230000 7 130 1 86 0 480 40 64870 64870 32 7 9000 1972 "videos\Ship_04.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\5_ships\2_merkur_bayeer" "Diesel" "P&W Motorship MSF72" "Ships with quarterdeck engine rooms, such as the MERKUR BAY, served as models for this vessel. They also have superstructures located above the engine rooms with lots of cargo space, so that the ships are able to transport containers as well as other goods.\nThese craft have special features such as torus bows, cruiser sterns and high-performance diesel engines designed to help them sail at high speeds. Improved cranes mean that loading is easier and requires less crew." "04_Icon_V_52.tga"
53 6 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 320000 6 320 0 79 0 140 84 64870 64870 40 8 1954 1928 "videos\Curtiss.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\01_curtiss" "Kerosene" "Cartwright Condor 2" "The original models for this aeroplane were planes like the Curtiss T-32 Condor II which were typical of the transition from the early flying machines to modern mass-produced planes. The Condor II was still a relatively slow biplane though it did possess a retractable undercarriage.\nApart from the passenger version capable of carrying 15 people, there was also a seaplane, and a cargo variety with a large hatch in the fuselage." "04_Icon_V_53.tga"
54 8 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 360000 6 340 0 79 0 120 76 64870 64870 40 8 1957 1935 "videos\DC_3.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\02_dc3" "Kerosene" "Douglow DC 3" "Planes such as the Douglas DC-3 served as models for this one which is actually the most important cargo plane ever built, for no similar type plane was ever constructed in such large quantities. Its success was largely due to its high-power radial engines and reliability. The DC 3 represented the backbone of civil air travel for many years, and many of these planes still serve as cargo planes or else spend their retirement as museum exhibits." "04_Icon_V_54.tga"
55 10 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 300000 6 280 0 79 0 120 80 64870 64870 40 8 1967 1944 "videos\Fairchild.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\04_fairchild" "Kerosene" "Fairmen Double" "The Fairchild C-82 Flying Boxcar and the North 2500 Noratlas were the models for this plane. These aircraft were not developed as passenger planes but as cargo planes, so they needed a central fuselage with a tailgate for the easy loading of bulky goods, double tail units to improve flight stability and high-performance engines.\nAside from military variants, many planes were later equipped with additional jet engines to speed them up." "04_Icon_V_55.tga"
56 12 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 380000 6 260 0 79 0 120 72 64870 64870 40 8 1971 1947 "videos\Constellation.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\03_constellation" "Kerosene" "Lookhead C121 Constellation" "Planes like the Lockheed Constellation served as models for this one. Its broad wingspan, elegant lines and high-performance engines made it the ultimate propeller-driven long-distance aircraft. \nA larger version - the Super Constellation - with more seats and increased range was introduced to deal with rapidly growing passenger numbers. \nMany Constellations were transformed into cargo planes after faster jet-planes replaced them on passenger flights." "04_Icon_V_56.tga"
57 16 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 420000 6 340 0 79 0 135 88 64870 64870 40 8 9000 1952 "videos\Herkules.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\10_herkules" "Kerosene" "Lookhead Herkules" "Planes such as the Lockheed C130 Herkules, the standard military cargo plane, served as models for this one. The aircraft is a high-wing decker with four turbo props, a low, retractable undercarriage and a tail hatch which enables rapid loading. The design was such a success that a variant is still being constructed 40 years after its first flight.\nMany of the Herkules built for military use now serve as cargo planes for small airlines." "04_Icon_V_57.tga"
58 12 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 380000 6 240 0 80 0 110 64 64870 64870 40 8 9000 1954 "videos\Boing_707.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\05_boing707" "Kerosene" "Flying 808" "Planes such as the Boeing 707 served as models for this one. The 707 revolutionised air travel and introduced the era of jet liners.\nThe Boeing 707 is based on the KC-135 - a refueller and transport plane used by the US Airforce. It is very aerodynamic with swept-back wings and four engines hung under the wings.\nOver the years many different models have appeared, such as the 707-320 with intercontinental range, the 707-320C Freighter and the VC-137 which, for a long time, served as Air Force One, the US president┤s aircraft." "04_Icon_V_58.tga"
59 10 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 240000 6 160 0 79 0 115 48 64870 64870 40 8 9000 1957 "videos\Fokker_F.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\08_fokker_f27" "Kerosene" "Nokker F27" "Planes such as the Fokker F27 Friendship and the Fairchild FH-227 served as models for this one. Their double propeller turbojet propulsion made them very economical and contributed to their success.\nThe large hatch in its fuselage means that, with a reinforced floor, it can also be used as a cargo plane." "04_Icon_V_59.tga"
60 16 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 440000 6 250 0 80 0 100 52 64870 64870 41 8 9000 1963 "videos\Boing_747.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\06_boing747" "Kerosene" "Flying 848" "Planes such as the Boeing 747 served as models for this one. This was the very first wide-body airliner, i.e. an aircraft with a wide fuselage.\nIn addition to this, an upper deck was built behind the cockpit, a strategy which allowed passenger capacity be considerably increased in comparison to its predecessors. Other special features of this jumbo jet are its size and characteristic hump.\nEven this type of aircraft offers several variants, such as the 747-200F Freighter, a cargo plane with a hinged nose; the 747 SP, a long-distance version for flights over 10,000 km long; and the 747-123 SSC for transporting space shuttles." "04_Icon_V_60.tga"
61 16 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 360000 6 220 0 80 0 115 44 64870 64870 41 8 9000 1967 "videos\Guppy.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\09_guppy" "Kerosene" "Aero Spacewings Guppy" "Planes such as the Aero-Spacelines Guppy served as models for this one. To build them, the body of a Boeing Stratocruiser had to be cut apart and replaced by a new, larger fuselage enabling the aircraft to transport plane components, spare rocket parts and other bulky cargo.\nThe whole nose cone moves aside during loading. In order to compensate for the increased drag, extremely high-power turboprop engines have been installed - however, its flight performance still leaves much to be desired." "04_Icon_V_61.tga"
62 16 6 1 0 20 1 1 4 0 410000 6 270 0 80 0 85 60 64870 64870 41 8 9000 1971 "videos\DC_10.bik" "gfx\4_vehicles\7_planes\07_dc10" "Kerosene" "McDouglas-Donell DC 10" "Planes such as the McDonnell Douglas DC-10 served as models for this one. They were slightly smaller than the Boeing 747 and had a shorter air-time. They were equipped with three modern, silent low-consumption bypass engines. Apart from the passenger version, there was also a combined freight and passenger plane, another one with increased air-time and a version which served as a refueller and freighter for the USAF." "04_Icon_V_62.tga"
