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- <text id=94TT0543>
- <title>
- Mar. 28, 1994: The Mummy's Tale
- </title>
- <history>
- TIME--The Weekly Newsmagazine--1994
- Mar. 28, 1994 Doomed:The Regal Tiger and Extinction
- </history>
- <article>
- <source>Time Magazine</source>
- <hdr>
- SCIENCE, Page 53
- The Mummy's Tale
- </hdr>
- <body>
- <p>A woman's remains prove that tuberculosis existed in the New
- World before Columbus crossed the sea
- </p>
- <p>By Anastasia Toufexis--Reported by Leslie Whitaker/Chicago
- </p>
- <p> The ghosts of Columbus and his fellow European explorers can
- breathe a bit easier. They have long been accused of slaying
- New World natives not just with swords but also with germs.
- Supposedly, the sailors -- and eventual settlers -- brought
- with them the bugs for illnesses unknown in the Americas, including
- smallpox, measles, influenza, malaria and tuberculosis. Never
- having been exposed to these ailments, natives had no immunity.
- Now, though, the European invaders have been exonerated as the
- carriers of at least one disease to the New World. Scientists
- said last week that they had found DNA from the TB bacterium
- in the mummified remains of a woman who died in the Americas
- 500 years before Columbus set sail from Spain.
- </p>
- <p> Paleopathologists had suspected that TB existed in the New World
- before 1492. Ancient skeletons, for instance, have bone lesions
- that resemble those caused by TB. But the DNA discovery, reported
- in the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, is the
- first firm proof of TB's longevity in the Americas. "It's about
- the best evidence you could hope for," says biochemist Wilmar
- Salo of the University of Minnesota, who was on the research
- team.
- </p>
- <p> The genetic material comes from one of several hundred bodies,
- mummified by natural forces, that were unearthed in 1989 and
- 1990 by University of Chicago anthropologists from the cemeteries
- of Chiribaya, an agricultural community along the coast of what
- is now southern Peru. Pathologist Arthur Aufderheide of the
- University of Minnesota, who autopsied the mummies, was intrigued
- by one woman he judged to have been 40 to 45 years old, an advanced
- age for her society. But he expected to find little else remarkable
- because the body was so poorly preserved. To his surprise, when
- he opened the chest, he found a lump on the lung and another
- two in the lymph nodes -- a common sign of TB infection.
- </p>
- <p> Back in the U.S., Aufderheide carried thumbnail-size tissue
- samples he had taken from the woman to his colleague Salo, the
- biochemist. Using a new technique of dna analysis called polymerase
- chain reaction, the Minnesota researchers cloned billions of
- copies of the ancient genetic material. Then they identified
- a fragment of dna that is found only in TB bacteria.
- </p>
- <p> "The native Americans had so much TB in early colonial times,"
- speculates Aufderheide, "because they were crowded into towns
- and had much poorer living conditions than before." TB spreads
- rapidly among people with immune systems weakened by malnutrition
- and poor sanitation. Among the mummies of rural Chiribaya, few
- showed any sign of TB infection, and the woman from whom TB
- DNA was isolated did not die of the disease.
- </p>
- <p> The big mystery: How did TB get to the Americas? Did people
- migrating from Asia across the Bering Sea land bridge take the
- disease to the new land? Those travelers, thousands of years
- earlier than Columbus, may have carried the answer to their
- graves. If so, scientists may one day unearth it.
- </p>
-
-
- </body>
- </article>
- </text>
-
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