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Amiga MA Magazine 1998 #6
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mkisofs.105
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MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
NAME
mkisofs - create a iso9660 filesystem with optional Rock
Ridge attributes.
SYNOPSIS
mkisofs [ -R ] [ -r ] [ -T ] [ -v ] [ -z ] [ -a ] [ -f ] [ -d ]
[ -D ] [ -l ] [ -L ] [ -L ] [ -V ] [ -V volid ]
[ -i include-list ] [ -p preparer ] [ -P publisher ]
[ -A applicationid ] [ -x path ] -o filename path
DESCRIPTION
mkisofs is effectively a pre-mastering program to generate
the iso9660 filesystem - it takes a snapshot of a given
directory tree, and generates a binary image which will
correspond to an iso9660 filesystem when written to a
block device.
mkisofs is also capable of generating the System Use Shar
ing Protocol records specified by the Rock Ridge Inter
change Protocol. This is used to further describe the
files in the iso9660 filesystem to a unix host, and pro
vides information such as longer filenames, uid/gid, posix
permissions, and block and character devices.
Each file written to the iso9660 filesystem must have a
filename in the 8.3 format (8 characters, period, 3 char
acters, all upper case), even if Rock Ridge is in use.
This filename is used on systems that are not able to make
use of the Rock Ridge extensions (such as MS-DOS), and
each filename in each directory must be different from the
other filenames in the same directory. mkisofs generally
tries to form correct names by forcing the unix filename
to upper case and truncating as required, but often times
this yields unsatisfactory results when there are cases
where the truncated names are not all unique. mkisofs
assigns weightings to each filename, and if two names that
are otherwise the same are found the name with the lower
priority is renamed to have a 3 digit number as an exten
sion (where the number is guaranteed to be unique). An
example of this would be the files foo.bar and foo.bar.~1~
- the file foo.bar.~1~ would be written as FOO.000;1 and
the file foo.bar would be written as FOO.BAR;1
Note that mkisofs is not designed to communicate with the
writer directly. Most writers have proprietary command
sets which vary from one manufacturer to another, and you
need a specialized tool to actually burn the disk. The
ccddwwrriittee utility that comes with mkisofs is capable of com
municating with Phillips drives (newer versions of cdwrite
should be available from Yggdrasil). Most writers come
with some version of DOS software that allows a direct
image copy of an iso9660 image to the writer. The current
version of cdwrite is available from ftp.storm.net:
/pub/cdwrite-2.0beta1.tar.gz
Version 1.05 January 1995 1
MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
Also you should know that most cd writers are very partic
ular about timing. Once you start to burn a disc, you
cannot let their buffer empty before you are done, or you
will end up with a corrupt disc. Thus it is critical that
you be able to maintain an uninterrupted data stream to
the writer for the entire time that the disc is being
written.
ppaatthh is the path of the directory tree to be copied into
the iso9660 filesystem.
OPTIONS
-a Include all files on the iso9660 filesystem. Nor
mally files that contain the characters '~' or '#'
will not be included (these are typically backup
files for editors under unix).
-A application_id
Specifies a text string that will be written into
the volume header. This should describe the appli
cation that will be on the disc. There is space on
the disc for 128 characters of information. This
parameter can also be set in the file .mkisofsrc
with APPI=id. If specified in both places, the
command line version is used.
-d Omit trailing period from files that do not have a
period. This violates the ISO9660 standard, but it
happens to work on many systems. Use with caution.
-D Do not use deep directory relocation, and instead
just pack them in the way we see them. This vio
lates the ISO9660 standard, but it works on many
systems. Use with caution.
-f Follow symbolic links when generating the filesys
tem. When this option is not in use, symbolic
links will be entered using Rock Ridge if enabled,
otherwise the file will be ignored.
-i include-list
Use the specified file as a list of files to add to
the directory tree. This is useful for quickly
repacking a CD while adding files to it. The for
mat of this file is path1/file=path2 where path1 is
the directory in the ISO9660 file system where file
should appear and path2 is the where to find the
file.
-l Allow full 32 character filenames. Normally the
ISO9660 filename will be in an 8.3 format which is
compatible with MS-DOS, even though the ISO9660
standard allows filenames of up to 32 characters.
If you use this option, the disc may be difficult
Version 1.05 January 1995 2
MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
to use on a MS-DOS system, but this comes in handy
on some other systems (such as the Amiga). Use
with caution.
-L Allow filenames to begin with a period. Usually, a
leading dot is replaced with an underscore in order
to maintain MS-DOS compatibility.
-N Omit version numbers from ISO9660 file names. This
may violate the ISO9660 standard, but no one really
uses the version numbers anyway. Use with caution.
-o filename
is the name of the file to which the iso9660
filesystem image should be written. This can be a
disk file, a tape drive, or it can correspond
directly to the device name of the optical disc
writer. If not specified, stdout is used. Note
that the output can also be a block special device
for a regular disk drive, in which case the disk
partition can be mounted and examined to ensure
that the premastering was done correctly.
-P publisherid
Specifies a text string that will be written into
the volume header. This should describe the pub
lisher of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address
and phone number. There is space on the disc for
128 characters of information. This parameter can
also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PUBL=. If
specified in both places, the command line version
is used.
