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- <text id=89TT0259>
- <title>
- Jan. 23, 1989: Tracing God's Fingerprint
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1989
- Jan. 23, 1989 Barbara Bush:The Silver Fox
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- ART, Page 62
- Tracing God's Fingerprint
- </hdr><body>
- <p>A fascinating show brings German Romantic drawings to the fore
- </p>
- <p>By Robert Hughes
- </p>
- <p> There was a time when right-thinking modernists hardly
- thought about the first half of the 19th century at all. For
- them, pretty well everything painted or sculpted between the
- French Revolution of 1789 and the Communist Manifesto of 1848
- was the art from which modernism, as the phrase went, "freed
- itself" -- a dim if permanent background to the ongoing drama of
- the new.
- </p>
- <p> Does anyone share this illusion of a radical break today?
- Not likely. Precisely because the 19th century (except for
- impressionism and its consequences) was once shunned, for the
- past 20 years it has been the curator's mother lode. This new
- curiosity radiates not only from grand exhibitions like those of
- Degas and Courbet, but also from others more modest in size,
- like "The Romantic Spirit: German Drawings, 1780-1850," which is
- on view at the Pierpont Morgan Library in New York City through
- Jan. 29.
- </p>
- <p> This fascinating show deals with an area of art about which
- most non-Germans know next to nothing. Beethoven, of course,
- everyone knows. Goethe is more invoked than read. But one would
- be hard pressed to find much public recognition of their
- contemporaries in painting. There is Caspar David Friedrich, the
- darling of the art historians, with his cloaked and silent
- watchers, his chilly crags and moonstruck ships. But Philipp
- Otto Runge? Carl Gustav Carus? Franz Pforr and Julius Schnorr
- von Carolsfeld? Johann Overbeck? Franz Horny or Adrian Zingg?
- Not household names, exactly -- yet interesting and sometimes
- remarkable artists, all the same. Hence the Morgan's show fills a
- distinct gap. None of the drawings and watercolors in it have
- been seen in America before; they are all lent from two great
- collections in the German Democratic Republic, the
- Nationalgalerie in East Berlin and the Kupferstich-Kabinett in
- Dresden.
- </p>
- <p> To browse through this show is to be vividly reminded of the
- continuities in the past two centuries of German art. Some are
- not altogether welcome. That gentle, scholarly neoclassicist
- Johann Tischbein, the friend and portraitist of Goethe, would
- have been aghast to see what German state culture in the 1930s
- got up to -- and yet the first item in this show, his elaborate
- drawing entitled The Power of Man, 1786, showing a hunter and
- his young companion on horseback dragging home the carcasses of a
- lion and a huge eagle, predicts many of the elements of Nazi
- classicism if not its overweening vulgarity. The taste for
- earnest, portentous and sentimental allegory, which now and
- then muddies the work of even the best German artists in the
- postwar years -- Joseph Beuys, Anselm Kiefer -- is well and
- truly installed by the early 1800s in the elaborate
- metaphorical drawings and prints of Runge. His paeans to
- innocence, with their flying babies and virgins and lilies,
- waver close to visionary kitsch. And of course the attitudes to
- nature and society that permeate German expressionism were not
- invented in the 20th century: they are Romanticism topped up
- with more anxiety.
- </p>
- <p> These earlier German Romantics found an obsessive imagery in
- innocence, whether that of childhood or the supposed moral calm
- of rural life. Recoiling from industrialization (the first steam
- pump, the catalog notes, wheezed into action in the Ruhr in
- 1789, and by 1849 there were almost 2,000 steam engines in
- Prussia alone), they rediscovered the Volk just as Wordsworth
- and Constable did with their country idylls. The Germans'
- pictures were filled with gnarled trees, old walls, villages
- unchanged since the Middle Ages. A favorite spot for Germans
- studying in Italy was Olevano, a hill town not far from Rome,
- where the Nazarenes, a group roughly equivalent to the English
- Pre-Raphaelites, liked to convene.
- </p>
- <p> There was a moral value in being close to the soil, since
- nature was the source of all allegory and the direct fingerprint
- of God. Nature could stir the broadest emotions so long as it
- was rendered with scrupulous fidelity. Hence the special
- character of so much German Romantic landscape drawing, as in
- the work of Joseph Anton Koch or Friedrich: the impaction of
- vast amounts of detail into panoramic scenes. One sees both
- close up and for miles, with the focus equal everywhere. The
- ideal was a Goethean panorama in which sublimity and scientific
- curiosity were inextricably mingled. Among the Nazarenes, like
- Schnorr, the desire for precision became almost hallucinatory,
- with every stroke of the pen given the steeliness of a Durer
- engraving. But the best moments of broad-view landscape
- occurred where the elements most nakedly met -- on mountain
- peaks, or at the edge of the sea, as in Friedrich's wonderfully
- evocative drawing Rocky Shore with Anchor, 1835-37, with its
- broad tranquil planes of water, rocks and sky.
- </p>
- <p> Where does classicism end and Romanticism start? The
- impulses interweave, within the life of one artist and
- sometimes in the same work. Karl Friedrich Schinkel's buildings,
- like the Altes Museum in Berlin (1822-30), were the very essence
- of neoclassicism, strict and canonical, their design
- underwritten by extreme tenacity in the refinement of detail.
- Yet as a young man in the mountains, on his way to Rome in 1803,
- he used generalization to express his yearning for the infinite.
- The twin blue peaks of the Bohemian Mittelgebirge that he worked
- up into a watercolor from sketches two years later -- Mountain
- Range in Bohemia at Sunset, circa 1805 -- are mere silhouettes,
- as is the dark fringe of pines in the foreground. But that is
- the source of their visual power. Such drawings warn you that
- words like classic and Romantic are, indeed, leaky containers.
- </p>
-
- </body></article>
- </text>
-
-