TIME: Almanac 1990s

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<text id=93CT1888> <title> Togo--History </title> <history> Compact ALMANAC--CIA Factbook Northern Africa Togo </history> <article> <source>CIA World Factbook</source> <hdr> History </hdr> <body> The Ewes moved into the area which is now Togo from the Niger River Valley between the 12th and 14th centuries. During the 15th and 16th centuries, Portuguese explorers and traders visited the coast. For the next 200 years, the coastal region was a major raiding center for Europeans in search of slaves, earning Togo and the surrounding region the name the "Slave Coast." In a 1884 treaty signed at Togoville, Germany declared a protectorate over a stretch of territory along the coast and gradually extended its control inland. Because it became Germany's only self-supporting colony, Togoland was known as its model possession. In 1914, Togoland was invaded by French and British forces and fell after a brief resistance. Following the war, Togoland became a League of Nations mandate divided for administrative purposes between France and the United Kingdom. After World War II, the mandate became a UN trust territory administered by the United Kingdom and France. During the mandate and trusteeship periods, western Togo was administered as part of the British Gold Coast. In 1957, the residents of British Togoland voted to join the Gold Coast as part of the new independent nation of Ghana. By statute in 1955, French Togo became an autonomous republic within the French Union, although it retained its UN trusteeship status. A legislative assembly elected by universal adult suffrage had considerable power over internal affairs, with an elected executive body headed by a prime minister responsible to the legislature. These changes were embodied in a constitution approved in an 1956 referendum. On September 10, 1956, Nicholas Grunitzky became prime minister of the Republic of Togo. However, due to irregularities in the plebiscite, a UN-supervised general election was held in 1958 and won by Sylvanus Olympio. On April 27, 1960, in a smooth transition, Togo severed its juridical ties with France, shed its UN trusteeship status, and became fully independent under a provisional constitution with Olympio as president. A new constitution in 1961 established an executive president, elected for 7 years by universal suffrage, and a weak national assembly. The president was empowered to appoint ministers and dissolve the assembly, holding a monopoly of executive power. In elections that year, from which Grunitzky's party was disqualified, Olympio's party won 90% of the vote and all 51 National Assembly seats, and he became Togo's first elected president. Four principal political parties existed in Togo: the leftist Juvento (Togolese Youth Movement); the Union Democratique des Populations Togolaises (UDPT); the Parti Togolais du Progres (PTP), founded by Grunitzky but having limited support; and the Unite Togolaise (UT),the party of President Olympio. Rivalries between elements of these parties had began as early as the 1940s, and they came to a head with Olympio dissolving the opposition parties in January 1962 ostensibly because of plots against the majority party government. Many opposition members, including Grunitzky, fled to avoid arrest. On January 13, 1963, President Olympio was assassinated in an uprising of army noncommissioned officers dissatisfied with conditions following their discharge from the French army. Grunitzky returned from exile 2 days later to head a provisional government with the title of prime minister. On May 5, 1963, the Togolese adopted a new constitution which reinstated a multiparty system, chose deputies from all political parties for the National Assembly, and elected Grunitzky as president and Antonine Meatchi as vice president. Nine days later, President Grunitzky formed a government in which all parties were represented. During the next several years, the Grunitzky government's power became insecure. On November 21, 1966, an attempt to overthrow Grunitzky--inspired principally by civilian political opponents in the UT party--was unsuccessful. Grunitzky then tried to lessen his reliance on the army, but on January 13, 1967, Lt Col. Etienne Eyadema (later Gen. Gnassingbe Eyadema) ousted President Grunitzky in a bloodless military coup. Political parties were banned, and all constitutional processes were suspended. The Committee of National Reconciliation ruled the country until April 14, when Eyadema assumed the presidency. In late 1969, a single national political party, the Assembly of the Togolese People (RPT), was created, and President Eyadema was elected party president on November 29, 1969. In 1972, a national referendum, in which Eyadema ran unopposed, confirmed his role as the country's president. In late 1979, Eyadema declared a Third Republic and a transition to a more civilian rule with a mixed civilian and military cabinet. He garnered 99.7% of the vote in uncontested presidential elections held in late 1979 and early 1980. A new constitution also provided for a national assembly to serve primarily as a consultative body. Eyadema was reelected to a third consecutive 7-year term in December 1985 with 99.5% of the vote in an uncontested election. On September 23, 1986, a group of some 70 armed Togolese dissidents crossed into Lome from Ghana in an attempt to overthrow the Eyadema government. With all Togolese armed forces units remaining loyal to the president, the incursion was halted after 2 days of sporadic fighting. The attempted overthrow resulted in several hundred casualties, with official figures listing 13 dissidents and 23 Togolese soldiers and civilians killed. As a result of bilateral tensions caused by the incursion, the Togo-Ghana border closed for several months. Current Political Conditions The present Togolese Government is a highly centralized, one-party system that rules by decree. Since its creation in 1969, the ruling RPT has taken control of women's, youth, and labor groups by creating party organs to replace or supervise existing organizations. Party committees in almost every village in the country often sponsor self-help development activities or promote political education. In the official protocol of Togo, members of the political bureau of the RPT take precedence over members of the cabinet. All cabinet ministers are ex officio members of the party's central committee and are appointed by the president. The role of the National Assembly is still evolving. Presently, proposed legislation is submitted by the Council of Ministers to the assembly and becomes law after its proforma approval. Recently the Togo Government has sought to improve its image. In October 1987, Togo established a National Human Rights Commission for the investigation of complaints of human rights abuses. It is authorized to receive complaints from Togolese and foreign residents and has access to government and police files. Its primary functions include promoting the rights of individuals--through education programs regarding human rights issues--and curtailing official abuses. Also, following longstanding complaints of corruption, President Eyadema in late 1988 began a highly visible anticorruption campaign leading to the ouster of several senior government officials. The Togolese judiciary is modeled on the French system. The highest review court is the Supreme Court, headed by a presidential appointee. For administrative purposes, Togo is divided into 21 prefectures, each having a prefect (governor) appointed by the president. Source: U.S. Department of State, Bureau of Public Affairs, February 1990. </body> </article> </text>