-p preparerid
Specifies a text string that will be written into
the volume header. This should describe the pre
parer of the CDROM, usually with a mailing address
and phone number. There is space on the disc for
128 characters of information. This parameter can
also be set in the file .mkisofsrc with PREP=. If
specified in both places, the command line version
is used.
-R Generate SUSP and RR records using the Rock Ridge
protocol to further describe the files on the
iso9660 filesystem.
-r This is like the -R option, but file ownership and
modes are set to more useful values. The uid and
gid are set to zero, because they are usually only
useful on the author's system, and not useful to
the client. All the file read bits are set true,
so that files and directories are globally readable
on the client. If any execute bit is set for a
Version 1.05 January 1995 3
MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
file, set all of the execute bits, so that executa
bles are globally executable on the client. If any
search bit is set for a directory, set all of the
search bits, so that directories are globally
searchable on the client. All write bits are
cleared, because the CD-Rom will be mounted read-
only in any case. If any of the special mode bits
are set, clear them, because file locks are not
useful on a read-only file system, and set-id bits
are not desirable for uid 0 or gid 0.
-T Generate a file TRANS.TBL in each directory on the
CDROM, which can be used on non-Rock Ridge capable
systems to help establish the correct file names.
There is also information present in the file that
indicates the major and minor numbers for block and
character devices, and each symlink has the name of
the link file given.
-V volid
Specifies the volume ID to be written into the mas
ter block. This parameter can also be set in the
file .mkisofsrc with VOLI=id. If specified in both
places, the command line version is used.
-v Verbose execution.
-x path
Exclude path from being written to CDROM. path
must be the complete pathname that results from
concatenating the pathname given as command line
argument and the path relative to this directory.
Multiple paths may be excluded (up to 1000). Exam
ple:
mkisofs -o cd -x /local/dir1 -x /local/dir2 /local
-z Generate special SUSP records for transparently
compressed files. This is only of use and interest
for hosts that support transparent decompression.
This is an experimental feature, and no hosts yet
support this, but there are ALPHA patches for Linux
that can make use of this feature.
CONFIGURATION
mkisofs looks for the .mkisofsrc file, first in the cur
rent working directory, then in the user's home directory,
and then in the directory in which the mkisofs binary is
stored. This file is assumed to contain a series of lines
of the form "TAG=value", and in this way you can specify
certain options. The case of the tag is not significant.
Some fields in the volume header are not settable on the
command line, but can be altered through this facility.
Comments may be placed in this file, using lines which
Version 1.05 January 1995 4
MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
start with a hash (#) character.
APPI The application identifier should describe the
application that will be on the disc. There is
space on the disc for 128 characters of informa
tion. May be overridden using the -A command line
option.
COPY The copyright information, often the name of a file
on the disc containing the copyright notice. There
is space in the disc for 37 characters of informa
tion.
ABST The abstract information, often the name of a file
on the disc containing an abstract. There is space
in the disc for 37 characters of information.
BIBL The bibliographic information, often the name of a
file on the disc containing a bibliography. There
is space in the disc for 37 characters of informa
tion.
PREP This should describe the preparer of the CDROM,
usually with a mailing address and phone number.
There is space on the disc for 128 characters of
information. May be overridden using the -p com
mand line option.
PUBL This should describe the publisher of the CDROM,
usually with a mailing address and phone number.
There is space on the disc for 128 characters of
information. May be overridden using the -P com
mand line option.
SYSI The System Identifier. There is space on the disc
for 32 characters of information.
VOLI The Volume Identifier. There is space on the disc
for 32 characters of information. May be overrid
den using the -V command line option.
VOLS The Volume Set Name. There is space on the disc
for 278 characters of information.
mkisofs can also be configured at compile time with
defaults for many of these fields. See the file
defaults.h.
AUTHOR
mkisofs is not based on the standard mk*fs tools for unix,
because we must generate a complete copy of an existing
filesystem on a disk in the iso9660 filesystem. The name
mkisofs is probably a bit of a misnomer, since it not only
creates the filesystem, but it also populates it as well.
Version 1.05 January 1995 5
MKISOFS(8) MKISOFS(8)
Eric Youngdale <eric@aib.com> wrote both the Linux
isofs9660 filesystem and the mkisofs utility, and is cur
rently maintaining them. The copyright for the mkisofs
utility is held by Yggdrasil Computing, Incorporated.
BUGS
Any files that have hard links to files not in the tree
being copied to the iso9660 filessytem will have an incor
rect file reference count.
There may be some other ones. Please, report them to the
author.
FUTURE IMPROVEMENTS
Allow specification of multiple paths on the command line
to be included in iso9660 filesystem. Can be tricky -
directory entries in the root directory need to be prop
erly sorted.
AVAILABILITY
mkisofs is available for anonymous ftp from tsx-11.mit.edu
in /pub/linux/BETA/cdrom/mkisofs and many other mirror
sites. With the 1.0 release, it is no longer considered
to be in beta testing. Most of the bugs that are being
discovered now are very minor (and interestingly enough
also seem to be present in the YM software). Reports
indicate that people are gearing up for production runs
using version 1.00.
Version 1.05 January 1995 6
1H
