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<text id=90TT3232>
<title>
Dec. 03, 1990: At The End Of Milken's Junk-Food Chain
</title>
<history>
TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1990
Dec. 03, 1990 The Lady Bows Out
</history>
<article>
<source>Time Magazine</source>
<hdr>
BUSINESS, Page 84
At the End of Milken's Junk-Food Chain
</hdr>
<body>
<p> Meet Philip Ruckdeschel, 68, a disabled mechanic who lives
with his wife, his 78-year-old mother-in-law and three children
in Sloansville, N.Y. (pop. 200). In 1986, Ruckdeschel handed his
family's savings, roughly $150,000, to Joseph Ventura, a sales
rep from First Investors Corp., one of the country's largest
managers of junk-bond mutual funds. Four years later,
Ruckdeschel estimates his total losses at $75,000 but doesn't
know the exact figure because at each sales call, Ventura would
toss out the old records. "He never said anything about any risk--just that if we needed retirement income, this was the way
to do it," says Ruckdeschel. "Now I know why people jump out of
windows."
</p>
<p> Salesman Ventura refuses to comment, but others who hawked
junk for First Investors are less reticent about the company's
high-pressure tactics. "I feel like a prostitute," confesses one
of them, Mark Loncar, 27, of Aurora, Ill. "But I didn't know any
better."
</p>
<p> Ruckdeschel, Ventura and Loncar inhabit the lower end of
the food chain that fed Michael Milken and a handful of others
hundreds of millions of dollars in personal profits during the
leveraged-buyout binge of the '80s. Now the continuing collapse
of the junk-bond market is starving more than 270,000 First
Investors clients, many of whom were lured in by deceptive
tactics like those used by Ventura and Loncar. Customer losses
nationwide could top $500 million.
</p>
<p> Three weeks ago, in one of the largest claims ever against a
mutual fund operator, officials in New York and Massachusetts
filed fraud charges against First Investors (assets: $3.5
billion) and a total of seven of its top executives. At least
five other states may follow suit. "These were the junkiest of
the junk bonds, yet investors who asked specific questions about
them were lied to," says New York Attorney General Robert
Abrams. "We've handled many fraud cases before, but nothing
approaches the scale of what we see here. This is heartrending."
</p>
<p> First Investors was one of the first mutuals to buy junk in
quantity from Milken. The high-flying paper helped two of the
firm's 25 funds (the Fund for Income and the High Yield Fund)
grow to more than $2.4 billion in assets. At its peak, First
Investors commanded an army of 5,000 sales agents spread
throughout 285 offices in 49 states--most of them
inexperienced, ill trained and often crammed like cattle into
boiler-room offices. The agents memorized scripted pitches that
they parroted to customers, usually over the phone. The firm
also uses a pyramid-style structure, similar to Amway's, in
which agents recruit others in return for a cut of new revenues.
</p>
<p> Within a year of his hiring in 1986, Loncar had dumped
enough high-risk junk, most of it on unsophisticated buyers and
senior citizens with fixed incomes, to become one of First
Investors' "Top 100" salesmen. "When clients asked if these
investments were safe, we were taught to mislead them," says
Loncar. "I didn't even know these were junk bonds. I learned
more about those funds after I left the company three years
later."
</p>
<p> "It was like telemarketing," recalls a former top salesman,
Michael Rukujzo, who quit last year. According to Rukujzo and
other agents, prospective purchasers were hooked by the high
yields--12% to 13%, versus 5% to 6% offered by most banks--and were falsely told that the bonds were safe and that
potential losses were government insured. First Investors is
also charged by New York and Massachusetts with distributing
misleading prospectuses.
</p>
<p> The ride down has been almost as steep as the climb up. In
1990 alone, share prices in both funds have dropped more than
30%. Even on a long-term basis, the Fund for Income and the High
Yield Fund are among the industry's worst performers. Benalder
Bayse Jr., who from 1985 to 1989 ran both funds, testified with
immunity at Milken's presentencing hearing that a Milken crony,
Roy Johnson, helped him land what he described as a "lucrative
job" at First Investors. Thereafter, according to Bayse, Johnson
funneled junk bonds to him, both for the mutual funds and, in
some cases, for Bayse's personal account.
</p>
<p> Neither Glenn Head nor David Grayson, First Investors'
chairman and president respectively, is talking publicly about
his role. Both are named in the states' lawsuits and will
"vigorously" contest them, says their lawyer. Like Milken, they
too will have their day in court.
</p>
<p>By Richard Behar.
</p>
</body>
</article>
</text>